The United Kingdom is composed of 4 constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. England is the largest country with London as its capital. Scotland's capital is Edinburgh, Wales' is Cardiff, and Northern Ireland's capital is Belfast. The Union Jack flag incorporates symbols from the flags of England, Scotland, and Ireland to represent the unity of the UK.

1. UnitedUnited
KingdomKingdom
of Greatof Great
BritainBritain
andand
NorthernNorthern
IrelandIreland

2. The British isles before 1066:The British isles before 1066:
1. Population:
+ England: Mainly Ango-Saxons
+ Wales, Scotland and Ireland:
Mainly Celts
2. Societal Structure/ Structure of
Domination:
+ England: Kingdom with a
decentralised aristocracy
+ Scotland: Kingdom but most
of the powers lay with the clans.
+ Wales and Ireland: several
kingdoms and principalities.

3. 1066:1066: William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror
wins the Battle of Hasting,wins the Battle of Hasting,
afterwards he takes controlafterwards he takes control
EnglandEngland and transforms herand transforms her
to a strong and centralisedto a strong and centralised
state.state.
1171:1171: Henry II of EnglandHenry II of England
capitalises from conflictscapitalises from conflicts
between Irish Kings andbetween Irish Kings and
becomes Lord ofbecomes Lord of IrelandIreland..
Henry IIHenry II
1277 -1283:1277 -1283: Edward IEdward I
conquersconquers WalesWales andand
integrates her into theintegrates her into the
English Kingdom.English Kingdom.
1296 – 1328 and 1332 – 1357:1296 – 1328 and 1332 – 1357: ScotlandScotland
preserves her independence in 2 warspreserves her independence in 2 wars
against England.against England.
1542:1542: Henry VIII elevatesHenry VIII elevates
IrelandIreland to a kingdom to restoreto a kingdom to restore
the weakened Englishthe weakened English
influence and reject foreigninfluence and reject foreign
claims on Ireland.claims on Ireland.

4. 1603:1603: Elizabeth I die withoutElizabeth I die without
children, her (distant) relativechildren, her (distant) relative
James VI King of Scots is crownedJames VI King of Scots is crowned
James I of EnglandJames I of England and theand the
personal union of England andpersonal union of England and
Scotland starts.Scotland starts.
1707:1707: England and ScotlandEngland and Scotland
are united in theare united in the Kingdom ofKingdom of
Great Britain.Great Britain.
1801:1801: Against the background of theAgainst the background of the
rebellion of 1798, the British governmentrebellion of 1798, the British government
wants to integrate Ireland andwants to integrate Ireland and the Unitedthe United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland isKingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is
established.established.
1922:1922: After the Irish war ofAfter the Irish war of
Independence (1919 –Independence (1919 –
1921), Southern Ireland1921), Southern Ireland
gains independence as agains independence as a
Free State within theFree State within the
British Empire andBritish Empire and
Northern Ireland remains inNorthern Ireland remains in
the Union.the Union.
=>=> The United Kingdom ofThe United Kingdom of
Great Britain and NorthernGreat Britain and Northern
Ireland.Ireland.

5. THE UNITED KINGDOM OFTHE UNITED KINGDOM OF
GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELANDGREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
TheThe United KingdomUnited Kingdom isis
a constitutional monarchya constitutional monarchy
composed of 4 constituentcomposed of 4 constituent
countriescountries
EnglandEngland
ScotlandScotland
WalesWales &&
Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland.

6. THE UNION JACK
TheThe Union FlagUnion Flag (also known as(also known as
thethe Union JackUnion Jack)) is the nationalis the national
flag of the United Kingdom offlag of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and NorthernGreat Britain and Northern
IrelandIreland.
Its design includes the flags
of England
Scotland

7. ENGLANDENGLAND
England is the largest and
most populous constituent
country of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland.
Capital: London.
Flag: St. George’s cross.

8. SSCOTLANDCOTLAND
Scotland is one of the
four constituent countries
of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
Capital: Edinburgh.
Flag: Cross of Saint
Andrew.

9. WALESWALES
Wales is one of fourWales is one of four
constituent countries of theconstituent countries of the
United Kingdom of GreatUnited Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland.Britain and Northern Ireland.
CapitalCapital: Cardiff.: Cardiff.
FlagFlag: the red dragon of: the red dragon of
Prince Cadwalader plus thePrince Cadwalader plus the
Tudor colours .Tudor colours .

10. NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND
Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland ––
The Irish province ofThe Irish province of UlsterUlster
remains occupied asremains occupied as NorthernNorthern
IrelandIreland, still a part of the United, still a part of the United
Kingdom and 1 of 4 constituentKingdom and 1 of 4 constituent
countries of the United Kingdom ofcountries of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and NorthernGreat Britain and Northern
Ireland.Ireland.
CapitalCapital: Belfast.: Belfast.