historyofcivilengineering-200705200522.pptx

HISTORY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
PEACI-ES 111 : CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION

CIVIL ENGINEERING
• CIVIL ENGINEERING IS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE THAT DEALS
WITH THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PHYSICAL AND
NATURALLY BUILT ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING PUBLIC WORKS SUCH AS ROADS,
BRIDGES, CANALS, DAMS, AIRPORTS, SEWERAGE SYSTEMS, PIPELINES,
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDINGS, AND RAILWAYS.
History and Heritage of Civil Engineering. ASCE Archive

•CIVIL ENGINEERING IS THE OLDEST ENGINEERING
DISCIPLINE. FROM THE PYRAMIDS IN EGYPT, THE ROMAN
AQUEDUCT AND ROADS, TO THE GREAT WALLS AND THE GRAND
CANAL OF CHINA, ANCIENT CIVIL ENGINEERS LEFT THEIR
IMPRINT ON HUMAN HISTORY ON A GRAND SCALE. WHILE THE
BASIC NEEDS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING HAVE NOT CHANGED
THROUGHOUT THE AGES, THE CONTENT AND LEVEL OF
EXPECTATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK HAVE CERTAINLY
CHANGED WITH THE TIME BECAUSE THE TOOLS AVAILABLE TO
CIVIL ENGINEERS ARE CHANGING WITH THE TIME.

•CIVIL ENGINEERING IS A BRANCH OF ENGINEERING THAT DEALS
WITH PROVIDING PEOPLE WITH A LIVABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
CONSISTENT WITH THE STANDARDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF MODERN
LIVING THROUGH THE APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE,
AND HUMAN EXPERIENCE. SOME OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING ARE VISIBLE AND OBVIOUS: BUILDINGS, BRIDGES,
HIGHWAYS, RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS, AND DAMS AND LEVEES. SOME ARE
LESS COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE PRODUCT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING:
OFFSHORE PLATFORMS, CELL PHONE TOWERS, POWER
TRANSMISSION LINES AND SUBSTATIONS, DRINKING WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, TRAFFIC SIGNALS, AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, AND MANY
MORE. IN SHORT, CIVIL ENGINEERING DEALS WITH PEOPLE‘S
EVERYDAY NEEDS AND MORE.

CIVIL ENGINEERING’S HISTORICAL
INHERITANCE
•MUCH OF THE MATERIAL IN THIS SECTION IS DERIVED FROM L. SPRAGUE DE CAMP‘S
SEMINAL WORK, THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS. TO BEGIN LEARNING ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERS‘
RICH HISTORICAL INHERITANCE, WE HAVE TO TURN THE CLOCK BACK 6,000 YEARS TO THE
DAWN OF CIVILIZATION. MR. DE CAMP OBSERVES:
•―THE FIRST ENGINEERS WERE IRRIGATORS, ARCHITECTS, AND MILITARY ENGINEERS. THE
SAME MAN WAS USUALLY EXPECTED TO BE AN EXPERT AT ALL THREE KINDS OF WORK. THIS
WAS STILL THE CASE THOUSANDS OF YEARS LATER, IN THE RENAISSANCE, WHEN
LEONARDO, MICHELANGELO, AND DΫRER WERE NOT ONLY ALL-AROUND ENGINEERS BUT
OUTSTANDING ARTISTS AS WELL. SPECIALIZATION WITHIN THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION
•HAS DEVELOPED ONLY IN THE LAST TWO OR THREE CENTURIES.‖

•AFTER 4000 B.C., WHEN HUMANS BEGAN TO ABANDON THE NOMADIC
WAY OF LIFE, THE NEED FOR WATER, PERMANENT SHELTER, RELIGIOUS
MONUMENTS AND BURIAL SITES, AND FORTIFICATION EMERGED. EARLY
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS, SUCH AS THOSE AROUND THE TIGRIS AND
EUPHRATES (MESOPOTAMIA), NILE (EGYPT), INDUS (INDIA), AND HWANG-
HO (CHINA), REQUIRED CANAL SYSTEMS TO IRRIGATE SURROUNDING
LAND SO THAT FARMERS COULD RAISE SUFFICIENT FOOD TO SUPPORT
THE POPULATION. KINGS OR RULERS DESIRED HOUSES LARGER THAN
HUTS OF STONE, CLAY, OR REED; AND PRIESTS WANTED HOMES FOR THE
GODS AT LEAST AS GRAND. TO PROTECT THE GROWING WEALTH OF
THESE EARLY SETTLEMENTS, WALLS AND MOATS NEEDED TO BE
CONSTRUCTED. THESE WERE THE CHALLENGES THAT OCCUPIED THE
FIRST ENGINEERS.

THE ANCIENT ENGINEERS
•SOME EARLY WRITING ON STONE AND BRICK IN
MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT HAS SURVIVED, BUT OTHER WRITTEN
ACCOUNTS OF ANCIENT ENGINEERING IN THOSE AREAS HAVE
PERISHED. THE SAME CAN BE SAID ABOUT THE
DOCUMENTATION OF THE ANCIENT ENGINEERING FEATS OF THE
PERSIANS, INDIANS, AND CHINESE. BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED
NUMBER OF WRITTEN ACCOUNTS, RELATIVELY MORE IS KNOWN
ABOUT ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN ENGINEERING. AROUND 100
B.C., SEVERAL GREEK WRITERS CREATED LISTS OF THE SEVEN
MOST MAGNIFICENT ENGINEERING FEATS OF WHICH THEY
WERE AWARE. THE TYPICAL LIST INCLUDED:

1. GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA, EGYPT
2. HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON, MESOPOTAMIA
3. STATUE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA, GREECE
4. TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS, MODERN TURKEY
5. TOMB OF KING MAUSOLOS OF KARIA AT HALIKARNASSOS, GREECE
6. COLOSSUS OF RHODES, MEDITERRANEAN
7. PHAROS LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
•THOUGH CIVILIZATION IN MESOPOTAMIA, THE LAND BETWEEN THE
RIVERS‘‘ IN GREEK, MAY HAVE BEGUN SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE
EGYPT‘S, LITTLE REMAINS OF ITS MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE.
MESOPOTAMIA COMPRISED MOST OF THE AREA THAT IS MODERN-DAY IRAQ.
IN ANCIENT BABYLON, THIS LAND WAS PREDOMINATELY DESOLATE AND
BARREN EXCEPT WHERE WATER FROM THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS
PROVIDED IRRIGATION. ACCORDING TO DE CAMP:

•―IN SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA, AT THE BEGINNING OF
RECORDED HISTORY [5,000 TO 6,000 YEARS AGO], THE
SUMERIANS—A PEOPLE OF UNKNOWN ORIGINS—BUILT THE CITY
WALLS AND TEMPLES AND DUG THE CANALS THAT COMPRISED
THE WORLD‘S FIRST ENGINEERING WORKS. HERE, FOR OVER
TWO THOUSAND YEARS, LITTLE CITY-STATES BICKERED AND
FOUGHT OVER WATER RIGHTS.‖

• GREAT PYRAMID OF OF GIZA IN EGYPT HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON, MESOPOTAMIA

Tomb of King Mausolos of Karia at Halikarnassos,
Greece
Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt

Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece
Colossus of Rhodes, Mediterranean

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, modern Turkey

ANCIENT ROADS built by romans
Modern Highways

ANCIENT BRIDGE OF SHADRAVAN; OLDEST BRIDGE IN WORLD
The ancient bridge is
located 300 metres
south-west of
Shushtar in southern
Khuzestan province.
It is built on the
main branch of
Karun River, and now
its ruins are seen
beside Azadegan
Bridge.
Iran Front Page (IFP). IFP Editorial Staff. March 16, 2019

The world's longest
bridge is the Danyang–
Kunshan Grand Bridge in
China, part of the Beijing-
Shanghai High-Speed
Railway. The bridge,
which opened in June
2011, spans 102.4 miles
(165 kilometers).
By Katharine Gammon - OurAmazingPlanet Contributor February 28, 2013

Maranaw Photo Colorization History
PANTAR BRDIGE
Pantar Bridge is a half-century-old
American-built truss bridge.

• THROUGHOUT ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY MOST ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION WAS CARRIED OUT BY ARTISANS, SUCH AS
STONEMASONS AND CARPENTERS, RISING TO THE ROLE OF MASTER BUILDER.
KNOWLEDGE WAS RETAINED IN GUILDS AND SELDOM SUPPLANTED BY
ADVANCES. STRUCTURES, ROADS, AND INFRASTRUCTURE THAT EXISTED
WERE REPETITIVE, AND INCREASES IN SCALE WERE INCREMENTAL.
Victor E. Saouma. “Lecture Notes in Structural Engineering”

• 4000 – 2000 BC EARLIEST PRACTICES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN ANCIENT
EGYPT AND ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (ANCIENT IRAQ) WHEN HUMAN
ABANDONED THE NOMADIC WAY OF LIVING. IT IS SAID THAT IT IS WHEN
HUMAN FIRST BUILT A ROOF FOR ITS SHELTER.
• NOMADIC MEANS ROAMING ABOUT FROM PLACE TO PLACE
AIMLESSLY, FREQUENTLY OR WITHOUT A FIXED PATTERN OF
MOVEMENT.
• DURING THIS TIME, TRANSPORTATION HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY
IMPORTANT LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEELS AND
SAILING.

ANCIENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND SUCCESS
FACTORS
In the ancient world, building styles depended on locally available materials: clay,
stone, and wood. Buildings of antiquity utilized one or a combination of four devices to
support roofs or upper stories:
1. Corbel – an ‗‗arch‘‘ that requires
no falsework or shoring. Stones are
layered in courses from two sides,
overhanging each previous course
until the two sides meet in the
middle.

POST AND LINTEL – A
SYSTEM OF VERTICAL
COLUMNS CROSSED
BY HORIZONTAL
BEAMS.

ARCH AND
VAULT
• TRUSS – A TYPE OF TRIANGULATED STIFF FRAMEWORK MADE FROM
STRAIGHT STUT AND TIES

Mesopotamia had lots of clay but no stone or wood and, thus,
preferred the corbel or arch and vault construction. Egypt had
stone and clay, while Greece and China had stone, clay, and
wood; these civilizations favored post-and-lintel construction.
Europe had abundant sources of wood and consequently
developed the truss. Underpinning the success of ancient
engineers were three factors:
1. Intensive and careful use of existing principles and tools, such
as the water level and astronomical observation
2. Unlimited labor and the power to organize and command it
3. A different perspective of time.

ENGINEERING IN MEDIEVAL TIMES
The term ‗‗medieval‘‘ literally means ‗‗between ages‘‘ and
is used to describe the time in Western Europe between the
end of the Roman era and the beginning of the Renaissance in
the 15th century. Of course, the people living then had no
concept that they were between anything—except perhaps a
rock and a hard spot.

Cathedral of St. Peter of Beauvais in France
The most significant engineering achievement of the
time, however, was the development of the Gothic
cathedral. The word ‗‗Gothic‘‘ meant barbarous to the
Italians (due to the name of one of the early invading
ethnic groups, the Goths), but the style spread over most
of Europe. Gothic cathedrals were characterized by
soaring vaulted interiors and large stainedglass windows.
In anticipation of modern skyscrapers, the structure of the
Gothic cathedral was a skeleton, represented by piers and
flying buttresses. The walls were used to keep out the
weather, not as structural support. Vaults were developed
that enabled clear spaces of over 100 feet high. Lacking
scientific principles, medieval builders relied on trial and
error. The roof of Beauvais Cathedral with a ceiling of 154
feet, the tallest of all Gothic cathedrals, collapsed twice.
These massive undertakings could take several
generations to complete.

Alhambra, in Granada, Spain
The other noteworthy building type of
this period was the fortified castle. Feudal
warfare encouraged castle building. Until
the advent of gunpowder, these edifices
were so successfully engineered that they
could withstand sieges for months and
often were captured only through
treachery. One of the best preserved
European style castles, Krak des
Chevaliers, was built in modern-day Syria
for the Knights Hospitallers of St. John in
the 12th century A.D. Ironically, the finest
Medieval Muslim palace remaining today
is the Alhambra, in Granada, Spain.

Krak de Chevaliers ―Castle of the Kurds in Syria
‖
Medieval times also saw advances in the use of
water wheels. The ancients had used water wheels
for raising water and for milling grains. The notebook
of a 13th-century craftsman shows a water-powered
sawmill. In the later Middle Ages, water power also
was applied to the bellows of smelting furnaces, to
trip hammers for crushing ore or bark in tanneries,
and to grinding and polishing armor and other metal
wares. Improvements also were made in canal
building. Canals enabled people and goods easier
movement than did the existing rutted, unpaved
roads; and the development of the lock changed
everything. The origins of the canal lock are
uncertain, but this innovation dates to the late 14th
century in The Netherlands or Italy. In the 1450s the
engineer Bertola da Novate put forward looking
ideas about locks into practice:

ENGINEERING IN THE RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
•THE TERM RENAISSANCE,‘‘ WHICH MEANS REBIRTH, APPLIES TO
WESTERN EUROPE IN THE 15TH THROUGH 16TH CENTURIES. IN A
NARROW SENSE, THE NAME REFERS TO THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING
THAT TOOK PLACE IN THAT PERIOD. FASHIONABLE PEOPLE HAD AT
LEAST A VENEER OF SCHOLARSHIP. STUDY OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY,
THE WRITING AND ARCHITECTURE OF GREECE AND ROME, BECAME
VOGUE. HOWEVER, MANY OTHER SWEEPING CHANGES ALSO WERE
TAKING PLACE: THE REFORMATION, WORLD EXPLORATION, THE
DOWNFALL OF THE OLD ASTRONOMY THAT PUT EARTH AT THE CENTER
OF THE UNIVERSE, AND THE CREATION OF THE FIRST PATENT SYSTEMS
FOR ENCOURAGING INNOVATION.

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, Italy

John Smeaton, ―Father of Civil Engineering‖
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
At the close of the 18th century, the first stirrings of
the Industrial Revolution were beginning to be felt. In
England, earlier than in the rest of Western Europe,
the transition from an agrarian, handcraft-based
economy to a machine-dominated economy was
underway. The trend had earlier roots, but
mechanized labor, inanimate power— particularly
steam—and inexpensive raw materials accelerated
dramatic changes. Workers were moving away from
home-based (cottage) industry and shops to mills
and factories. In England the countryside was under
assault as scores of towns emerged around country
plants making anything from cast iron to cotton cloth.
In the country, industry could flourish away from the
influence of guilds and government regulations.

The Industrial Revolution brought with it new materials and methods
for producing and using them. Cast and wrought iron are good
examples. As early as 1780, cast iron columns began to be
substituted for wood posts supporting the roofs of cotton mills in
England. Bricks and timber (lumber) were produced using industrial
methods and glass began to replace oiled paper as window
coverings. Structural innovations accompanied these developments
enabling spectacular early applications in bridges and railroad
tracks.

Iron Bridge over River Severn in England
Iron Bridge, designed by Thomas Farnolls
Pritchard, is an outstanding monument to both
civil engineering and the Industrial Revolution.
In 1779, Iron Bridge, the world‘s first cast iron
bridge, opened for traffic over the River Severn
in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England. The
bridge was cast in the local foundries by a man
named Abraham Darby III. His grandfather,
Abraham Darby, was the first to use less
expensive iron, rather than brass, to cast
strong thin pots for the poor. Under his son and
grandson, the Coalbrookdale foundry
flourished. In 1777, Abraham Darby III began
erecting 378 tons of cast iron to build the
bridge, which spans 100 feet (30 meters).

Suspension Bridge over the Menai Straight in Wales Paddington Station in London

As the Industrial Revolution rolled along, many social changes were
taking place. One significant development was the rise of the
professions. New societal needs, commerce, educational opportunities,
and exciting developments in technology converged. Institutions and
societies were created to lend credibility, codify conduct, and provide a
place where meetings of minds could occur. The following years are
important in the development of civil engineering and architecture as
professions:
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) – launched 1818
Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) – launched 1834
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) – launched 1852
American Institute of Architects (AIA) – launched 1857

In the United States, other civil engineers
were designing and building canals,
railroads, municipal water systems, and
bridges. The Croton Aqueduct was a 41-
mile (66- kilometer) water distribution
system constructed for New York City
between 1837 and 1842. It brought water
from the Croton River into reservoirs in
Manhattan. During the 1830s, New York
City desperately needed a fresh water
supply to combat both disease and fire.
After numerous proposals and a plan
abandoned after two years, construction
began in 1837 under the expertise of
John Bloomfield Jervis.

The field of civil engineering grew with
the times. A German immigrant to the
United States, John Roebling,
designed the first suspension bridge
using steel cables—the Brooklyn
Bridge. Planning for the bridge began
in 1867 and construction was
completed in 1883. The Brooklyn
Bridge stretches 5,989 feet (1,825
meters) over the East River and
connects the New York City boroughs
of Manhattan and Brooklyn. At the time
of its completion, it was the longest
suspension bridge in the world.
Croton Aqueduct (Reservoir) in New York City

• THE CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS IN EGYPT (2700-2500 BC) WERE SOME OF
THE FIRST INSTANCES OF LARGE STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTIONS.
• COLOSSEUM (ROME)
• GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• KINGS HISTORIC AND HUGE PALACES ALL OVER THE WORLD
• TAJ MAHAL OF INDIA

Roads were the key to Rome’s
military might.
Reduced travel time and
marching fatigue allowed the
fleet-footed legions to move
as quickly as 20 miles a day
to respond to outside threats
and internal uprisings.
The first major Roman road—the famed Appian Way, or “queen of the roads”—was
constructed in 312 B.C. to serve as a supply route between republican Rome and its allies in
Capua during the Second Samnite War.
HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

Roads were expertly engineered.
Crews began by digging shallow, three-foot
trenches and erecting small retaining walls along
either side of the proposed route.
-bottom section of the road was usually made of
leveled earth and mortar or sand topped with
small stones.
-foundation layers of crushed rocks or gravel
cemented with lime mortar.
-surface layer was constructed using neatly
arranged blocks made from gravel, pebbles, iron
ore or hardened volcanic lava.

Inventions We Owe to the Ancients:
Concrete
Colosseum, Rome. (Credit: Art Media/Getty Images)
Opus caementicium, or Roman
concrete, first emerged some 2,100
years ago, and would make possible
the architectural frenzy that began with
Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in
27 B.C.
The Romans mixed limestone with volcanic ash to form a mortar, then packed this thick substance together
with chunks of brick or volcanic tuff to form the basic material for roads, bridges, aqueducts, buildings and other
Today’s scientists have concluded that Roman concrete, though weaker than modern cement, is
astonishingly long lasting, remaining relatively intact even after centuries of exposure to seawater and other
damaging elements.

MODERN CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Civil engineering has continued to evolve. The 20th century saw increasing
specialization and advancements in theoretical understanding, materials and methods,
and technologies. Just as the Greeks compiled a list of the wonders of the ancient
world, the American society of civil engineers has compiled a list of wonders of the
modern world. Other innovative projects continue to excite the imagination. The Millau
viaduct, a large cable-stayed road-bridge spanning the valley of the river tarn in
southern France, was completed in 2004. Designed by structural engineer Michel
virlogeux and British architect Norman foster, it is the tallest vehicular bridge in the
world. One mast‘s summit is 1,125 feet (343 meters), only 125 feet (38 meters) shorter
than the empire state building. The bridge won the 2006 international association for
bridge and structural engineering (IABSE) outstanding structure award.

•TAIPEI 101, COMPLETED IN 2005 IN TAIPEI,
TAIWAN, WAS THE WORLD‘S TALLEST BUILDING
UNTIL BEING SURPASSED BY BURJ KHALIFA.
DESIGNED BY C.Y. LEE & PARTNERS AND
CONSTRUCTED BY SAMSUNG ENGINEERING &
CONSTRUCTION, TAIPEI 101 INCORPORATES
MANY INNOVATIONS NECESSARY TO BUILD
SKYSCRAPERS IN EARTHQUAKE AND HIGH WIND
ZONES. THE BUILDING IS 101 STORIES ABOVE
GROUND (1,670 FEET, 509 METERS) AND FIVE
STORIES UNDERGROUND. A STEEL TUNED MASS
DAMPER (TMD) WEIGHING 662 METRIC TONS
AND CONSISTING OF 41 LAYERED STEEL PLATES
WELDED TOGETHER TO FORM A 5.5-METER
DIAMETER SPHERE IS SUSPENDED FROM THE
92ND AND 88TH FLOORS. THE TMD ACTS LIKE A
GIANT PENDULUM TO COUNTERACT THE
BUILDING‘S MOVEMENT, REDUCING SWAY BY 30
TO 40 PERCENT.

Empire State Building, New York City Burj Khalifa, Dubai

ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT
• UNTIL MODERN TIME, ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE
SAME PERSON UNTIL 18TH
CENTURY.
• ARCHITECTURE IS MORE CONCERNED WITH FLOOR PLANS, SPATIAL
CONCERN, SHAPES AND DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURES. IN SHORT,
ARCHITECTURE IS MORE CONCERNED WITH THE ARTISTIC ASPECT.
• THEY HAVE SOME QUITE UNDERSTANDING OF STRUCTURES AND OF
PHYSICS BUT NOT AS MUCH AS A CIVIL ENGINEER.

ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT
• ARCHITECTS WOULD HAND THEIR DESIGNS TO THE ENGINEER AND THE
ENGINEER WOULD MAKE SURE THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE COULD SUPPORT ITSELF.
• FOR LAYMAN’S TERM, IF YOU ASK AN ENGINEER A DESIGN FOR YOUR HOUSE HE
WILL GIVE YOU SIMPLIFIED DESIGN THAT WILL SATISFY SAFETY AND ECONOMY OF
THE STRUCTURE. IF YOU REFER TO AN ARCHITECT YOU WILL SEE ARTISTIC
DESIGNS THAT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO MAKE AND BUILD AND MAY TAKE SOME
TIME TO MATERIALIZE AND ITS UP AGAIN TO THE ENGINEER TO MAKE SURE THAT
THE DESIGN CAN SUPPORT ITSELF.

Both
Civil Engineering and Architecture
are involved in planning and
designing structures. However,
Architecture focuses more on the
spatial functionality and aesthetics of
the development work and is more
concerned with the artistry, look, feel
and functionality of the design, while
Civil Engineering concentrates on the
structural elements of the design,
making certain that the structure can
endure normal and extreme
conditions.

HOW THE TERM CIVIL ENGINEERING WAS FIRST USED?
• IN 18TH
CENTURY, THE TERM “CIVIL ENGINEERING” CAME INTO USE TO
DESCRIBE ENGINEERING WORK THAT WAS PERFORMED BY CIVILIANS FOR
NONMILITARY PURPOSES.
• THAT IS WHY CIVIL ENGINEERING HAS A VERY BROAD COVERAGE,
DEFINITION AND SUB-DISCIPLINES.

ÉCOLE DES PONTS PARISTECH
• (ORIGINALLY CALLED ÉCOLE NATIONALE DES PONTS ET
CHAUSSÉES OR ENPC, ALSO NICKNAMED PONTS) IS A
UNIVERSITY-LEVEL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY. FOUNDED IN 1747 BY DANIEL-CHARLES
TRUDAINE, IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND ONE OF THE
MOST PRESTIGIOUS FRENCH GRANDES ÉCOLES.
• THE SCHOOL IS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF ECOLOGY,
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY OF FRANCE.
In 1747, the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the École Nationale des Ponts
et Chaussées was stablished in France
"Ecole des Ponts ParisTech". usinenouvelle.com. 10 March 2015.

NORWICH UNIVERSITY
• THE FIRST PRIVATE COLLEGE TO TEACH CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE UNITED STATES WAS
NORWICH UNIVERSITY, FOUNDED IN 1819 BY CAPTAIN ALDEN PARTRIDGE.
NORWICH UNIVERSITY – THE MILITARY
COLLEGE OF VERMONT IS A
PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN
NORTHFIELD, VERMONT. IT IS THE
OLDEST PRIVATE MILITARY COLLEGE IN
THE UNITED STATES. THE UNIVERSITY
WAS FOUNDED IN 1819 AT
NORWICH, VERMONT, AS
THE AMERICAN LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC
AND MILITARY ACADEMY. IT IS THE
OLDEST OF SIX
SENIOR MILITARY COLLEGES AND IS
RECOGNIZED BY THE
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFE
NSE
AS THE "BIRTHPLACE OF ROTC" (
RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING CORPS).
"Images of Its Past". History of Norwich University. Norwich University. 2018.

FATHER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who
constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse
"What is Civil Engineering?". The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. .
In 1771 Smeaton and some of his
colleagues formed the Smeatonian
Society of Civil Engineers, a group of
leaders of the profession who met
informally over dinner.
He pioneered 'hydraulic lime', a concrete that cured under water,
and developed a technique of securing the blocks using
dovetail joints and marble dowels.

CIVIL ENGINEERS HAVE SAVED MORE LIVES MORE THAN ALL DOCTORS IN HISTORY, BY DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN
WATER AND SANITATION.
• BASED ON PHILADELPHIA STATISTICS, NUMBER OF TYPHOID
FEVER CASES PER 100,000 POPULATION HAVE REACHED TO
NEARLY 700 CASES BETWEEN 1890 TO 1900. BUT AS THE SLOW
SAND FILTERS WAS COMPLETED IN 1906 THE CASES DROPPED
TO LESS THAN A HUNDRED PER 100,000 POPULATION.
Steel.McGhee. Water Supply and Sewerage. 5th
Edition

• THE FIRST DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE U.S. WAS AWARDED BY
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN 1835.
• JOHN WESLEY GUNN OF LEXINGTON RECEIVED FIRST CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEGREE FROM A & M COLLEGE (U.K.) IN 1890.
• THE FIRST CIVIL ENGINEERING DEGREE TO BE AWARDED TO A WOMAN WAS
GRANTED BY CORNELL UNIVERSITY TO NORA STANTON BLACTH IN 1905.

SUB-DISCIPLINES
•THERE ARE A NUMBER OF SUB-DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE BROAD
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
• EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
• SURVEYING
• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING INVOLVES PLANNING AND EXECUTION,
TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS, SITE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HYDRAULIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL, STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING. AS
CONSTRUCTION FIRMS TEND TO HAVE HIGHER BUSINESS RISK THAN OTHER
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FIRMS DO, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS OFTEN
ENGAGE IN MORE BUSINESS-LIKE TRANSACTIONS, FOR EXAMPLE, DRAFTING
AND REVIEWING CONTRACTS, EVALUATING LOGISTICAL OPERATIONS, AND
MONITORING PRICES OF SUPPLIES.
Key words: engineering management, PERT CPM, Bidding Documents, Quantity Surveying, etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• CONTEMPORARY TERM FOR SANITARY ENGINEERING,
• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEALS WITH TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
OR THERMAL WASTES, PURIFICATION OF WATER AND AIR, AND REMEDIATION OF
CONTAMINATED SITES AFTER WASTE DISPOSAL OR ACCIDENTAL CONTAMINATION.
AMONG THE TOPICS COVERED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ARE POLLUTANT
TRANSPORT, WATER PURIFICATION, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, AIR POLLUTION,
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT, RECYCLING, AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS ADMINISTER POLLUTION REDUCTION,
GREEN ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS ALSO
COMPILE INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PROPOSED
ACTIONS.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING STUDIES ROCK AND SOIL SUPPORTING CIVIL
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS. KNOWLEDGE FROM THE FIELD OF SOIL SCIENCE,
MATERIALS SCIENCE, MECHANICS, AND HYDRAULICS IS APPLIED TO SAFELY
AND ECONOMICALLY DESIGN FOUNDATIONS, RETAINING WALLS, AND OTHER
STRUCTURES.
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS FREQUENTLY WORK WITH PROFESSIONAL
GEOLOGISTS AND SOIL SCIENTISTS.

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• MATERIALS SCIENCE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING. IT STUDIES
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS, AND DEALS WITH CERAMICS SUCH AS
CONCRETE AND MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE, STRONG METALS SUCH AS ALUMINUM AND
STEEL, AND THERMOSETTING POLYMERS INCLUDING POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
(PMMA) AND CARBON FIBERS.
• MATERIALS ENGINEERING INVOLVES PROTECTION AND PREVENTION (PAINTS AND
FINISHES). ALLOYING COMBINES TWO TYPES OF METALS TO PRODUCE ANOTHER METAL
WITH DESIRED PROPERTIES. IT INCORPORATES ELEMENTS OF APPLIED PHYSICS AND
CHEMISTRY. WITH RECENT MEDIA ATTENTION ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY,
MATERIALS ENGINEERING HAS BEEN AT THE FOREFRONT OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH. IT IS
ALSO AN IMPORTANT PART OF FORENSIC ENGINEERING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS, BRIDGES, TOWERS, FLYOVERS
(OVERPASSES), AND OTHER STRUCTURES.
• THIS INVOLVES IDENTIFYING THE LOADS WHICH ACT UPON A STRUCTURE AND THE
FORCES AND STRESSES WHICH ARISE WITHIN THAT STRUCTURE DUE TO THOSE
LOADS,
• AND THEN DESIGNING THE STRUCTURE TO SUCCESSFULLY SUPPORT AND RESIST
THOSE LOADS.
• THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER MUST DESIGN STRUCTURES TO BE SAFE FOR THEIR
USERS AND TO SUCCESSFULLY FULFILL THE FUNCTION THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR (TO
BE SERVICEABLE).

SURVEYING
• SURVEYING IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A SURVEYOR MEASURES CERTAIN
DIMENSIONS THAT OCCUR ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. SURVEYING
EQUIPMENT SUCH AS LEVELS AND THEODOLITES ARE USED FOR ACCURATE
MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR DEVIATION, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND SLOPE
DISTANCES.
• ALTHOUGH SURVEYING IS A DISTINCT PROFESSION WITH SEPARATE QUALIFICATIONS
AND LICENSING ARRANGEMENTS, CIVIL ENGINEERS ARE TRAINED IN THE BASICS OF
SURVEYING AND MAPPING, AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
SURVEYORS ALSO LAY OUT THE ROUTES OF RAILWAYS, TRAMWAY TRACKS,
HIGHWAYS, ROADS, PIPELINES AND STREETS AS WELL AS POSITION OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURE, SUCH AS HARBORS, BEFORE CONSTRUCTION.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH MOVING PEOPLE AND GOODS
EFFICIENTLY, SAFELY, AND IN A MANNER CONDUCIVE TO A VIBRANT COMMUNITY. THIS
INVOLVES SPECIFYING, DESIGNING, CONSTRUCTING, AND MAINTAINING
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH INCLUDES STREETS, CANALS,
HIGHWAYS, RAIL SYSTEMS, AIRPORTS, PORTS, AND MASS TRANSIT. IT INCLUDES
AREAS SUCH AS TRANSPORTATION DESIGN, TRANSPORTATION PLANNING,
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING, SOME ASPECTS OF URBAN ENGINEERING,
QUEUEING THEORY, PAVEMENT ENGINEERING,
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS), AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
• WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH THE COLLECTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF WATER (AS A NATURAL RESOURCE). AS A DISCIPLINE IT
THEREFORE COMBINES ELEMENTS OF HYDROLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE,
METEOROLOGY, CONSERVATION, AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. THIS AREA OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING RELATES TO THE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT OF BOTH THE
QUALITY AND THE QUANTITY OF WATER IN BOTH UNDERGROUND (AQUIFERS) AND
ABOVE GROUND (LAKES, RIVERS, AND STREAMS) RESOURCES. WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERS ANALYZE AND MODEL VERY SMALL TO VERY LARGE AREAS OF THE
EARTH TO PREDICT THE AMOUNT AND CONTENT OF WATER AS IT FLOWS INTO,
THROUGH, OR OUT OF A FACILITY. ALTHOUGH THE ACTUAL DESIGN OF THE FACILITY
MAY BE LEFT TO OTHER ENGINEERS.

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