T19 Engineering in Construction Business 231211.pdf

Engineering in Construction
Business
By
Professor Moustafa M. Elsayed
Consultant, EGEC
moustafa.elsayed@egec-xprt.com
1

Contents
• History of Construction
• Engineering Education
• Constructions Fields
• Construction Big Picture
• Engineers Role in Construction Industry
• Construction Project Life Cycle
• Project Management
• Project Design
• Design for Sustainability
• Bidding for Construction Project
• Project Construction Supervision
• Testing and Commissioning
• References 2

History of Construction
3
• Early Constructions: For Protection from rains, animals, birds, etc.
• Development for construction and construction tools with time as
per settlements and growth of cities.
• Initially, man used trees leaves and branches to build houses and
later developed stronger material.
• Use of mud then mud blocks dried in sun.
• 3500 BC: discovering burning of mud blocks to improve strength.
• 6000 to 3000 BC: Babylon Civilization:
• Initiation of cities planning, roads pavement, development of
irrigation systems, water supply systems.
• Use of asphalt for road pavements (disappear it use later until
19th century to reused in Europe).
• Hanging Gardens of Babylon (600 BC).
• 2900 BC: Houses up to 3 floors were built.

4
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (600 BC)

5
• 3000 to 300 BC: Ancient Egyptians
• Strong constructions like pyramids, temples, were built.
• Development of unknown techniques of using very heavy
stones (up to 2.5 ton each) in constructions.
• Water supply systems
• Drainage systems.
• 600 to 400 BC: Greek and Romans
• Greek transferred construction know how from Egyptians and
made further development.
• Roman transferred construction know how of countries they
invaded and made good development for construction of
palaces, temples, bridges, roads, water supply systems,
irrigation systems.

6
• 290 BC: Great Wall of China as protection against invasion
by neighbors.

7
Islamic Era
• Development for Islamic architecture for beautiful shaped
buildings.
• Development of techniques for effective transfer of sounds in
mosques.
• Development of dams and water supply systems (e.g. transfer of
water from Nile to Castel on top of Mokattum Mountain using
rotating wheels by animals).
• Development for construction of military castles.
• Planning of cities: location of mosque, souk, health protection
(rotting test), secured water supply, water drainage system,
natural ventilation, cold breath…
• Development of housing buildings, libraries, mosques,
government building and facilities, hospitals, hotels, roads, water
lifting, use of natural lighting, …

8
Western Industrial Revolution Era
• 1760: start of industrial revolution in UK and spreading to other
European contourites.
• Spread of us of machines operated by steam engines.
• 1860: wide spread of production of steel and its use in
construction for buildings with metal frame.
• Use of reinforced concrete
• 19th century: wide spread of use of electricity, spread of use of
electrical motors to replace steam operated engines.
• 1902: invention of cooling machines by Willis Carrier.
• 1920: Use of forced ventilation leading to building with large
footprint.
• Water pumps and drainage pumps leading to infrastructure for
water supply and drainage systems.

9
• Electrical power distribution infra structure systems.
• 1880: Invention of Electrical Elevators in Germany.
• Sky scrapers buildings: 1931 Empire State Building, New York,
1998 Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia, 2010 Burj Khalifa in Dubai

Contents
• Project Design
• References 10

Engineering Education
11
Definition of Engineering
• Oxford English Dictionary: “the branch of science and technology
concerned with the design, building, and use of engines,
machines, and structures.”
• Wikipedia: “Engineering is the practice of using natural
science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve
technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and
improve systems.”
• American Engineers Council for Professional Development: “The
creative application of scientific principles to design or develop
structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or
works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or
operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to
forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as
respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety
to life and property.”

12
Engineer
• A person who is practicing Engineering is called and engineer.
• Early civilizations did not differentiate between different
disciplines of engineering like architecture, structural, mechanical,
etc.
• First engineer known by name in
history is Imhoteb (2670 BC) who
was an ancient engineer in
charge of building the Pyramid of
Djoser, a pyramid at Saqqara.
• He may also have been
responsible for the first known
use of stone columns to support a
building.

13
Engineering Education in Early Days
• Transfer from one person to another
• Documentation by experienced people and by scientists.
• First Century BC: Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
was a Roman architect and engineer. He
put the first book on architectural
theory, and the book was also a major
source on the canon of classical
architecture.
• His book entitled “De architectura, libri
decem”, known today as The Ten Books
on Architecture.

14
Islamic Era
• Engineer is called “Meaamary,
Mohandas, or Hasseb”
• Year 830: Establishment in
Bagdad first university in the
world to teach engineering.
• This called Beit Elhakma.
Courses include mathematics,
algebra, mechanics, drawings,
architecture, astronomy, and
physics.
• Engineers made design
drawings on leather and later
on paper when discovered.

15
• Ibn al-Haytham ( 965 – 1040 )was a
great architect in addition of his great
knowledge in mathematics, pysics,
optics and astronomy.
• In year 1000 he was appointed by
Calif Al Hakim bi Amr Allah to
investigate the construction of high
dam on the river Nile at Aswan
location.
• His most famous work is his seven-
volume treatise on optics Kitab al-
Manazir (Book of Optics), written from
1011 to 1021.
Ibn al-Haytham

16
• With Industrial Revolution and accompanied growth and
scientific research, the engineering education in
universities and schools grew with fast rate in Europe and
USA.
• New engineering branches appeared to keep pace with
the development of industry and technology.
• Translation of books from old civilizations put the bases
for the newly rising engineering education.
• Ranking of the oldest technical universities of Europe and
USA according to the year of establishment.
Western Development in Engineering Education

17
https://old.lpnu.ua/en/200/ranking-oldest-technical-universities-europe

18

19

Contents
• Project Design
• References 20

Constructions Fields
• Infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of
interrelated systems providing commodities and services
essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living
conditions" and maintain the surrounding environment.
• Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a
country, city, or other areas, and encompasses the services and
facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to
function.
• Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical
structures such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, water
supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications
(including Internet connectivity and broadband access).
21
Infrastructure

22
Infrastructure: Roads, Bridges, Railways, Tunnels

23
Infrastructure: Water Supply

24
Infrastructure: Water Supply, Dams, Sewage

25
Infrastructure: Power Grid

26
Infrastructure: Power Grid

• Airports
• Train stations
• Residential
• Office Buildings
• Restaurants
• Multi purpose buildings
• Educational buildings
• Hospitals
• Police stations
• Commercial buildings
• Governmental buildings
• Etc. 27
Buildings

Industrial Constructions
28
• This deals with factories, power
plants, warehouses, and other highly
specialized facilities.
• It refers to any business that
manufactures goods.
• Many industrial buildings have
special conveyance requirements
such as 24/7 shipping and receiving,
accessible nearby air or railroad
transportation, or access to major
highways.
• Industrial buildings are built for
functionality, not style

Contents
• Project Design
• References 29

Constructions Big Picture
Urban Planning
30
• Urban planning, is also known
as town planning, city
planning, regional planning,
or rural planning.
• It is a technical and political
process that is focused on the
development and design of land
use and the built environment,
including air, water, and
the infrastructure passing into and
out of urban areas, such
as transportation, communication,
and distribution networks and
their accessibility.

Urban Planning
31

Master Planning
32
• Master planning is a type
of urban planning that pertains
to the physical development of a
city or town over the long term.
• It may be defined as a general
plan for the future layout of a
city showing both the existing
and proposed streets or roads,
open spaces, public buildings
etc.
• A master plan is prepared either
for improvement of an old city
or for a new town to be
developed on a virgin soil.

Master Planning
33

Contents
• Project Design
• References 34

Engineers Role in Construction Industry
• Education: Undergraduate, Graduate,
Continuous
• R & D: in relation to all fields of construction
industry
• Contracting: Buildings, Infrastructure, Industrial
Facilities
• Consultation: Feasibility Studies, Project
Management, Design, Construction Supervision,
Testing, Commissioning, Renovation,
Demolishing
• Industrial: Manufacturing material and
equipment for different fields of construction
• Operation and Maintenance
• Supplying of construction project material and
equipment 35

Contents
• Project Design
• References 36

Construction Project Life Cycle
37

Construction Project Life Cycle
Feasibility Study
38

Contents
• Project Design
• References 39

Project Management
• Usually small projects do not need project management
whereas large projects must do
• Analysis of Production Process: Frederick W. Taylor (1856 –
1915): Detailed analysis of production process to improve
productivity. If a labor does not produce what is expected in a
time shift, deduct from his pay. No incentives for extra
production.
• Planning and Control Techniques: Henry Gantt (1861–1919), the
father of planning and control techniques
• Gantt Chart: Gantt Chart to compare planed production to
actual. Recommended fare relation between owner and labor.
Full pay for caring labor even if target is not achieve. Pay
incentive for extra productive for labor and team leader if all
team achieved goal. 40
Early Start of Project Management

Project Management
41
Gantt Chart

Project Management
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a method
of analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project,
especially the time needed to complete each task, and to
identify the minimum time needed to complete the total
project.
• It incorporates uncertainty by making it possible to schedule a
project while not knowing precisely the details and durations of
all the activities.
• The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a vital project management
tool that represents the most extended sequence of tasks that
must be accomplished to ensure the completion of the entire
project.
42
PERT and CPM

Project Management
43
….. PERT and CPM
• Determine the critical path
by measuring the longest
sequence of dependent
activities from start to end.
• The figure shows the PERT
network chart for a seven-
month project with
five milestones (10 through
50) and six activities (A
through F).
• Time for critical path in
shown example is 7 month.

Project Management
• Client
representatives
• Managing all tasks in
project including:
• Planning
• Time frame
• Cost and cash
flow time plan
• Project progress
evaluation
indices
• Quality control
44
Project Management Team Roles

Contents
• Project Design
• References 46

Project Design
• Project Related Design
Disciplines
• Design Technical Manager
• Design Project Manager
• Design Stages
• Design Concept
• Design Schematic
• Final Design
• Design Codes and Standards
• Definition
• Importance
• Source
47

Project Design
48
Sample of Design Codes
and Standards

Project Design
49
• Design Documents:
• Project Description
& Construction
Tasks
• Design Drawings
• Specifications
• Bill of Quantities
• Calculations Notes
• Approved Suppliers
• Construction
Bidding Documents

Project Design
• Coordination of Infrastructure with Master Plan
• Roads, Bridges, landscape, location of Buildings
• Water Supply, Irrigation network, Storm, Sewage
• Chilled and Hot Water Networks
• Bosting Pumping Stations: Supply and Drainage
• Power Supply, Street Lighting, Data cables, Phones
• Substations, Power Control Stations
• Coordination of Building Construction with
• Landscape works
• Architecture Works
• Structural Works
• MEP Works
50
Coordination between Disciplines

Project Design
BIM (Building Information Modeling)
51

Project Design
52
‫ش‬
‫كل‬ 6- 6
‫الهندسية‬ ‫الرسومات‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫لجزء‬

Project Design
53

Contents
• Project Design
• References 54

Design for Sustainability
55
Contribution to Global Warming

• According to some studies, construction
is responsible for up to 50% of climate
change.
• It also impacts landfills and air, water,
and noise pollution.
• The construction industry can help
support the environment in a number
of ways, using new technology and
developing greener materials.
• Construction can be noisy, produce
excess waste and be energy inefficient.
• Green construction practices are being
introduced to minimize the negative
effects of these issues. 56
Construction and The Environment

• Quieter, fuel-efficient tools
and machines are now
available, as well as recycling
and reusing materials where
possible to reduce waste.
• Sustainable building
operations.
• People who use the building
should be educated how to
maintain good environmental
practices such as recycling,
managing waste and being
energy efficient.
57
Construction and The Environment

Sustainable Construction
58

Sustainable Design Strategy
59

• Environmentally sustainable building design (also
called environmentally conscious design, eco-
design, green design etc.) is the philosophy of
designing a building to comply with the
principles of ecological sustainability and also
aimed at improving the health and comfort of
occupants in a building.
• Sustainable design seeks to reduce negative
impacts on the environment, the health and
well-being of building occupants, thereby
improving building performance.
• The basic objectives of sustainability are to
reduce the consumption of non-renewable
resources, minimize waste, and create healthy,
productive environments. 60
Sustainable Building Design

61
Principle of Sustainable Design

• Certification is an essential aspect to provide a framework for
measuring the sustainability of a building or space and can help
identify areas for improvement.
• Certification can increase a property’s value, help comply with
environmental regulations, and demonstrate corporate social
responsibility.
• There are several authorities world wide for the certification of
sustainable designs.
• The most globally known authority in LEED (Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design) in USA.
62
Certification of Sustainable Design

63

64

Contents
• Project Design
• References 65

Bidding for Construction Projects
• These documents are prepared by
design team.
• The documents guide the bidding
contractor to bid for the project and
explain how the bid is awarded.
• The client representative (client
team, PM company hired by client or
Construction Supervision team hired
by client) makes the invitation to
contractors.
• This is done by announcing a request
for proposal (RFP) to contractors or a
selected group of contractors.
66
Construction Bidding Documents

• Title page
• List of Contents
• Conditions to Qualify
• Owners Responsibilities
• Project Descriptions
• Scope of Work
• Time Frame
• Payment Method
• Terms for Variation Orders
• Achievements Reports
• Handing Over Requirements
• Approval of material and
supplies 67
Contents of RFP (Depending on Project)
• Approval of Construction
Drawings
• Financial Proposal Contents
• Financial Guarantees
• Financial Deductions if any

• Technical Proposal Contents
• Previous Experience
• Work Methodology
• Testing and Quality Control
• Security, Safety and Environ.
• Project Working Organization
• Working schedule of labors
• List of subcontractors if any
• List of forms to be used in RFP
• Date for opening of RFP
68
Contents of RFP (Depending on Project)
• Date of Announcing Winning
Contractor
• Method to select winning bid
• Draft of contract
• Date to submit RFP
• Etc.

69
Types of Construction Contracts

Contents
• Project Design
• References 70

Project Construction Supervision
• Monitoring and supervising all the
construction activities at the site to
ensure all construction practices are
followed and the legal regulations
and standards are enforced
• Ensuring that the structural,
mechanical, and electrical aspects
of building construction are carried
out in conformance with the plans,
specifications, and required
standards.
• Updating the client regularly on the
progress of the project in terms of
time, cost, and quality 71
Importance of Construction Supervision

Project Construction Supervision
• Quality control by ensuring
adherence to the original
design and planning decision
• Guaranteeing the materials,
equipment, and system used
are of good quality and
conform to the standards
• Ensuring the cost of the project
stays within the budget
throughout the whole project
• Enforcing site safety
procedures to minimize work-
related injuries or accidents
72
Importance of Construction Supervision

Contents
• Project Design
• References 73

Testing and Commissioning
• Material testing puts resources
like soil, concrete, rebar,
structural steel, and masonry
through a series of assessments
that examine and analyze
performance prior to and during
construction.
• At the construction site, wet
materials like concrete must be
tested because wet
characteristics impact how that
material sets and strengthens
over time.
74
Construction Material Testing

• There are many tests that can be
performed prior to, during, or after
construction to assist in the conformity
of the project.
• For example, floor moisture analysis and
floor flatness testing define the safety
and longevity of a concrete slab
foundation.
• Floor moisture analysis detects any
wetness or moisture within the concrete
slab, eliminating future flooring issues.
• Floor flatness testing measures how
close the concrete slab is to planar,
detecting any waves that move across
the top. 75
floor flatness testing
floor moisture testing

• Testing of electrical installations
is the step that follows the
completion of the connection of
equipment in the field and
connection to electrical
cabinets.
• Examples of tests are : Wiring
continuity test, Insulation
resistance test, Earth continuity
test, Earth resistivity test,
Performance test, and any other
tests as instructed by the
Supervising Engineer
76
Electrical Testing

• Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing
(TAB) involves measuring and
adjusting air and water flows to
meet design requirements.
• HVAC system efficiency, sound
levels, and human comfort are all
influenced by system airflow.
77
HVAC Testing, Adjusting and Balancing (TAB)

• In previous slides we showed some
examples of tests in construction
projects.
• There are many other tests like:
• Fire fighting systems tests
• Tests for roads and bridges
• Tests for water supply networks
• Tests for pumping stations
• Etc.
78
Other Tests

• Project commissioning is the
process of ensuring that all
systems and components of
a building or industrial plant are
designed, installed, tested,
operated, and maintained
according to the owner's or
final client's operational
requirements.
• A commissioning process may
be applied not only to
new projects but also to
existing units and systems
subject to expansion or
renovation. 79
Commissioning

• Commissioning activities in the
broader sense applicable to all
phases of the project from the
basic and detailed design,
procurement, construction and
assembly until the final
handover to the owner.
• The earlier a Commissioning
Provider is involved in the
project process the greater the
chance there is for the
Commissioning Provider to
influence corrections without
increased costs later.
80
Commissioning

References
Most of the material in this
presentation is taken from:
Moustafa M. Elsayed,
Engineering
Electromechanical
Consultation for Construction
Works. In Arabic Published by
Dar Elfekr Elarabi, Cairo,
Egypt, 2017.
A digital copy is available
free of charge from linkedin
Search for:
“moustafa-m-elsayed”
81

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