This document discusses neuroscience concepts related to memory and fear learning. It describes experiments using mice that were genetically engineered to express the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) in all cells. Viruses were used to target neurons in the lateral amygdala that overexpressed cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) following fear conditioning. Injecting diphtheria toxin selectively ablated those CREB-overexpressing neurons and erased the previously learned fear memory, demonstrating that CREB plays a key role in fear memory consolidation in the amygdala. The document also reviews other molecules involved in fear memory such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and discusses technical challenges to studying memory engrams at the neuronal level
This document discusses the mirror neuron system and its role in neurorehabilitation. It begins by providing an overview of mirror neurons, their role in imitation and action understanding. It then discusses how the mirror neuron system can be used in neurorehabilitation approaches like motor imagery, mirror therapy, and action observation. While these mirror neuron-based interventions provide additional methods for motor training and recovery from stroke, there are also potential challenges to their use including damaged brain areas limiting activation and issues with patient fatigue or attention.
This short document discusses mirror neurons and how they relate to human behaviors like imitation, creativity, altruism, fear, violence, and feelings of alienation. It also includes an unrelated quote about believing in one's abilities.
This document discusses how the human brain develops and is shaped by experiences and the environment. It specifically focuses on how stress affects brain development. Key points:
- The brain is plastic and adapts to experiences, especially during windows of development when neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate and prune back connections.
- The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the stress response through cortisol and CRH, which shape the brain's stress system, especially receptors in the hippocampus and amygdala.
- Dysregulation of the stress response, resulting in high and prolonged cortisol levels, can impact emotional regulation and academic performance. Nurturing experiences during development help establish a robust stress response system.
screening models for Nootropics and models for Alzheimer's diseaseAswin Palanisamy
Preclinical and screening model for Nootropics, and models for Alzheimer's disease, in the detailed view, in vivo and in vitro models with neat pictures for easy understanding. for m.pharm students.
The Efficacy of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research for Former High Deman...Cynthia Kunsman
This document reviews research on diagnostic techniques and therapeutic options for Post Cult Trauma Syndrome (PCTS), including those informed by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) research. It summarizes findings on neuroimaging techniques for PTSD diagnosis and treatments such as neurofeedback, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), emotional freedom techniques, and somatic techniques. The document concludes that former group members struggling with PCTS may benefit from PTSD research findings and therapies, as well as trauma-specific therapies, which could open new avenues of study.
The document discusses the neurophysiological bases of learning, memory, emotions, motivation, and higher cognitive functions. It describes how:
1) Learning involves changes in neuronal connections and myelination that occurs with practice.
2) Memory involves both declarative and non-declarative systems, with the hippocampus critical for new memories and the cortex involved in storage of old memories.
3) Emotions emerge from activation of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex.
4) Motivation is influenced by neurotransmitters like dopamine that encourage actions for rewards or avoiding punishments.
5) Higher cognition relies on the prefrontal cortex and its role in temporal organization of goal-directed behaviors
Psychology has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy, with early perspectives including structuralism which looked at the basic structures of the mind, and functionalism which examined how consciousness helps with problems of everyday life. Modern psychology uses the scientific method and different types of research like experiments, correlations, surveys, observations, and case studies. The six major perspectives in psychology are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and socio-cultural.
This document discusses the mirror neuron system and its role in neurorehabilitation. It begins by providing an overview of mirror neurons, their role in imitation and action understanding. It then discusses how the mirror neuron system can be used in neurorehabilitation approaches like motor imagery, mirror therapy, and action observation. While these mirror neuron-based interventions provide additional methods for motor training and recovery from stroke, there are also potential challenges to their use including damaged brain areas limiting activation and issues with patient fatigue or attention.
This short document discusses mirror neurons and how they relate to human behaviors like imitation, creativity, altruism, fear, violence, and feelings of alienation. It also includes an unrelated quote about believing in one's abilities.
This document discusses how the human brain develops and is shaped by experiences and the environment. It specifically focuses on how stress affects brain development. Key points:
- The brain is plastic and adapts to experiences, especially during windows of development when neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate and prune back connections.
- The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the stress response through cortisol and CRH, which shape the brain's stress system, especially receptors in the hippocampus and amygdala.
- Dysregulation of the stress response, resulting in high and prolonged cortisol levels, can impact emotional regulation and academic performance. Nurturing experiences during development help establish a robust stress response system.
screening models for Nootropics and models for Alzheimer's diseaseAswin Palanisamy
Preclinical and screening model for Nootropics, and models for Alzheimer's disease, in the detailed view, in vivo and in vitro models with neat pictures for easy understanding. for m.pharm students.
The Efficacy of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research for Former High Deman...Cynthia Kunsman
This document reviews research on diagnostic techniques and therapeutic options for Post Cult Trauma Syndrome (PCTS), including those informed by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) research. It summarizes findings on neuroimaging techniques for PTSD diagnosis and treatments such as neurofeedback, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), emotional freedom techniques, and somatic techniques. The document concludes that former group members struggling with PCTS may benefit from PTSD research findings and therapies, as well as trauma-specific therapies, which could open new avenues of study.
The document discusses the neurophysiological bases of learning, memory, emotions, motivation, and higher cognitive functions. It describes how:
1) Learning involves changes in neuronal connections and myelination that occurs with practice.
2) Memory involves both declarative and non-declarative systems, with the hippocampus critical for new memories and the cortex involved in storage of old memories.
3) Emotions emerge from activation of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cortex.
4) Motivation is influenced by neurotransmitters like dopamine that encourage actions for rewards or avoiding punishments.
5) Higher cognition relies on the prefrontal cortex and its role in temporal organization of goal-directed behaviors
Psychology has its roots in ancient Greek philosophy, with early perspectives including structuralism which looked at the basic structures of the mind, and functionalism which examined how consciousness helps with problems of everyday life. Modern psychology uses the scientific method and different types of research like experiments, correlations, surveys, observations, and case studies. The six major perspectives in psychology are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and socio-cultural.
The biological approach focuses on three key areas:
1) Genetic influences on behavior and inheritance of traits from parents.
2) The role of neurotransmitters in the brain and how they guide behavior.
3) Differences in brain structure between areas and between males and females.
Research methods examined include twin and adoption studies to analyze genetic and environmental factors, as well as scanning techniques like PET and MRI to study brain activity and structure. While animal studies provide some insights, they have limitations in applicability to humans given biological differences.
The limbic system is a ring of structures located in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus that are interconnected. Damage or dysfunction of the limbic system can cause disorders like abnormal emotional states, changes in motivation and drives, and episodic memory problems. The limbic system generates emotions and interprets sensory experiences as pleasant or unpleasant, influencing behavior. It also plays a role in learning, addiction, and various psychological disorders through its effects on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Localization of function psychology IBMette Morell
I would rate this SAQ response in the high band (7-8). It effectively meets the demands of the command term "explain" by providing a focused answer that discusses one relevant study (Broca's research) in detail. It summarizes the key aspects of Broca's study and methodology, and draws an appropriate conclusion about how this research contributed to understanding of localization of function in the brain. The response demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding of Broca's research and its significance.
This presentation explores neuroscience from critical perspectives. It expands brain-centred neuroscience by incorporating research findings from somatic psychology and contemporary genetics.
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches Vivek Misra
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain.
In current slides, I tried to cover History, Basic Concepts and Research Methods currently used in cognitive neuroscience research.
This document provides an introduction to the human brain, including its structure and functions. It discusses key topics such as neurology, the nervous system, localization of function, neurons, and brain plasticity. Specific areas of the brain like the frontal lobe and hippocampus are examined. The passage also explores how the teenage brain develops and is impacted by hormones and chemicals, leading teens to make decisions guided by emotions and urges rather than logic. It emphasizes how understanding brain development can help with teenage behaviors.
This document provides an overview of the major perspectives in psychology: psychoanalytic, behaviorism, humanism, cognitive, evolutionary, and biological. It summarizes key aspects of each perspective, including influential theorists and therapeutic approaches. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the unconscious mind and early experiences. Behaviorism views behavior as shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Humanism stresses self-actualization and free will. Cognitive psychology examines thought processes. Evolutionary psychology analyzes traits from an adaptation perspective. The biological perspective attributes behaviors to brain mechanisms.
The document discusses the whole brain theory and different parts of the brain according to various scientists like Broca, Sperry, MacLean, and Herrmann. It also explores ways to improve brain functions such as exercise, diet, reducing stress, and developing a personal plan with goals and actions. The whole brain theory emphasizes using all four quadrants of the brain for well-rounded thinking and learning.
This document provides a review for a Psych II final exam, covering topics including:
- The divisions of the nervous system and functions of the autonomic nervous system
- Functions of the brain hemispheres, lobes, and parts like the hippocampus and amygdala
- The purpose of neurotransmitters and the parts of a neuron
- Types of psychological studies and their purposes
- Requirements for experiments and how they establish causation
- Sleep cycles and disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, and categories of drugs
It includes multiple-choice questions to test knowledge on these topics in preparation for the exam.
The document provides an overview of a lesson on the biological approach to understanding depression. The objectives are to define key neurological concepts, describe how neurons and neurotransmitters pass messages, and describe and evaluate the biological approach to depression. It also includes information on genetic and hormonal influences on behavior, how neurotransmitters work at the synapse, and how antidepressants like Prozac work.
Humans Aren’t Computers: Effective Management Strategies for IT LeadersMichele Chubirka
IT leaders are expected to break down silos between different technology teams, get end users to understand and embrace policies, and forge productive relationships with their counterparts on the business side of the organization. This is harder than it sounds, because while people can behave rationally, they can also be governed by emotions such as frustration and fear of change. They can be driven by ego, a bad attitude, or simple ignorance. They can cause conflict that can disrupt professional relationships, drag down a team or even poison an entire department. Unfortunately for technical-minded leaders, there’s no Python script to program company-wide collaboration and harmony and get everyone to sing Kumbaya. We have to learn how to build healthy relationships with employees, drive engagement, and understand how to resolve conflicts using practical, effective strategies.
This document provides an overview of the neuropsychological basis of learning and memory. It discusses how case studies of patients with brain damage or amnesia helped reveal the neural correlates of memory. The case of patient H.M., who had bilateral removal of his medial temporal lobes, showed that this region is critical for forming new long-term memories. Damage limited to the hippocampus, as in patient R.B., also produced severe anterograde amnesia. The hippocampus is involved in consolidating new memories, even though long-term memory storage occurs elsewhere, like the neocortex. Damage to other regions like the diencephalon or anterior temporal lobes can also cause memory impairments by disrupting retrieval or
Cognitive psychology emerged as a field to study mental processes like perception, attention, learning, memory, problem-solving and thinking. Early theories like structuralism and functionalism laid the foundations but had limitations. Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted pioneering research on memory through experiments on nonsense syllables, discovering the learning curve, forgetting curve and spacing effect. The information processing model views the mind as analogous to a computer, processing information through attention, perception, memory systems. Connectionism uses artificial neural networks as simplified models of the brain to study cognitive processing. Modern tools like EEG, TMS, MRI and PET provide ways to examine brain structures and activity underlying cognition.
About 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) in th.docxdaniahendric
*
About 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) in the human brainNeurons have many of the same features as other cellsNucleusCytoplasmCell membraneWhat makes neurons unique is their shape and function
*
DendritesCarry information to the cell body from other neuronsCell Body (Soma)Contains nucleusAxonCarries information to the next cellMyelin SheathInsulates the axon and speeds up the neural impulse
*
Sensory neuronsCarry information from sensory systems to the brainAlso referred to as afferentMotor neuronsCarry information from the brain to muscles and glandsAlso referred to as efferentInterneuronsCarry information between other neurons
*
Synaptic vesiclesSacs in terminal button that release chemicals into synaptic spaceNeurotransmittersChemicals released by synaptic vesiclesReceptor sitesLocation on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter
*
Acetylcholine (ACh)Released at the neuromuscular junctionPlays an important role in arousal and attentionLoss of ACh producing cells is linked to Alzheimer’s DiseaseDopamineAffects neurons associated with voluntary movementPlays a role in learning, memory, and emotionsLoss of dopamine-producing cells causes symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
*
SerotoninFound throughout the brainAppears to sets an “emotional tone”Low serotonin levels are implicated in depressionEndorphinsReduce pain by inhibiting or “turning down” neurons that transmit pain information
*
Most psychoactive drugs (and toxins) work by blocking or enhancing synaptic transmissionBotulismBlocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis“Botox” is botulism toxin used to prevent facial muscles from making wrinkles
*
CurareCan stun or kill prey quicklyBlocks ACh receptors causing paralysisAntipsychotic medicationsBlock dopamine receptorsReduces schizophrenic hallucinationsCaffeineIncreases the release of excitatory neurotransmitters by blocking the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine
*
In 1848, Gage, 25, was the foreman of a crew cutting a railroad bed in Cavendish, Vermont. On September 13, as he was using a tamping iron to pack explosive powder into a hole, the powder detonated. The tamping iron—43 inches long, 1.25 inches in diameter and weighing 13.25 pounds—shot skyward, penetrated Gage’s left cheek, ripped into his brain and exited through his skull, landing several dozen feet away. Though blinded in his left eye, he might not even have lost consciousness, and he remained savvy enough to tell a doctor that day, “Here is business enough for you.”
The brain can be changed, both structurally and chemically, by experienceRat studies show that an “enriched” environment leads to larger neurons with more connectionsHas also been shown in humansRecent research has uncovered evidence of neurogenesis, or the production of new brain cells, in human brains
*
Video Review – Neuroplasticityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvpIRN9D4D4
Central nervous system (CNS)Consists of the brain a ...
The neuroscience of crisis 270613 including commentary rachel boothroyd e m...RachelBoo
1. Our brains have evolved to detect threats in order to survive, which changes brain chemistry and prioritizes primitive, instinctive thinking over rational thinking.
2. When stressed, the brain's "System 1" takes over, shutting down empathy and focusing inward on short-term solutions rather than careful analysis.
3. Simulating crises through role-playing exercises creates strong, memorable learning by engaging emotions, and rehearsing scenarios wires new neural connections to build confidence and resilience during real crises.
The document discusses the whole brain theory, which proposes that different parts of the brain have specialized functions and abilities. It describes research by Paul Broca, Roger Sperry, Paul MacLean, and Ned Herrmann that identified the specialized roles of the left and right hemispheres, as well as the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reptilian complex. Herrmann's model divides the brain into four quadrants - analytical, organized, interpersonal, and imaginative - that have distinct learning preferences. The document also discusses ways to improve brain functions, such as exercise, diet, sleep, and reducing stress, as well as elements of an effective personal development plan like goal setting, actions, and assessment.
This document provides an overview of the approaches and history of psychology. It discusses key figures like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, Wundt, James, Freud, Piaget, and Skinner who helped develop the field. Some main topics covered include the emergence of psychology as a science with Wundt opening the first lab, Freud pioneering psychoanalysis, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Skinner's behavioral approach, and contemporary perspectives like cognitive, biological, and humanistic psychology. The document aims to introduce students to the broad history and approaches that contribute to modern psychology.
A Mindful Way to Staying Mentally Healthy at UniversityBarry Tse
A deck prepared for an online talk given to the University of Liverpool students and staff in Feb 2022 Feel Good Month. The talk touched on common psychological issues identified in a recent study in the UK and explained some of the problems that plagued our modern lifestyle. Secular mindfulness is then introduced as a tool to regain control of our declining ability to focus and our stress response that has constantly been put on hyperdrive due to our evolution, neurological wiring, and psychological processes needed for our survival.
Some slides from a Bioenergetic Psychology ProgamWalty1970
This document introduces BioEnergetic Psychology and discusses how beliefs affect various aspects of life. It notes that beliefs manifest throughout the body according to research. Changing beliefs can alter thought patterns and behaviors. The document discusses how the subconscious mind, which processes information much faster than the conscious mind, stores beliefs and has enormous capacity. Muscle testing is presented as an effective way to access and change subconscious beliefs by determining if the body agrees or disagrees with statements at the subconscious level. Myths about difficulty and time needed to change beliefs are debunked, stating that like changing a computer document, beliefs can change quickly once the underlying energy field is altered.
This document summarizes the biological model of abnormality. It discusses how the biological model views psychological abnormality as an illness caused by malfunctions in the brain or other parts of the body. It describes the brain's anatomy and chemistry and how certain disorders have been linked to problems in specific brain areas or abnormal chemical activity. Genetics are also discussed as a factor. Biological treatments like drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery aim to address the physical sources of dysfunction. While the biological model has strengths in producing new information and treatments, it also has weaknesses in being too simplistic and having incomplete evidence.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
The biological approach focuses on three key areas:
1) Genetic influences on behavior and inheritance of traits from parents.
2) The role of neurotransmitters in the brain and how they guide behavior.
3) Differences in brain structure between areas and between males and females.
Research methods examined include twin and adoption studies to analyze genetic and environmental factors, as well as scanning techniques like PET and MRI to study brain activity and structure. While animal studies provide some insights, they have limitations in applicability to humans given biological differences.
The limbic system is a ring of structures located in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus that are interconnected. Damage or dysfunction of the limbic system can cause disorders like abnormal emotional states, changes in motivation and drives, and episodic memory problems. The limbic system generates emotions and interprets sensory experiences as pleasant or unpleasant, influencing behavior. It also plays a role in learning, addiction, and various psychological disorders through its effects on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Localization of function psychology IBMette Morell
I would rate this SAQ response in the high band (7-8). It effectively meets the demands of the command term "explain" by providing a focused answer that discusses one relevant study (Broca's research) in detail. It summarizes the key aspects of Broca's study and methodology, and draws an appropriate conclusion about how this research contributed to understanding of localization of function in the brain. The response demonstrates accurate knowledge and understanding of Broca's research and its significance.
This presentation explores neuroscience from critical perspectives. It expands brain-centred neuroscience by incorporating research findings from somatic psychology and contemporary genetics.
Cognitive Neuroscience - Current Perspectives And Approaches Vivek Misra
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain.
In current slides, I tried to cover History, Basic Concepts and Research Methods currently used in cognitive neuroscience research.
This document provides an introduction to the human brain, including its structure and functions. It discusses key topics such as neurology, the nervous system, localization of function, neurons, and brain plasticity. Specific areas of the brain like the frontal lobe and hippocampus are examined. The passage also explores how the teenage brain develops and is impacted by hormones and chemicals, leading teens to make decisions guided by emotions and urges rather than logic. It emphasizes how understanding brain development can help with teenage behaviors.
This document provides an overview of the major perspectives in psychology: psychoanalytic, behaviorism, humanism, cognitive, evolutionary, and biological. It summarizes key aspects of each perspective, including influential theorists and therapeutic approaches. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the unconscious mind and early experiences. Behaviorism views behavior as shaped by reinforcement and punishment. Humanism stresses self-actualization and free will. Cognitive psychology examines thought processes. Evolutionary psychology analyzes traits from an adaptation perspective. The biological perspective attributes behaviors to brain mechanisms.
The document discusses the whole brain theory and different parts of the brain according to various scientists like Broca, Sperry, MacLean, and Herrmann. It also explores ways to improve brain functions such as exercise, diet, reducing stress, and developing a personal plan with goals and actions. The whole brain theory emphasizes using all four quadrants of the brain for well-rounded thinking and learning.
This document provides a review for a Psych II final exam, covering topics including:
- The divisions of the nervous system and functions of the autonomic nervous system
- Functions of the brain hemispheres, lobes, and parts like the hippocampus and amygdala
- The purpose of neurotransmitters and the parts of a neuron
- Types of psychological studies and their purposes
- Requirements for experiments and how they establish causation
- Sleep cycles and disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, and categories of drugs
It includes multiple-choice questions to test knowledge on these topics in preparation for the exam.
The document provides an overview of a lesson on the biological approach to understanding depression. The objectives are to define key neurological concepts, describe how neurons and neurotransmitters pass messages, and describe and evaluate the biological approach to depression. It also includes information on genetic and hormonal influences on behavior, how neurotransmitters work at the synapse, and how antidepressants like Prozac work.
Humans Aren’t Computers: Effective Management Strategies for IT LeadersMichele Chubirka
IT leaders are expected to break down silos between different technology teams, get end users to understand and embrace policies, and forge productive relationships with their counterparts on the business side of the organization. This is harder than it sounds, because while people can behave rationally, they can also be governed by emotions such as frustration and fear of change. They can be driven by ego, a bad attitude, or simple ignorance. They can cause conflict that can disrupt professional relationships, drag down a team or even poison an entire department. Unfortunately for technical-minded leaders, there’s no Python script to program company-wide collaboration and harmony and get everyone to sing Kumbaya. We have to learn how to build healthy relationships with employees, drive engagement, and understand how to resolve conflicts using practical, effective strategies.
This document provides an overview of the neuropsychological basis of learning and memory. It discusses how case studies of patients with brain damage or amnesia helped reveal the neural correlates of memory. The case of patient H.M., who had bilateral removal of his medial temporal lobes, showed that this region is critical for forming new long-term memories. Damage limited to the hippocampus, as in patient R.B., also produced severe anterograde amnesia. The hippocampus is involved in consolidating new memories, even though long-term memory storage occurs elsewhere, like the neocortex. Damage to other regions like the diencephalon or anterior temporal lobes can also cause memory impairments by disrupting retrieval or
Cognitive psychology emerged as a field to study mental processes like perception, attention, learning, memory, problem-solving and thinking. Early theories like structuralism and functionalism laid the foundations but had limitations. Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted pioneering research on memory through experiments on nonsense syllables, discovering the learning curve, forgetting curve and spacing effect. The information processing model views the mind as analogous to a computer, processing information through attention, perception, memory systems. Connectionism uses artificial neural networks as simplified models of the brain to study cognitive processing. Modern tools like EEG, TMS, MRI and PET provide ways to examine brain structures and activity underlying cognition.
About 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) in th.docxdaniahendric
*
About 100 billion neurons (nerve cells) in the human brainNeurons have many of the same features as other cellsNucleusCytoplasmCell membraneWhat makes neurons unique is their shape and function
*
DendritesCarry information to the cell body from other neuronsCell Body (Soma)Contains nucleusAxonCarries information to the next cellMyelin SheathInsulates the axon and speeds up the neural impulse
*
Sensory neuronsCarry information from sensory systems to the brainAlso referred to as afferentMotor neuronsCarry information from the brain to muscles and glandsAlso referred to as efferentInterneuronsCarry information between other neurons
*
Synaptic vesiclesSacs in terminal button that release chemicals into synaptic spaceNeurotransmittersChemicals released by synaptic vesiclesReceptor sitesLocation on receptor neuron for specific neurotransmitter
*
Acetylcholine (ACh)Released at the neuromuscular junctionPlays an important role in arousal and attentionLoss of ACh producing cells is linked to Alzheimer’s DiseaseDopamineAffects neurons associated with voluntary movementPlays a role in learning, memory, and emotionsLoss of dopamine-producing cells causes symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
*
SerotoninFound throughout the brainAppears to sets an “emotional tone”Low serotonin levels are implicated in depressionEndorphinsReduce pain by inhibiting or “turning down” neurons that transmit pain information
*
Most psychoactive drugs (and toxins) work by blocking or enhancing synaptic transmissionBotulismBlocks release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis“Botox” is botulism toxin used to prevent facial muscles from making wrinkles
*
CurareCan stun or kill prey quicklyBlocks ACh receptors causing paralysisAntipsychotic medicationsBlock dopamine receptorsReduces schizophrenic hallucinationsCaffeineIncreases the release of excitatory neurotransmitters by blocking the inhibitory neurotransmitter adenosine
*
In 1848, Gage, 25, was the foreman of a crew cutting a railroad bed in Cavendish, Vermont. On September 13, as he was using a tamping iron to pack explosive powder into a hole, the powder detonated. The tamping iron—43 inches long, 1.25 inches in diameter and weighing 13.25 pounds—shot skyward, penetrated Gage’s left cheek, ripped into his brain and exited through his skull, landing several dozen feet away. Though blinded in his left eye, he might not even have lost consciousness, and he remained savvy enough to tell a doctor that day, “Here is business enough for you.”
The brain can be changed, both structurally and chemically, by experienceRat studies show that an “enriched” environment leads to larger neurons with more connectionsHas also been shown in humansRecent research has uncovered evidence of neurogenesis, or the production of new brain cells, in human brains
*
Video Review – Neuroplasticityhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvpIRN9D4D4
Central nervous system (CNS)Consists of the brain a ...
The neuroscience of crisis 270613 including commentary rachel boothroyd e m...RachelBoo
1. Our brains have evolved to detect threats in order to survive, which changes brain chemistry and prioritizes primitive, instinctive thinking over rational thinking.
2. When stressed, the brain's "System 1" takes over, shutting down empathy and focusing inward on short-term solutions rather than careful analysis.
3. Simulating crises through role-playing exercises creates strong, memorable learning by engaging emotions, and rehearsing scenarios wires new neural connections to build confidence and resilience during real crises.
The document discusses the whole brain theory, which proposes that different parts of the brain have specialized functions and abilities. It describes research by Paul Broca, Roger Sperry, Paul MacLean, and Ned Herrmann that identified the specialized roles of the left and right hemispheres, as well as the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and reptilian complex. Herrmann's model divides the brain into four quadrants - analytical, organized, interpersonal, and imaginative - that have distinct learning preferences. The document also discusses ways to improve brain functions, such as exercise, diet, sleep, and reducing stress, as well as elements of an effective personal development plan like goal setting, actions, and assessment.
This document provides an overview of the approaches and history of psychology. It discusses key figures like Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Darwin, Wundt, James, Freud, Piaget, and Skinner who helped develop the field. Some main topics covered include the emergence of psychology as a science with Wundt opening the first lab, Freud pioneering psychoanalysis, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Skinner's behavioral approach, and contemporary perspectives like cognitive, biological, and humanistic psychology. The document aims to introduce students to the broad history and approaches that contribute to modern psychology.
A Mindful Way to Staying Mentally Healthy at UniversityBarry Tse
A deck prepared for an online talk given to the University of Liverpool students and staff in Feb 2022 Feel Good Month. The talk touched on common psychological issues identified in a recent study in the UK and explained some of the problems that plagued our modern lifestyle. Secular mindfulness is then introduced as a tool to regain control of our declining ability to focus and our stress response that has constantly been put on hyperdrive due to our evolution, neurological wiring, and psychological processes needed for our survival.
Some slides from a Bioenergetic Psychology ProgamWalty1970
This document introduces BioEnergetic Psychology and discusses how beliefs affect various aspects of life. It notes that beliefs manifest throughout the body according to research. Changing beliefs can alter thought patterns and behaviors. The document discusses how the subconscious mind, which processes information much faster than the conscious mind, stores beliefs and has enormous capacity. Muscle testing is presented as an effective way to access and change subconscious beliefs by determining if the body agrees or disagrees with statements at the subconscious level. Myths about difficulty and time needed to change beliefs are debunked, stating that like changing a computer document, beliefs can change quickly once the underlying energy field is altered.
This document summarizes the biological model of abnormality. It discusses how the biological model views psychological abnormality as an illness caused by malfunctions in the brain or other parts of the body. It describes the brain's anatomy and chemistry and how certain disorders have been linked to problems in specific brain areas or abnormal chemical activity. Genetics are also discussed as a factor. Biological treatments like drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery aim to address the physical sources of dysfunction. While the biological model has strengths in producing new information and treatments, it also has weaknesses in being too simplistic and having incomplete evidence.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...
Hmb300 h1f 2013final lecture
1. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Try not to be afraid of CREB
The CREB and flow of memory
Season and Series Finale
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2. It’s something to be afraid of
•
•
•
•
•
HMB300 - Neuroscience
As we last left off in the world of neuroscience
CREB – another synaptic tag?
Molecules, transport and cargo
Fear memory – similar to other forms of memory
Altering fear memory – cool story bro’ but you have
to pay attention
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3. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Be afraid, very, very afraid
• Electrical stimulation of the amygdala in humans
elicits fear and anxiety (Gloor et al., 1981)
• Reward system from dopaminergic fibres that
project from amygdala to the hippocampus? (Blum
et al., 1996)
• Panic attacks and aggression? Herman et
al., 1992 reported that ictal fear predominant in
amygdala- shows prominent EEG activity
•Classic paper by Mesulam 1981 shows abnormal
EEG activity with panic attacks, fear and
paranormal delusions in amygdala
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4. HMB300 - Neuroscience
So what is next?
• Can we merge what we know about memory,
different areas of the brain and behavioural tests
Local tag? Arc?
PKMzeta?
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5. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Understanding memory (again)
• One of the major tenets of memory theory, any
type of memory is that groups of neurons have
to be involved (a memory trace)
• These neuron ensembles (groups) are very
sparse however – so it makes the detection of a
memory trace very challenging
• Good correlation between certain neurons and
memory encoding or expression but no definitive
or direct proof
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6. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Technical challenges part II
• Must find a discrete area that is easily
targeted that has been associated with a
memory
• Must be able to selectively eliminate these
neurons and not others
• Must also show directly, that by eliminating
these neurons, you have selectively ablated
those memories
• Optogenetics is one approach but this is yet
another very useful technique
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8. HMB300 - Neuroscience
A new molecule in our repertoire
• Previous work had established that a group of
neurons within the lateral amygdala (LA) increased
levels of CREB following auditory fear training
• Have neurons in this area overexpressing CREB
(both active and dominant negative as control)
• Ones expressing CREB much more likely to be
activated during a contextual fear training model
• So within this area, can we lesion these CREB
overexpressing neurons?
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9. HMB300 - Neuroscience
CREB a central player
• Know certain things about
fear memory in the lateral
amygdala
• It is protein synthesis
dependent – cycloheximide
and actinomycin D
• It requires GluA1 – also
known as GluR1
• Other downstream
molecules seem to be very
important – BDNF,
Arc/Arg3.1, cytoskeletal
proteins, IEGs
zif268,Homer1a and PKM
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10. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Just a quick review of molecules
• Activated synapses increase signaling of CaMKII AD
etc. that lead to activation of MAPK (mitogen
activated protein kinase) – among others...
• MAPK can translocate to the nucleus to cause the
increased phosphorylation of CREB
• phosphoCREB is the activated transcription factor
that binds to nuclear DNA sequences that contain
cyclic AMP response elements (CRE)
• Also binds to CREB Binding Protein (CBP) which
acts to enhance activity to cause transcription of
factors such as c-fos, zif268, BDNF, etc.
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11. Let’s take stock for a moment
HMB300 - Neuroscience
• Use a contextual fear response to evoke a fear
memory
• Neurons that are involved in LTP-like responses
are express more CREB
• Have a unique mouse that expresses iDTR in
every cell in every part of the body including the
amygdala (DTR is not normally found in mice)
• Create a specific vector that incorporates both
things CREB-Cre and put it into a viral vector
that infects specific neurons
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12. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Amazing specificity
intraperitoneal
• Mice must be made to express DT Receptor
• Stereotactically nject a vector that targets LA
neurons, and activates the DT Receptor but only
in ones that are made to express CREB
• Inject DT and the toxin works into the area and
destroy selective neurons by apoptosis
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13. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Memory consolidation molecules?
Inject only in lateral amygdala
loxP
AD
loxP
All cells have inactive Rosa
All cells have inactive Rosa
HMB300H1 - Dr. JU - Bye Class!
All cells have inactive Rosa
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14. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Sometimes napping does help
Talk promotors here
CaMKII
Synapsin I
GFAP
GAD65
Specific effect, since random ablation of small number of
inactive neurons (i.e. those without high levels of CREB)
didn’t erase the fear memory
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15. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Incredible effect
• Rosa mouse allows specific ablation of neurons
that overexpress CREB that has become
associated with a learned fear response
• Effects were specific and offer a different route
for being able to manipulate discrete group of
neurons – in this case ablation of neurons
associated with a memory
• Still cited as a classic paper and variations are
still being published today
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16. HMB300 - Neuroscience
For your information (FYI only)
• If you want to learn more on this technique
and some of the challenges associated with
it check out the following paper
• Han J-H, Kushner SA, Yiu AP, Cole CA, Matynia A, Brown
RA, Neve RL, Guzowski JF, Silva AJ, Josselyn SA. (2007)
Neuronal competition and selection during memory
formation. Science 316:457-460.
• Han J-H, Kushner SA, Hsiang HL, Yiu AP, Buch
T, Waisman A, Bontempi B, Neve RL, Frankland
PW, Josselyn SA. (2009) Selective erasure of a fear
memory. Science 323:1492-1496
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17. Why do my Profs suck at teaching?
Almost The End
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18. HMB300 - Neuroscience
What do you think?
This family is:
A) Sad
B) Angry
C) Happy
D) Calm
I agree
A) Yes
B) No
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19. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Can you pick up on his vibe?
This man is:
A) Sad
B) Angry
C) Happy
D) Calm
I agree
A) Yes
B) No
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20. HMB300 - Neuroscience
The beginnings of a theory
How did you come to understand the context?
• Different theories to try and understand what
happens when you observe things in others
• You have basically taken on the perspective of
someone else
• How did this occur? How did you understand the
other person’s perspective?
• Intuitive learning model
• Theory of Mind model
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21. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Great theory but controversial
• How do we understand what is going on?
• How do we process what we perceive?
• Is this a simple model such as sensory
perception (what we see), cognition (processing)
and then turn this into action?
• In many ways this process resembles what is
known as the Theory of Mind
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22. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Does your Prof understand?
• Theory of Mind allows an individual to
understand the mental states and belief systems
of others (that may be different from their own)
• Very closely associated with empathy
• This may be what allows us to understand those
pictures without any other clues or guidance
• Our ability to understand or take on the
viewpoint of others may allow us to imitate them
better
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23. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Profs unlearn this ability?
• Are we born with this ability to understand
others?
• Do we have the innate ability to understand the
intention of others?
• Most researchers believe that we have to
develop or learn a theory of mind
• It turns out that children are incapable of truly
understanding others until they reach a critical
age
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24. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Beginning of a new theory
• Famous research on what is known as the falsebelief system (other individuals may have an
inappropriate understanding) Wimmer, H., &
Perner, J. (1983) Beliefs about beliefs:
Representation and constraining function of
wrong beliefs in young children's understanding
of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128
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25. HMB300 - Neuroscience
A simple test
• One of the tests originally used to understand
false beliefs in the theory of mind was known as
the Sally-Anne task
• There are 2 containers, 2 characters and
children are asked whether one character will
have a false belief or not
• Can the child predict behaviour correctly?
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26. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Playing with dolls
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57bYqiRYxyg
• Children over a
certain age pass
• Children with
developmental
problems fail (such
as Autism or
Asperger’s
Syndrome)
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27. HMB300 - Neuroscience
How do we account for this?
• One of our central tenets in this course is
that behaviour can be explained by
examining the brain
• How can we account for our ability to understand
others, and to show empathy?
• There must be a structure or structures in the
brain that accounts for this
• 1970s through to the 1990s
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28. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Great mistakes – great findings
• Italian neuroscientists Giacomo Rizzolatti, Vittorio
Gallese, Leonardo Fogassi and colleagues
studying brain and motor activity
• Using electrodes, measured activity of single
neurons in macaque brains in the premotor
cortex
• In monkeys, this area had been shown to be
active during the times where monkey grasps or
manipulates objects
• i.e. neurons are active when monkey picks up a
peanut or cracks the shell
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29. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Strange results
• Activity within the monkey premotor
cortex triggers movements
• In humans, stimulation of premotor
cortex results in patients reporting
urge to perform actions
• In other words, it is part of our ability
to trigger voluntary movement
• Key finding came while recording in
monkey brain, that when the
experimenter picked up the peanut
that the same neuron fired
• Why should this neuron fire?
• It shouldn’t!
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30. HMB300 - Neuroscience
If you see it, you feel it
• Very specific
activation patterns
• Not food alone
• Not hand alone
• Need to be
performing same task
and see the same
task being performed
• Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi
L, Rizzolatti G. 1996. Action
recognition in the premotor
cortex. Brain 119:593-609
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31. Mirror neurons – so cool!
HMB300 - Neuroscience
• As the activity that was elicited was so specific, it was
hypothesized to be an actual finding
• Interestingly, only specific to a point
• Later it was determined that these types of neurons –
now known as mirror neurons – were activated by
sound as well (Christian Keysers)
• The experimenters proposed that these specific cells
within the monkey’s brain could transform what they
were seeing into motor programs
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32. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Is your whole brain full of these?
• Originally these mirror neurons that are
activated by the actions of others were found in
the area F5 (the ventral premotor cortex)
• Later also found in the inferior parietal lobe
What percent?
Superior temporal sulcus
Biological motion
perception
RIPL (multimodal
sensory processing)
Estimated around 10%
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33. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Actions speak louder than words
• Originally thought to be important for action
understanding
• In other words, these mirror neurons allow us to
truly understand actions that we couldn’t
understand just by seeing them alone (i.e.
holding that cup of coffee – beyond just seeing
cup and a hand)
• As part of this, these neurons are also likely
important for imitation and imitation learning (big
proponent being the Iacoboni group
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34. HMB300 - Neuroscience
We’re better than supercomputers
• Beyond merely associating and understanding
motor activities well these mirror neurons have
also been proposed to be involved in intention
understanding
Iacoboni M., Molnar-Szakacs I., Gallese V., Buccino G., Mazziotta J.C., Rizzolatti G. 2005
Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system. PLoS
biology, 3, e79
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35. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Even more complex actions?
• Watch someone cut their finger? Your response?
• Are mirror neurons responsible for empathy?
• There is a parieto-premotor circuit that seems to
be activated in response to emotions
• Exposure to disgusting odours activates the
insula and the anterior cingulate cortex
• Interestingly watching people who showed
disgust also activated the insula
•
Wicker B., Keysers C, Plailly J, Royet JP, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G.. (2003) Both
of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling
disgust. Neuron 40, 655-664.
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36. HMB300 - Neuroscience
I was once a groupie
• Meeting up with a Rock
Star
• V.S. Ramachandaran
• Single-handedly proposed
that these neurons are the
coolest things of all time
• Called them the most
important discovery of the
last decade
• "mirror neurons will do for
psychology what DNA did
for biology".
http://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilization.html
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37. HMB300 - Neuroscience
But can they slice and dice?
• Mirror neurons have been proposed to be what
allowed humans to develop language (originally
proposed back in 1998)
• Morality? If I can feel your pain, if I can see your
point of view – it would mean that I would have
to change my value systems
• Still a matter of great debate
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38. HMB300 - Neuroscience
The search for UFOs in the brain
• The big question – not sure
• Likely yes, but no one has yet recorded
electrically from neurons in the proposed
areas of the HUMAN brain
• All of the studies to date have been using
EEG, MEG and fMRI
•
Lingnau, Angelika; Gesierich, Benno; Caramazza, Alfonso
(2009), "Asymmetric fMRI adaptation reveals no evidence for mirror neurons
in humans", PNAS 106 (24): 9925–9930,
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39. HMB300 - Neuroscience
And they lived happily ever after
• Until this year down in UCLA
• Mukamel et al. Single-Neuron Responses in
Humans during Execution and Observation
of Actions. Current Biology, 2010
• 1177 cells in 21 patients human medial frontal
and temporal cortices (seizure patients)
• patients executed or observed hand grasping
actions and facial emotional expressions
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40. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Left SMA
And they lived happily ever after
Medial temporal lobe
right entorhinal cortex
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41. HMB300 - Neuroscience
And they lived happily ever after
• Cells in SMA respond during execution and
observation of actions
• Cells in medial temporal lobe respond during
observation and execution of actions
• Some respond with excitation during execution
and inhibition during observation
• Did not find evidence of such cells in the
ACC, amygdala or in the pre-SMA
• Did not record from F5 but SMA (lateral vs
medial)
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42. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Review of autism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Developmental issues within brain
Typical symptoms occur by the age of 2-3 years
Poor social interactions
Lack of communication/speech difficulties
Repetitive almost obsessive behaviour
Often exhibit echolalia
Deficits in motor skills also tightly linked
Genetic causes not fully established
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43. HMB300 - Neuroscience
Super controversial
• In autism, there are very poor social skills, and an
inability to imitate and understand the intent of
others
• Could this be due to problems with mirror neurons
• Anatomic evidence showing that the areas where
mirror neurons are supposed to be localized are
thinner or smaller in autistic patients
• fMRI studies suggest that these areas are also
less active during imitation in autistic children
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44. HMB300H1S:
Keep Calm – It’sThe END
Dr. Bill Ju
105C Wetmore Hall
wmyh.ju@utoronto.ca
theprofessor.bill@gmail.com
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52. HMB300 - Neuroscience
What my students picked
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stem cell therapy
Brain machine interfaces
Imaging studies (human and research)
Machine and artificial intelligence
Beyond fMRI
RNAi technology
Nanotechnology including brain nanotechnology
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53. HMB300 - Neuroscience
And now for the Glogster Awards
• Thanks for your continued excellence
• Amazing material – best I’ve seen and amazing!
• Very creative and I’m glad I didn’t have to
choose
• All of you did so well but your peers have
nominated:
• Then off to Project Impact
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67. Your final exam
• 20 MCQs – more on this online
• 4 SA (with parts – longer – the current online
assignment)
• 2 hours long – you will need the time
• Tutorial scheduled for 11th and 12th
• Sample questions will be posted Dec. 9th
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