This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including: - Definitions of HIV and AIDS, incidence rates, and risk factors like sexual transmission, contaminated blood, and mother-to-child transmission. - The pathophysiology and life cycle of HIV, clinical manifestations like fatigue and wasting syndrome, and common opportunistic infections. - Diagnostic tests including ELISA, viral load testing, and CD4 counts. - Prevention methods like safer sex practices and condom use. - Medical management with antiretroviral drugs like reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. - Potential complications of HIV/AIDS infection including various infections, cancers, neurological issues, and more.

1. HIV/AIDS
BY
SUDHA SANJIBANEE
BSN 2ND YEAR
GOPABANDHU INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE OF NURSING, MADHAPUR,
ATHAGARH, CUTTACK

2. INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINITION
• HIV
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• AIDS
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4. INCIDENCE
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5. ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
• CAUSATIVE AGENT
• AGE: MOST CASES HAVE OCCURRED AMONG SEXUALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE AGED 20-49
• SEX:- IN AFRICA MORE FEMALES ARE AFFECTED
-IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND AUSTRALIA ABOUT 51% OF CASES ARE
HOMOSEXUAL OR BISEXUAL MEN.
-IN NEPAL 2:1

6. CONTD…
• SEXUAL

7. CONTD…
• INFECTED BLOOD OR BLOOD PRODUCTS:
- SHARING NEEDLES DURING INTRAVENOUS DRUG USE
- NEEDLE STICK INJURY
- TRANSFUSION OF UNSCREENED OR CONTAMINATED BLOOD
OR BLOOD PRODUCT(DECREASED AFTER 1986)
- MEDICAL INJECTIONS WITH UNSTERILIZED EQUIPMENT

8. CONTD…
• MOTHER-TO-CHILD: -DURING PREGNANCY, DURING DELIVERY, OR
THROUGH BREAST MILK.
-IN THE ABSENCE OF TREATMENT, THE RISK OF
TRANSMISSION BEFORE OR DURING BIRTH IS
AROUND 20% AND IN THOSE WHO ALSO
BREASTFEED 35%.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

10. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV

11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
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12. • SYMPTOMS:
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14. •
• SYMPTOMS:
• FATIGUE
• DIARRHEA
• NAUSEA, VOMITING
• FEVER CHILLS
• NIGHT SWEATS
• WASTING SYNDROME AT LATE STAGES

15. •
• COMMON OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
1.
2.
3.
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18. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) AND WESTERN BLOT:
• IF AN ELISA TEST IS POSITIVE, THE WESTERN BLOT TEST IS USUALLY ADMINISTERED TO
CONFIRM THE DIAGNOSIS. IF AN ELISA TEST IS NEGATIVE, BUT YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE
HIV, YOU SHOULD BE TESTED AGAIN IN ONE TO THREE MONTHS.
• WESTERN BLOTTING: (CONFIRMATORY TEST)
• THIS IS A VERY SENSITIVE BLOOD TEST USED TO CONFIRM A POSITIVE ELISA TEST RESULT.
• T LYMPHOCYTE AND B LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; CD4 COUNTS, CD4 PERCENTAGES
• VIRAL LOAD:
• THIS TEST MEASURES THE AMOUNT OF HIV IN YOUR BLOOD. GENERALLY, IT’S USED TO
MONITOR TREATMENT PROGRESS OR DETECT EARLY HIV INFECTION. THREE TECHNOLOGIES
MEASURE HIV VIRAL LOAD IN THE BLOOD — REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION (RT-PCR), BRANCHED DNA (BDNA) AND NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE-BASED
AMPLIFICATION ASSAY (NASBA).

19. CONTD…
• COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT:
• HIV P24 ANTIGEN
• VIRAL CULTURE
• INDIRECTFLUORESCENT ANTIBODY

20. PREVENTION
1. SAFER SEX:
• GET TESTED FOR HIV. IT’S IMPORTANT THEY LEARN THEIR STATUS AND THAT OF THEIR PARTNER.
• GET TESTED FOR OTHER SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS). IF THEY TEST POSITIVE FOR ONE,
THEY SHOULD GET IT TREATED, BECAUSE HAVING AN STI INCREASES THE RISK OF CONTRACTING HIV.
• USE CONDOMS. THEY SHOULD LEARN THE CORRECT WAY TO USE CONDOMS AND USE THEM EVERY
TIME THEY HAVE SEX, WHETHER IT’S THROUGH VAGINAL OR ANAL INTERCOURSE. IT’S IMPORTANT TO
KEEP IN MIND THAT PRE-SEMINAL FLUIDS (WHICH COME OUT BEFORE MALE EJACULATION) CAN
CONTAIN HIV.
• TAKE THEIR MEDICATIONS AS DIRECTED IF THEY HAVE HIV. THIS LOWERS THE RISK OF TRANSMITTING
THE VIRUS TO THEIR SEXUAL PARTNER.

21. CONTD…
2. OTHER PREVENTION METHODS:
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22. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
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REVERSE TRANCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
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PROTEASE INHIBITORS
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23. COMPLICATIONS
• INFECTIONS COMMON TO HIV/AIDS:
1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP).
2. CANDIDIASIS
3. TUBERCULOSIS
4. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS(COMMON HERPES VIRUS):IF IMMUNE SYSTEM WEAKENS, THE
VIRUS RESURFACES — CAUSING DAMAGE TO YOUR EYES, DIGESTIVE TRACT,
LUNGS OR OTHER ORGANS.
5. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
6. TOXOPLASMOSIS: CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII, A PARASITE SPREAD
PRIMARILY BY CATS. TOXOPLASMOSIS CAN CAUSE HEART DISEASE, AND SEIZURES
OCCUR WHEN IT SPREADS TO THE BRAIN.

24. CONTD...
• COMMON CANCER:
• LYMPHOMA: SWELLING OF THE LYMPH NODES IN YOUR NECK, ARMPIT OR
GROIN
• KAPOSI’S SARCOMA:KAPOSI'S SARCOMA CAN ALSO AFFECT THE INTERNAL
ORGANS, INCLUDING THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AND LUNGS.

25. CONTD…
OTHER COMPLICATIONS:
• WASTING SYNDROME.
• NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS:HIV CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL
SYMPTOMS SUCH AS CONFUSION, FORGETFULNESS, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND
DIFFICULTY WALKING.
• KIDNEY DISEASE.: HIV-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY (HIVAN) IS AN
INFLAMMATION OF THE TINY FILTERS IN YOUR KIDNEYS THAT REMOVE EXCESS
FLUID AND WASTES FROM YOUR BLOOD AND PASS THEM TO YOUR URINE. IT
MOST OFTEN AFFECTS BLACK OR HISPANIC PEOPLE.
• LIVER DISEASE. LIVER DISEASE IS ALSO A MAJOR COMPLICATION, ESPECIALLY
IN PEOPLE WHO ALSO HAVE HEPATITIS B OR HEPATITIS C.

27. NURSING PROCESS
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