This document provides a history of the evolution of surgery from ancient times to modern times. It discusses early examples of trepanation from 7300-6220 BC in Ukraine. It outlines key developments like ancient Egyptian brain surgery, the Edwin Smith Papyrus from 1600 BC, and Susrutha in 400 BC who is considered the father of surgery. The document then discusses the decline of surgery in the 13th century followed by developments during the Renaissance. Major advances in the late 19th century included germ theory, hand washing, and sterile surgery. The 20th century brought further understanding of anesthesia, blood transfusions, antibiotics and new surgical tools and imaging techniques. The document concludes with statistics on surgeries performed in the

1. History of Surgery
An Enlightening Story

2. 1. To know genesis & evolution of life,
society and human behavior.
2. History Progressive path to
future
3. To appreciate the commanding
work done by our forefathers and
enthuse us to achieve higher goals
in pursuance of excellence
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History

3. 1. Earliest known – Trepanation
(Trephining) Kiev – Ukraine – 7300- 6220
B.C
2. Ancient Egyptian pyramids- Discovery of
Brain Surgery.
3. Edwin Smit Papyrus – 1600 B.C
4. Susrutha-400 B>C – Father of Surgery
Susrutha Samhitha
5. Ancient Greek – Hippocrates & Galen
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4. 1. Decline of Surgery in the west by 13th
century.
2. Physicians higher status
3. Barbers & Monks – Self Qualified
Surgeons.
4. Rogerius Salernitanus- 1180 A>D-
Chirurgiae
5. Surgical Therapy- amputations, drainage
of abscess, scarification, leeching etc.
6. Ambroise Pare
7. John Hunter
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5. Birth of Modern Surgery
 Louis Pasteur > Germ Theory
 Ignas Semmelweis > Washing Hands – Puerperal Sepsis
 Joseph Lister > Sterile Surgery – Principles of Practice of Surgery (March 16, 1867). “Father of Modern
antisepsis”
 King Edward VII – “ I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I would not have been sitting here
today”
 T.G.Morton =Boston dentist-1846> Anaesthesia.
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6. Birth of Modern Surgery
William Stewart Haslsted(1852-1922)
 Sterile Rubber Gloves
 New Surgery, based on anatomic, pathologic, and
physiologic principles and employing animal
experimentation.
 Modern Operation theater
 Residency scheme of training surgeons
 Theodore Billorth (1881) – Gastrectomy
 Langenbuch (1882) – Cholecystectomy
 Synmonds (1883) - Appendicectomy
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8. Modern Surgery
4 Major advancements in related disciplines helped the
advancements of surgery are:
1. Knowledge of Anatomy
2. Discovery of Anesthesia
3. Intraoperative hemostasis
4. Concepts of asepsis
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9. Modern Surgery
20th Century Surgery Landmarks
 Improved understanding of shock
 Knowledge of blood group & blood transfusion technique
 Understanding of blood clotting
 Development of antibiotics & analgesics
 Electrically powered surgical instruments, surgical stapling instruments, surgical glues, tapes
etc.
 X- Rays & Scan
 Cryogenic Super Cooled Probes
 Ultrasonic Devices, Medical Lasers
 Heart Lung Machines, Hypothermia, transplantation of organs
 Orthopedics- cementing substances, bone & joint replacement.
 Microsurgery
 Minimally invasive surgery
 Vascular imaging, angioplasty
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10. Surgical Disorders
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Trauma
Anatomical abnormalities
Disorders of function
Inflammation
Ischemia & infarction
Metabolic disorders
Neoplasia
Cysts, hyperplasia, hypertrophy

11. According to 1996 data, US- National center for Health Statistics – 40.3 Million
I.P Surgeries & 31.5 Million O.P. Surgeries

12. THANK YOU!
Manahil Khan - GMM 02-20s - 5th semester
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