1) HIV/AIDS has infected over 75 million people globally, with 37 million currently living with the infection. It spread from non-human primates like sooty mangabeys and chimpanzees to humans in the 1900s.
2) There are two main strains of HIV - HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV progresses through different phases including acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. Diagnosis involves testing for HIV antibodies or RNA.
3) The HIV life cycle involves several stages that can be targeted by antiretroviral drugs, including entry, reverse transcription, integration, assembly and budding. Promising research is being done in stopping viral replication and developing gene and cell-based
This document summarizes the history and biology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses how HIV was isolated in 1983 and named in 1984/1986. It describes HIV's structure as a lentivirus with RNA genome and key enzymes. It outlines the viral genes and antigens involved in the core, envelope and replication. It also summarizes HIV's transmission routes, clinical stages, diagnosis process and current antiretroviral treatment approaches.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys helper T cells. It has an outer envelope with glycoprotein spikes surrounding an inner nucleocapsid core that contains two copies of viral RNA and enzymes. HIV enters cells by attaching to CD4 and co-receptors on helper T cells with its GP120 glycoproteins. It then uncoats and reverse transcribes its RNA into DNA, which integrates into the host cell's DNA. The integrated viral DNA is then transcribed to produce new viral RNA and proteins that are packaged and released to infect other cells. This cycle depletes helper T cells and weakens the immune system.
This document summarizes key milestones in the discovery of HIV and AIDS, including:
1) In 1981, Michael Gottleib reported the first cases of GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) and in 1982 it was named AIDS.
2) In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre Sinoussi discovered LAV (Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus) which was later found to be HIV.
3) In 1984, Robert Gallo discovered HTLV III which was also later found to be HIV.
4) HIV is a retrovirus that infects and kills CD4+ T cells, gradually destroying the immune system. Its structure
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a rise in COVID-19 cases due to its increased transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. It has mutations in the spike protein that allow it to escape antibodies from both prior infection and vaccination. Additionally, a mutation called P681R enhances the Delta variant's ability to fuse with and enter cells. While the Delta variant can evade most monoclonal antibody treatments and natural immunity, vaccination with two doses provides higher neutralizing antibody levels that are more effective against the variant. Continued research is needed to develop treatments that target the spike protein and its mutations to combat emerging variants.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ immune cells. It has high genetic variability due to a lack of proofreading during replication. There are three main groups of HIV (M, O, N) with group M causing the global epidemic and consisting of nine genetic subtypes. Natural infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS without treatment over many years. Some individuals are able to control virus levels long-term. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus, developing an effective vaccine has proven difficult due to HIV's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
This document reviews protease inhibitors, drugs used to treat AIDS. It discusses how HIV works by having the protease enzyme cleave viral polyproteins. Protease inhibitors were designed to bind to the protease and prevent this cleavage, stopping viral replication. Several protease inhibitor drugs are described, including lopinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir. While effective, protease inhibitors can cause side effects like increased blood sugar, changes in fat distribution, and liver problems. The summary concludes that protease inhibitors play an important role in regulating proteins and curing AIDS by binding HIV protease and preventing viral protein cleavage.
This document summarizes the history and biology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses how HIV was isolated in 1983 and named in 1984/1986. It describes HIV's structure as a lentivirus with RNA genome and key enzymes. It outlines the viral genes and antigens involved in the core, envelope and replication. It also summarizes HIV's transmission routes, clinical stages, diagnosis process and current antiretroviral treatment approaches.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys helper T cells. It has an outer envelope with glycoprotein spikes surrounding an inner nucleocapsid core that contains two copies of viral RNA and enzymes. HIV enters cells by attaching to CD4 and co-receptors on helper T cells with its GP120 glycoproteins. It then uncoats and reverse transcribes its RNA into DNA, which integrates into the host cell's DNA. The integrated viral DNA is then transcribed to produce new viral RNA and proteins that are packaged and released to infect other cells. This cycle depletes helper T cells and weakens the immune system.
This document summarizes key milestones in the discovery of HIV and AIDS, including:
1) In 1981, Michael Gottleib reported the first cases of GRID (Gay-Related Immune Deficiency) and in 1982 it was named AIDS.
2) In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre Sinoussi discovered LAV (Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus) which was later found to be HIV.
3) In 1984, Robert Gallo discovered HTLV III which was also later found to be HIV.
4) HIV is a retrovirus that infects and kills CD4+ T cells, gradually destroying the immune system. Its structure
Creative Biolabs has established a powerful AntInfect™ Platform for anti-virus biomolecular discovery, covering antibody and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/antinfect/antibody-peptide-discovery-for-viral-disease.htm
The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 has caused a rise in COVID-19 cases due to its increased transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. It has mutations in the spike protein that allow it to escape antibodies from both prior infection and vaccination. Additionally, a mutation called P681R enhances the Delta variant's ability to fuse with and enter cells. While the Delta variant can evade most monoclonal antibody treatments and natural immunity, vaccination with two doses provides higher neutralizing antibody levels that are more effective against the variant. Continued research is needed to develop treatments that target the spike protein and its mutations to combat emerging variants.
The development of an HIV vaccine faces significant challenges including viral diversity, establishment of viral reservoirs, and immune evasion. Current vaccine strategies aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or enhance cellular immunity through various approaches including recombinant proteins, viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. While two vaccine concepts have undergone efficacy trials, neither provided protective effects. Ongoing research continues through clinical trials evaluating prime-boost regimens combining DNA vaccines and viral vectors.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ immune cells. It has high genetic variability due to a lack of proofreading during replication. There are three main groups of HIV (M, O, N) with group M causing the global epidemic and consisting of nine genetic subtypes. Natural infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS without treatment over many years. Some individuals are able to control virus levels long-term. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While antiretroviral therapy can suppress the virus, developing an effective vaccine has proven difficult due to HIV's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
This document reviews protease inhibitors, drugs used to treat AIDS. It discusses how HIV works by having the protease enzyme cleave viral polyproteins. Protease inhibitors were designed to bind to the protease and prevent this cleavage, stopping viral replication. Several protease inhibitor drugs are described, including lopinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir. While effective, protease inhibitors can cause side effects like increased blood sugar, changes in fat distribution, and liver problems. The summary concludes that protease inhibitors play an important role in regulating proteins and curing AIDS by binding HIV protease and preventing viral protein cleavage.
HIV Vaccine Research and HIV drugs in the pipeline HIV Vaccine Research and...MedicineAndHealthUSA
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS vaccine research and development efforts. It discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, the need for an effective vaccine, the various phases of vaccine development and testing, different vaccine candidates currently being tested including peptide epitopes, viral proteins, and viral vectors, as well as some of the large phase 2 and 3 clinical trials underway. It emphasizes that developing a safe and effective HIV vaccine will require a global collaborative effort.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing how the virus infects cells, the immune response it provokes, and the different types of vaccines in development including virus, viral vector, nucleic acid and protein-based vaccines; it provides an overview of the vaccine development process and pipeline as well as the services offered by Creative Biolabs to support SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development.
Over 60 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39.5 million people are currently living with HIV. There are still around 4.3 million new infections each year, and over 28 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the pandemic. Developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven extremely challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system. While several vaccine candidates have reached clinical trials, none have yet provided reliable, long-term sterilizing immunity. Continued research efforts aim to develop a vaccine that can eliminate HIV infections and end the pandemic.
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that infects approximately 3% of the world's population. It is a chronic infection in most cases and replicates mainly in liver hepatocytes and blood cells. The virus is transmitted through blood and spreads through various means such as sharing needles or medical equipment contaminated with infected blood. While there is no vaccine, antiviral drug treatments involving interferon and ribavirin can successfully treat the infection in 30-50% of patients.
AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is invariably fatal as there is currently no cure. HIV is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and has since spread globally into a pandemic. HIV infects cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, and destroys or impairs their function. This allows opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. The virus enters the host cell and integrates its genetic material into the host cell DNA, hijacking the cell's replication machinery and using it to produce new virus particles that go on to infect more cells. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
This document summarizes information about COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It describes coronaviruses and how a new strain was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Symptoms include fever, dry cough and shortness of breath. Testing methods like RT-PCR and serology tests are used to detect current and past infections. Genome sequencing of over 3,000 virus samples from around the world shows how the virus has spread and evolved into different strains.
Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
Immune response to any pathogen, how an organism is initially tackled by the immune system, what makes the immune system to fail to combat various infections, what are the escaping mechanisms
1) HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system.
2) HIV enters host cells via CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 receptors, integrating its genetic material which is then transcribed and new virions are assembled and released, infecting other cells.
3) As CD4 cells are gradually depleted, the immune system weakens over time, allowing opportunistic infections and cancers to develop, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated.
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 200 countries. It belongs to the coronavirus family and causes the disease COVID-19. The virus enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and replicates its RNA and proteins before being released to infect other cells. Potential treatment strategies include using existing antiviral drugs, developing specific drugs that target the virus genome or proteins, and enhancing immune responses. Ongoing research focuses on antibody development, diagnostic assays, vaccines, and other medical countermeasures to treat and prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
This document discusses two research articles about retroviruses and HIV. The first article describes a discovery about HIV's capsid, which regulates nucleotide entry and does not get cleared by the immune system as previously thought. Scientists are developing drugs to block the capsid pores, which could lead to more effective HIV treatment. The second article finds that HIV-related retroviruses date back 60 million years based on remnants found in a lemur genome. Understanding the evolution of these ancient viruses may provide insights to improve HIV treatment. The document concludes that both studies advance knowledge of how HIV works and evades detection to help develop new treatment approaches.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology in India, transmission, diagnosis, treatment with antiretroviral therapy, classification of antiretroviral drugs, and prevention. It discusses how HIV infects CD4+ cells and replicates. Current first-line and second-line regimens recommended by WHO and NACO are mentioned. Recent drug approvals by the FDA for treatment of HIV are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which has a single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected person ingests food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A, but improved sanitation, food safety, and immunization are effective ways to prevent the disease.
The document discusses malaria, which infects hundreds of millions annually and kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa. It outlines the challenges in developing an effective malaria vaccine, including the parasite's ability to evade the immune system and lack of animal models for testing. Several past and current vaccine candidates are mentioned, including SPf66 (the first field trial vaccine), RTS,S (the most advanced candidate to date), and PfSPZ Vaccine (a whole parasite vaccine showing promise in recent trials). Overall, the document reviews the state of malaria vaccine research and the hurdles remaining in developing a highly effective vaccine.
Research and Treatment of COVID-19 - EUCYTJensonAlbert
COVIXO harnesses the immune system to augment the body's natural response to SARS-CoV-2. It is comprised of nano-sized biovesicles containing proteins, lipids, microRNAs and mRNA that drive cellular functionality including augmenting the type 1 interferon pathway important for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. COVIXO also potentiates cellular proliferation to increase the number of cells that can attack the pathogen. This enables each patient to generate their own adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 through memory T cells and antibodies for protection from subsequent exposures.
Immune response in FHM cells following infection with frog virus 3mgray11
This document summarizes a study that examined the differential expression of immune-related genes in fathead minnow cells following infection with frog virus 3 (FV3) or an attenuated 18K knockout mutant. Microarray analysis found that numerous innate and adaptive immune genes were upregulated after wild-type FV3 infection. However, the 18K mutant led to lower expression levels of these genes. This suggests that quantitative differences in gene expression may explain the 18K mutant's attenuated phenotype in vivo. Future studies aim to further analyze host responses to wild-type and mutant viruses to identify key cellular factors involved in protective immunity.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. There are three main stages of HIV infection: (1) Primary infection where viremia is high and symptoms may occur; (2) Clinical latency where the virus establishes itself and the CD4 count declines slowly; (3) AIDS where the CD4 count is low and opportunistic infections take hold. The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV involves direct viral killing of CD4 cells as well as indirect mechanisms like syncytium formation that further weaken immunity over time.
THERAPEUTICS FOR HIV INFECTION (1).pptFaithLwabila
This document provides information on therapeutics for HIV infection, including:
1. It describes the types and characteristics of HIV, its life cycle, pathogenesis, and structure.
2. It discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and regimens. Common adverse effects are also summarized for some drug classes.
3. Guidelines for monitoring HIV infection and stages of the disease are outlined, including initial diagnosis, CD4 count, viral load, resistance testing, and clinical staging of HIV/AIDS.
HIV Vaccine Research and HIV drugs in the pipeline HIV Vaccine Research and...MedicineAndHealthUSA
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS vaccine research and development efforts. It discusses the global impact of HIV/AIDS, the need for an effective vaccine, the various phases of vaccine development and testing, different vaccine candidates currently being tested including peptide epitopes, viral proteins, and viral vectors, as well as some of the large phase 2 and 3 clinical trials underway. It emphasizes that developing a safe and effective HIV vaccine will require a global collaborative effort.
The document discusses SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing how the virus infects cells, the immune response it provokes, and the different types of vaccines in development including virus, viral vector, nucleic acid and protein-based vaccines; it provides an overview of the vaccine development process and pipeline as well as the services offered by Creative Biolabs to support SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development.
Over 60 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39.5 million people are currently living with HIV. There are still around 4.3 million new infections each year, and over 28 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the pandemic. Developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven extremely challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system. While several vaccine candidates have reached clinical trials, none have yet provided reliable, long-term sterilizing immunity. Continued research efforts aim to develop a vaccine that can eliminate HIV infections and end the pandemic.
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that infects approximately 3% of the world's population. It is a chronic infection in most cases and replicates mainly in liver hepatocytes and blood cells. The virus is transmitted through blood and spreads through various means such as sharing needles or medical equipment contaminated with infected blood. While there is no vaccine, antiviral drug treatments involving interferon and ribavirin can successfully treat the infection in 30-50% of patients.
AIDS is a retroviral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is invariably fatal as there is currently no cure. HIV is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Central Africa and has since spread globally into a pandemic. HIV infects cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells, and destroys or impairs their function. This allows opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. The virus enters the host cell and integrates its genetic material into the host cell DNA, hijacking the cell's replication machinery and using it to produce new virus particles that go on to infect more cells. Common symptoms of HIV infection include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and diarrhea.
This document summarizes information about COVID-19 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It describes coronaviruses and how a new strain was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19 is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Symptoms include fever, dry cough and shortness of breath. Testing methods like RT-PCR and serology tests are used to detect current and past infections. Genome sequencing of over 3,000 virus samples from around the world shows how the virus has spread and evolved into different strains.
Coronaviruses belong to the subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.
Immune response to any pathogen, how an organism is initially tackled by the immune system, what makes the immune system to fail to combat various infections, what are the escaping mechanisms
1) HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system.
2) HIV enters host cells via CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 receptors, integrating its genetic material which is then transcribed and new virions are assembled and released, infecting other cells.
3) As CD4 cells are gradually depleted, the immune system weakens over time, allowing opportunistic infections and cancers to develop, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated.
This video lecture is in continuation to the previous two lectures: "Introduction to Coronavirueses (SARS, MERS, COVID-19): Hosts, Symptoms & History", and "Basic Biology of Coronaviruses". This lecture explains in detail "the Evolution of Coronaviruses and the Adaptations of the host Immune System", emphasizing on how the virus jumps from animal reservoirs to human hosts called spillovers, how the host and viral protein interact and what might we expect for long-term or short-term immunity from SARS-CoV-2 in near future.
SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 200 countries. It belongs to the coronavirus family and causes the disease COVID-19. The virus enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and replicates its RNA and proteins before being released to infect other cells. Potential treatment strategies include using existing antiviral drugs, developing specific drugs that target the virus genome or proteins, and enhancing immune responses. Ongoing research focuses on antibody development, diagnostic assays, vaccines, and other medical countermeasures to treat and prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
This document discusses two research articles about retroviruses and HIV. The first article describes a discovery about HIV's capsid, which regulates nucleotide entry and does not get cleared by the immune system as previously thought. Scientists are developing drugs to block the capsid pores, which could lead to more effective HIV treatment. The second article finds that HIV-related retroviruses date back 60 million years based on remnants found in a lemur genome. Understanding the evolution of these ancient viruses may provide insights to improve HIV treatment. The document concludes that both studies advance knowledge of how HIV works and evades detection to help develop new treatment approaches.
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology in India, transmission, diagnosis, treatment with antiretroviral therapy, classification of antiretroviral drugs, and prevention. It discusses how HIV infects CD4+ cells and replicates. Current first-line and second-line regimens recommended by WHO and NACO are mentioned. Recent drug approvals by the FDA for treatment of HIV are also summarized. References are provided at the end.
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which has a single-stranded RNA genome surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected person ingests food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A, but improved sanitation, food safety, and immunization are effective ways to prevent the disease.
The document discusses malaria, which infects hundreds of millions annually and kills over 1 million people per year, mostly in Africa. It outlines the challenges in developing an effective malaria vaccine, including the parasite's ability to evade the immune system and lack of animal models for testing. Several past and current vaccine candidates are mentioned, including SPf66 (the first field trial vaccine), RTS,S (the most advanced candidate to date), and PfSPZ Vaccine (a whole parasite vaccine showing promise in recent trials). Overall, the document reviews the state of malaria vaccine research and the hurdles remaining in developing a highly effective vaccine.
Research and Treatment of COVID-19 - EUCYTJensonAlbert
COVIXO harnesses the immune system to augment the body's natural response to SARS-CoV-2. It is comprised of nano-sized biovesicles containing proteins, lipids, microRNAs and mRNA that drive cellular functionality including augmenting the type 1 interferon pathway important for anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. COVIXO also potentiates cellular proliferation to increase the number of cells that can attack the pathogen. This enables each patient to generate their own adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 through memory T cells and antibodies for protection from subsequent exposures.
Immune response in FHM cells following infection with frog virus 3mgray11
This document summarizes a study that examined the differential expression of immune-related genes in fathead minnow cells following infection with frog virus 3 (FV3) or an attenuated 18K knockout mutant. Microarray analysis found that numerous innate and adaptive immune genes were upregulated after wild-type FV3 infection. However, the 18K mutant led to lower expression levels of these genes. This suggests that quantitative differences in gene expression may explain the 18K mutant's attenuated phenotype in vivo. Future studies aim to further analyze host responses to wild-type and mutant viruses to identify key cellular factors involved in protective immunity.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. There are three main stages of HIV infection: (1) Primary infection where viremia is high and symptoms may occur; (2) Clinical latency where the virus establishes itself and the CD4 count declines slowly; (3) AIDS where the CD4 count is low and opportunistic infections take hold. The natural history and pathogenesis of HIV involves direct viral killing of CD4 cells as well as indirect mechanisms like syncytium formation that further weaken immunity over time.
THERAPEUTICS FOR HIV INFECTION (1).pptFaithLwabila
This document provides information on therapeutics for HIV infection, including:
1. It describes the types and characteristics of HIV, its life cycle, pathogenesis, and structure.
2. It discusses various classes of antiretroviral drugs, including their mechanisms of action, examples, and regimens. Common adverse effects are also summarized for some drug classes.
3. Guidelines for monitoring HIV infection and stages of the disease are outlined, including initial diagnosis, CD4 count, viral load, resistance testing, and clinical staging of HIV/AIDS.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
1. HIV causes AIDS by infecting and destroying CD4 T cells, progressively weakening the immune system.
2. There is currently no vaccine for HIV. Treatment involves combinations of antiretroviral drugs that target different parts of the virus's life cycle.
3. Prevention through education is the most effective strategy, particularly for high-risk groups where transmission is more likely to occur through sexual contact or intravenous drug use. Regular testing and treatment can also help prevent further spread.
Laboratory monitoring of Progression of HIVAnkita Mohanty
This document discusses laboratory monitoring of HIV progression and treatment. It covers epidemiology of HIV globally and in India, the HIV lifecycle and progression from acute to latent to AIDS stages. Key markers for monitoring disease progression include CD4 count, complete blood count, serum neopterin, beta-2 microglobulin, and viral load. Resistance testing and therapeutic drug monitoring are also outlined for evaluating treatment response and failure. Guidelines for viral load and CD4 monitoring at different stages of infection and treatment are provided.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS if untreated. There are two types, HIV-1 being more prevalent.
- It is typically transmitted sexually, through blood/needles, or mother-to-child. Diagnosis involves antibody tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western Blot.
- If left untreated, it can take 10-15 years for HIV to develop into AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment can slow disease progression. Current global statistics and highest prevalence areas are mentioned.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an enveloped RNA virus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells of the immune system. HIV belongs to the retrovirus family and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV replication involves binding to CD4 receptors on cells, integration into the host genome, and production of new virus particles. Infection progresses to AIDS as CD4 cells are depleted. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and prolong life.
The document summarizes HIV pathogenesis and the stages of HIV disease. It defines pathogenesis as the development of disease and describes the basic components of the immune system, including lymphocytes (B and T cells) and their roles in fighting infection. It then explains HIV viral dynamics, how HIV replicates by integrating into host CD4 cell DNA. It outlines the stages of HIV disease as acute/early infection, intermediate stage, and advanced stage (AIDS). It provides details on symptoms, testing windows, and conditions that define AIDS.
1
Final Course Project Outline
Final Course Project Outline: The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry in
the Era of Climate Change
Ruinan Yang
King Graduate School, Monroe College
MG630: Organizational Behavior and Leadership in the 21st Century
Dr. Judith Riggs
November 20, 2021
2
Final Course Project Outline
I. Introduction
a. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)
b. Climate change and sustainable development
II. Case Study on Pharmaceutical Companies with Notable ESG
Scores
a. What is ESG score?
b. Case study: Boehringer Ingelheim, a German pharmaceutical company
III. Critical Analysis of The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry on Climate Change
IV. Conclusion: My Role as a Leader
V. Reference
HIV AND AIDS
TITLE
Prepared by:
Teacher :
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
History taking
Physical examination
Laboratory studies
VI. Infection control Policies
VII. Nursing Diagnosis And Intervention
VIII. Summary
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to:
1. Know and understand what is HIV AND AIDS.
2. Understand the process how disease develop.
3. Practice how to deal and take care a patient according to infection control sets of guidelines.
4. Identify Nursing diagnosis and make interventions that help promote patient care and comfort.
INTRODUCTION
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense against many infections and some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can fight off. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count.
The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations.
Since HIV was first identified almost 30 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life for people living with HIV disease.
HIV or human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a chronic condition that requires daily medication.
HIV- 1 is a retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS.
HIV-2 is a retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West
HIV
AIDS
is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as any person with HIV infection and a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL (or a CD4 count below 14%) or having an AIDS-indicator condition
The primary route of transmission of the HIV virus is by entering the mucosal surface (predominantly sexual contact).
Following mucosal entry, the virus binds to peripheral circulating T cells and macrophages (e.g., dendritic cells) that express the CD4 and CCR5 receptors.
As the dis ...
Therapeutic prospects in Cancer Immunotherapy.
Interleukins for Renal Cell Carcinoma.
BCG for Bladder Cancer.
Vaccination Strategies: Oncolytic virus for melanoma, Dendritic Cell therapy for CA Prostate.
Immune Checkpoint inhibitors. PD1 and PD L1 inhibitors.
Adoptive Cell Therpay. CAR T Cell Therapy
Clinical efficacy. Costs.
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
Immunology and Detection of Acute HIV-1 InfectionRongpong Plongla
This document summarizes key aspects of acute HIV infection, including transmission routes, early immune responses, detection challenges, and prevention opportunities. It discusses how a small number of viruses can establish infection and the rapid spread throughout lymph tissue. Early treatment may help reduce transmission by suppressing viral load during this acute phase when contagiousness is highest. Ongoing research aims to better understand transmission dynamics and develop optimal testing and prevention strategies to interrupt spread during this critical early window.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that profoundly suppresses immunity. It is characterized by opportunistic infections, cancers, and neurological symptoms as it destroys CD4+ T-cells. The virus can be transmitted sexually or vertically from mother to child. After initial infection, HIV enters a chronic phase where it replicates in lymph tissues while gradually eroding immunity. Without treatment, this progresses to a crisis phase with full AIDS defined by severe opportunistic infections as CD4+ T-cells fall below 200 cells/ul.
HIV is a lentivirus which can not only infect actively dividing cells but also non-dividing cells such as macrophages. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. HIV primarily attacks T- helper cells resulting into low activated T-cytotoxic cells and suppression of immune system. thus leading to AIDS.
Introduction to HIV/AIDS
Epidemiology
Structural information of HIV
Life cycle of HIV
Symptoms & causes of AIDS due to HIV
Pathophysiology
Pharmacological Classification along with mechanism of action
Novel targets for Anti-retroviral Drugs
Summary
References
Vote of thanks
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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3. Introduction :
• Infected more than 75 million
• 37 million living with infection
• Spread from non human primates
to humans sporadically throughout
1900 s
• 1980 did virus come into world
attention
2 main strains :
•Hiv -1
•Hiv -2
SIV smm - sooty mangabeys
SIV cpz - chimpanzees
7. The Hiv Life Cycle with drug target :
doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.35
8. Treatments :
1. Stopping the replication of HIV
https://labiotech.eu/features/hiv-cure-2020-research-review/
9. 2. Shock and kill
http://mymedicinemission.blogspot.com/2013/03/adults-cured-after-hiv-baby.html
- Phase 1b/2a run by Berlin-based Mologen
- It was not successful at reducing the HIV reservoir.
- And a recent study has shown that currently available LRAs only activate
less than 5% of the HIV reservoir
10. 3. Gene therapy :
1 . Artificial T Cell Receptors
CCR5Δ32/Δ32haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation
“Berlin patient’’
diagnosed with HIV in 1995 .
Brown was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
In 2007 underwent stem cell transplantation after unsuccessful
chemotherapy.
“ Essen patient’’
In this case ART was interrupted one week before allogeneic HSCT and rapid
viral rebound of a pre-existing minority HIV-1 variant, which was able to infect
cells
through the alternative CXCR4 coreceptor, was observed three weeks later.
Such pre-existing CXCR4 variants were not observed in the Berlin patient11.
http://defeathiv.org/berlin/
11. 2 . Intracellular Immunization
1. protein based therapies
2. RNA-based therapies.
1. Protein-based strategies
1. Trans-dominant negative proteins
an altered form of a viral or cellular protein that can inhibit
the normal function of its wild-type counterpart
e.g.-RevM10
2. Fusion inhibitors
a protein or peptide that affects the fusion process during
viral entry into the cell
e.g.-maC46
3. Intrabodies
recombinant antibodies expressed intracellularly
4. Intrakines
modified intracellular chemokines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517133/
12. RNA-based therapies.
RNA-based strategies include
1. Antisense.
2. Ribozymes.
3. Aptamers.
4. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
5. short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs).
6. AgoshRNA design .
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517133/
13. References
1. Falkenhagen Alexander, Joshi Sadhna. Genetic Strategies
for HIV Treatment and prevention. Molecular Therapy:
Nucleic Acids Vol. 13 December 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.018.
2. Jade Ghosn, Babafemi Taiwo, Saraya Seedat, Brigitte
Autran, Cristine katlama. HIV. Seminar. Published online
July 20, 2018 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(18)31311-4
3. Explaining HIV and AIDS. https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
4. https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics
5. https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/asia-
pacific/india
6. World Health Organisation (WHO).
https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
7. http://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-1-and-HIV-2/page/1322970/
8. https://www.projectinform.org/glossary/hiv-structure-function/
During prototypic HIV infection, the transmitted virus first infects target cells in mucosal tissues and then spreads through the lymphoid system (eclipse phase). HIV RNA levels first become detectable after several days and then increase exponentially, reaching a peak a few weeks later, at which point the adaptive immune response results in partial control. HIV antibody responses are largely ineffective owing to rapid viral escape. A steady-state level (set point) of viraemia, reflecting complex virus–host interactions, is then established. HIV-mediated destruction of CD4+ T cells leads to immunodeficiency and chronic inflammation
One of the most advanced HIV treatments seeks to inhibit the virus’ ability to replicate its RNA and produce more copies of itself. A similar approach is commonly used to treat herpes infections, and although it doesn’t get fully rid of the virus, it can stop its spread.
The French company Abivax showed last year in a clinical trial that this approach has the potential to become a functional cure for HIV. The key to its potential is that it can target the reservoir of HIV viruses that “hide” inactive within our cells.
“Current therapies suppress the virus in circulation by inhibiting the formation of new viruses, but they don’t touch the reservoir. Once you stop, the virus comes back in 10-14 days,” says Hartmut Ehrlich, CEO of Abivax. “ABX464 is the first drug candidate ever shown to reduce the HIV reservoir.”
The drug, called ABX464, binds to a specific sequence in the RNA of the virus, inhibiting its replication. In a Phase 2a trial, several patients were given the drug in addition to antiretroviral therapy. Eight out of 15 patients treated with ABX464 showed a 25% to 50% reduction of their HIV reservoir after 28 days, compared to no reduction in those taking only antiretroviral therapy
ABX464 blocks viral replication by preventing the export of viral RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in infected cells. This transport is normally mediated by a viral protein called Rev, and the activity of Rev is efficiently inhibited by ABX464. Never targeted before, Rev has been postulated of potential interest for HIV treatment for some time, but ABX464 is the first molecule under development aimed at inhibiting it. Jamal Tazi, senior author of the article, stresses that “ABX464 targets an event after the genetic material of the virus has been integrated in the cell. This way, ABX464 not only prevents the infection of new cells, but it is the only drug to date that can act on already infected cells and prevent the synthesis of new viruses.” He added, “Therefore the difficult-to-reach reservoir of infected cells remaining under current HIV therapy may become reachable.” ABX464 does not affect the physiological cellular RNA-processing in humans. This suggests that ABX464 is specific for HIV RNAs and does not influence the synthesis of human proteins. ABX464 does not lead to HIV mutants that become resistant to treatment. In contrast to all other anti-HIV drugs, ABX464 may be effective as a monotherapy
So far, however, this approach has not proven its potential in human studies. Last year, one of the most advanced trials testing this shock and kill approach — a Phase 1b/2a run by Berlin-based Mologen — reported that although the drug could help manage HIV infections, it was not successful at reducing the HIV reservoir. And a recent study has shown that currently available LRAs only activate less than 5% of the HIV reservoir.
What makes HIV so dangerous is that it attacks the immune system, leaving people unprotected against infections. But what if we could supercharge immune cells to fight back? That’s the reasoning behind immunotherapies.
Researchers in Oxford and Barcelona reported last year that five out of 15 patients in a clinical trial were clear of HIV for 7 months without antiretroviral therapy, thanks to an immunotherapy that primes the immune system against the virus. Their approach combines a drug to activate the hidden HIV reservoir with a vaccine that can induce an immune response thousands of times stronger than usual.
While they showed that immunotherapy can be effective against HIV, the results still need to be confirmed, as well as what makes some patients respond while others don’t.
Bill Gates has been strongly supporting the development of HIV immunotherapies. One of its investments is in Immunocore. This company in Oxford has designed T cell receptors that can seek and bind HIV and instruct immune T cells to kill any HIV-infected cells, even when their HIV levels are very low — as is often the case of the HIV reservoir cells. The approach has been shown to work in human tissue samples, and the next step will be to confirm whether it works in people living with HIV
But one of the most advanced immunotherapies at the moment is a vaccine being developed by the French InnaVirVax. The vaccine, called VAC-3S, stimulates the production of antibodies against the HIV protein 3S, making T cells attack the virus. “Our approach is totally different to other vaccines, which boost an HIV-specific response,” says Joël Crouzet, CEO of InnaVirVax. “We promote an immune recovery, so that the immune system as all the tools to better recognize and eliminate the virus.”
After completing a Phase 2a trial, InnaVirVax is now testing VAC-3S in combination with a DNA-based vaccine from the Finnish FIT Biotech, which both parties expect could lead to a functional cure.
diagnosed with HIV in 1995. After controlling the virus for many years with antiretroviral therapy, Brown was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 2007 underwent stem cell transplantation after unsuccessful chemotherapy. Of the HLA-matched donors, his Berlin doctors chose an unrelated donor who screened positive for the homozygous CCR5∆32 mutation. Despite enduring complications and undergoing a second transplant from the same donor in 2008, the outcome was ultimately a success. Nearly eight years after his transplant, Brown remains free of both his cancer and readily detectable HIV.
A single proof of concept was provided by the so-called “Berlin patient,” who remained free of detectable HIV after receiving a bone marrow transplant from a CCR5-Δ32 homozygous donor [8,9]. This genetic defect could be mimicked in a gene therapy setting. HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells by binding to the CD4 molecule as well as a chemokine co-receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4, on the cell surface. In addition macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells can be infected by HIV.
In essen case, ART was interrupted one week before allogeneic HSCT and rapid viral rebound of a pre-existing minority HIV-1 variant, which was able to infect cells through the alternative CXCR4 coreceptor, was observed three weeks later. Such pre-existing CXCR4 variants were not observed in the Berlin patient11. Three other cases transplanted with wild-type CCR5 cells experienced viral rebound 12, 32 or 41 weeks after ART interruption despite a considerable reduction of the HIV reservoir12,13. We report an individual diagnosed with HIV-1 infection in 2003, with a CD4 nadir of 290 cells mm−3 and a baseline HIV-1 plasma viral
load of 180,000 copies per ml. ART
The viral replication cycle is arbitrarily divided into two stages: the early stage refers to the steps of infection from cell binding to the integration of the viral DNA into the cell genome, whereas the late stage begins with viral gene expression from the integrated provirus and leads to the release of the immature virions that subsequently mature into infectious particles (for further details, see the Figure legend).
RevM10 is a trans-dominant Rev mutant that interferes with the normal Rev function and thereby prevents the export of unspliced genomic HIV RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm [18,19,20]. Cells expressing RevM10 were shown to have a survival advantage in HIV-infected individuals, but no substantial impact on the viral load was observed
Recently, promising results were obtained with a fusion inhibitor based on a 46 amino acid domain of the HIV-1 Envelope gp41 protein (C46) that prevents membrane fusion [35]. The C46 peptide has also been stably expressed as a membrane-anchored peptide (maC46) that was able to inhibit replication of a broad range of HIV-1 isolates [36,37]. The safety of maC46 has been confirmed in a phase I clinical trial in which autologous T cells, transduced with a retroviral vector expressing maC46, were infused into patients [38]. However, the in vivo antiviral effect remains currently unknown.
To date numerous antisense RNA molecules have been designed to target HIV-1 mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in the formation of non-functional RNA duplexes that are subsequently destroyed