The Presentation presents sourced information regarding the presence of oysters in Boston Harbor and its estuaries as well as infomration on their demise.
In the election of 1824, no candidate won the majority of electoral votes, so the election was decided by the House of Representatives. Henry Clay convinced his supporters to back John Quincy Adams, who then appointed Clay Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson and his supporters believed this was a "corrupt bargain" and vowed revenge. In response, Jackson and his supporters formed the Democratic Party to represent common people, not just the wealthy elite. By 1828, all white males could vote. The Democratic Party campaigned aggressively for Jackson, and he won the election with support from first-time voters.
Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in 1959 against the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro established a communist government in Cuba and seized private property, angering the United States. The US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba and cut off trade. Cuba then allied with the Soviet Union, leading to heightened tensions during the Cold War, including the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. The embargo on Cuba remains in place today.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea over territorial disputes between the two countries that had emerged after World War 2. The war involved North and South Korea as well as the United States and Soviet Union supporting opposing sides. Fighting ended in 1953 after heavy casualties on both sides left Korea divided between a communist North and democratic South. Over 36,000 US soldiers and an estimated total of 54,000 people died in the conflict. Today Korea remains divided between the two governments along the original border established at the end of the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The document summarizes the key causes of the Great Depression in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Extreme wealth inequality, overspeculation in the stock market fueled by margin buying, and tightening of the money supply by the Federal Reserve all contributed to the 1929 stock market crash. President Hoover's policy responses of voluntary cooperation and public works projects proved inadequate as thousands of banks failed and unemployment rose sharply. By 1932, many Americans were homeless and living in shanty towns nicknamed "Hoovervilles."
The document provides an overview of life and culture in America during the 1920s. It describes how urbanization accelerated and more Americans lived in cities. It discusses the clash between urban and rural cultures during this time. One example of this was Prohibition, which made the sale and production of alcohol illegal from 1920 to 1933. Prohibition led to the growth of organized crime and bootlegging operations. The document also examines the roles of women, families, education, popular culture including radio and movies, and the Harlem Renaissance during the Roaring Twenties.
World War I ended in 1918 with Germany's surrender after facing troubles on the home front and with the entry of American troops. In 1919, the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the post-war settlement. The resulting Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by assigning war guilt, imposing reparations, taking territory, and limiting its military. However, the treaty was controversial and rejected in some countries, failing to achieve a lasting peace and sowing resentment in Germany that allowed Hitler to rise to power and start World War II.
In the election of 1824, no candidate won the majority of electoral votes, so the election was decided by the House of Representatives. Henry Clay convinced his supporters to back John Quincy Adams, who then appointed Clay Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson and his supporters believed this was a "corrupt bargain" and vowed revenge. In response, Jackson and his supporters formed the Democratic Party to represent common people, not just the wealthy elite. By 1828, all white males could vote. The Democratic Party campaigned aggressively for Jackson, and he won the election with support from first-time voters.
Fidel Castro led a successful revolution in 1959 against the corrupt dictator Fulgencio Batista. Castro established a communist government in Cuba and seized private property, angering the United States. The US imposed an economic embargo on Cuba and cut off trade. Cuba then allied with the Soviet Union, leading to heightened tensions during the Cold War, including the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brought the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war. The embargo on Cuba remains in place today.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea over territorial disputes between the two countries that had emerged after World War 2. The war involved North and South Korea as well as the United States and Soviet Union supporting opposing sides. Fighting ended in 1953 after heavy casualties on both sides left Korea divided between a communist North and democratic South. Over 36,000 US soldiers and an estimated total of 54,000 people died in the conflict. Today Korea remains divided between the two governments along the original border established at the end of the war.
The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
I. The document provides an overview of American involvement in World War I, beginning with Americans questioning neutrality and ending with the legacy of the war.
II. Key events that pushed the US into the war included the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman Telegram, and attacks on American merchant ships.
III. After declaring war in 1917, the US mobilized over 2 million troops who helped tip the balance on the Western Front, allowing the Allies to push back the Germans. Germany surrendered in 1918, ending the war.
The document summarizes the key causes of the Great Depression in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Extreme wealth inequality, overspeculation in the stock market fueled by margin buying, and tightening of the money supply by the Federal Reserve all contributed to the 1929 stock market crash. President Hoover's policy responses of voluntary cooperation and public works projects proved inadequate as thousands of banks failed and unemployment rose sharply. By 1932, many Americans were homeless and living in shanty towns nicknamed "Hoovervilles."
The document provides an overview of life and culture in America during the 1920s. It describes how urbanization accelerated and more Americans lived in cities. It discusses the clash between urban and rural cultures during this time. One example of this was Prohibition, which made the sale and production of alcohol illegal from 1920 to 1933. Prohibition led to the growth of organized crime and bootlegging operations. The document also examines the roles of women, families, education, popular culture including radio and movies, and the Harlem Renaissance during the Roaring Twenties.
World War I ended in 1918 with Germany's surrender after facing troubles on the home front and with the entry of American troops. In 1919, the Allied Powers met at the Paris Peace Conference to determine the post-war settlement. The resulting Treaty of Versailles punished Germany by assigning war guilt, imposing reparations, taking territory, and limiting its military. However, the treaty was controversial and rejected in some countries, failing to achieve a lasting peace and sowing resentment in Germany that allowed Hitler to rise to power and start World War II.
The document discusses several proxy wars that occurred during the Cold War between the United States and USSR. These included the Greek Civil War, Korean War, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Vietnam War, Chilean Coup of 1973, war in Afghanistan, and Angolan Civil War. In each conflict, one superpower supported one side ideologically aligned with it, such as democratic states or communist groups. This allowed the superpowers to pursue their foreign policy goals and expand their influence without direct military conflict, though it increased tensions between them.
The United States initially pursued a policy of isolationism in World War 1, with many Americans wanting to avoid involvement in foreign conflicts. However, German actions like sinking civilian ships like the Lusitania that killed Americans, as well as an intercepted telegram proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., turned public opinion toward entering the war. In April 1917, after German submarines sank three more U.S. ships, Congress declared war on Germany and the U.S. joined the Allied forces in World War 1.
The Progressive Era occurred between 1890-1920 in response to extreme corruption, poor working conditions, and social injustices during the Gilded Age. Progressivism aimed to bring social justice through government regulation of big business, expansion of voting rights, improved working conditions, and addressing issues facing the poor, immigrants, and racial minorities. Notable Progressive reforms addressed areas like social justice, political democracy, economic equality, and conservation. Muckraking journalists played an important role in exposing issues to the public and driving reforms. However, racial discrimination and segregation persisted through policies like Jim Crow laws and barriers to voting for African Americans. Groups like the NAACP and individuals like Ida B. Wells and W.E.B.
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution. It describes the Battle of Gonzales in October 1835, where Texan forces defended a cannon from Mexican troops, marking the start of the revolution. It then discusses the Convention of 1836 where Texan delegates declared independence from Mexico and established a constitution. Finally, it outlines the 13-day siege of the Alamo in February-March 1836 and the massacre of Texan forces at Goliad later that month, which inspired Texans to continue fighting for independence.
(Unit 4A) Imperialism and Spanish-American WarMatthew Caggia
The document discusses various aspects of American imperialism between the late 1800s and early 1900s. It provides background on the Spanish-American War, including the humanitarian justification for intervening in Cuba, the sinking of the USS Maine, and the role of yellow journalism in stirring public support for the war. As a result of the war, the US gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. The document also discusses the US acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska, as well as America's growing influence in China through the Open Door policy and involvement in the Philippines through the Philippine-American War.
World War 1 began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved many of the world's most powerful nations at the time and resulted in over 16 million deaths. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of war, including militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and a system of tightly bound alliances between European countries that pulled them into war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand provided the spark that ignited World War 1 after tensions had been rising for years. New technologies developed during this war including tanks, airplanes, chemical weapons, and submarines.
Militarism rose in Japan after World War 1. The Great Depression weakened Japan's economy and led to a military dictatorship taking control in the 1930s. Japan sought to dominate Asia economically and militarily by reviving its economy, leading Asian modernization, and freeing Asia from Western influence under an "East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." Japan's aggression in Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937 faced little opposition. Japan later joined the Axis alliance and attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 after the U.S. threatened to cut off oil and other supplies, drawing the U.S. into the war.
The Spanish-American War was a brief conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with Cuban revolts against Spanish rule and was exacerbated by American newspapers publishing sensationalized stories of Spanish atrocities. When the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, public opinion turned strongly against Spain. Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898 and American forces quickly defeated Spanish forces in Cuba and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris ended the war, with Spain ceding control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
The document discusses the Spanish-American War and its origins, key events, and consequences. It describes how yellow journalism in American newspapers exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba and helped fuel public support for war. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor was used to push the US into declaring war on Spain in 1898. The US quickly defeated Spain and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. However, Filipino nationalists resisted American occupation, leading to a bloody guerilla war between the US and Filipinos. The imperial expansion sparked anti-imperialist opposition in the US.
The document summarizes tensions over slavery in the United States prior to the Civil War. It describes how Africans were captured and sold into the transatlantic slave trade, with millions dying during the journey or in captivity. The southern economy became dependent on slave labor to cultivate cash crops like cotton and tobacco. Slavery divided the nation along sectional lines, pitting the industrialized North against the agricultural South. Southern states defended the institution of slavery, leading to conflicts over states' rights and the expansion of slavery into new western territories. Enslaved people resisted through acts of sabotage, running away, and occasional rebellions, despite facing severe punishment if caught. The tensions over slavery and states' rights would
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam War from multiple perspectives. It discusses the human toll in terms of lives lost and wounded for both Vietnam and the United States. It also examines public opinion shifts in the US as the war continued and details several major events and escalations of the war over time under different presidential administrations.
During the late 19th century, rapid urbanization in the United States was enabled by new technologies like steel-framed skyscrapers and elevators, as well as mass transit systems. As cities grew, distinct social classes emerged with the wealthy residing downtown and working classes in crowded tenement housing. Political machines run by bosses provided services to new urban immigrants and the working class in exchange for votes, though they were often corrupt.
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. The Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 after defeating the Nationalists in civil war. Under Mao, China underwent land redistribution, industrialization, and the consolidation of power by the Communist party through imprisoning and killing dissidents. The Great Leap Forward failed and caused a famine killing over 20 million people.
The Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed CIA-orchestrated attempt in April 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. CIA-trained Cuban exiles launched an invasion at the Bay of Pigs but were poorly armed and only 1,100 of the 1,400 troops survived as they were defeated by Castro's forces in three days. The failed invasion strengthened Castro's power and the captured exiles were imprisoned for 20 months until a deal was reached between Castro and President Kennedy, who took responsibility for the failure.
Alexander Hamilton proposed an economic plan as the first Secretary of the Treasury to establish the nation's finances and tie wealthy Americans' financial interests to the new government. The plan included fully funding the national debt by exchanging government securities for bonds, assuming state debts to unify the nation financially, implementing a protective tariff and excise taxes to generate revenue and encourage domestic industry, and establishing a national bank to facilitate government transactions and create a uniform currency. The plan met some resistance from southern states but was largely implemented.
The document summarizes the Spanish-American War of 1898 which made the United States a world power. It describes the causes of the war as enforcing the Monroe Doctrine, American imperialism, and yellow journalism sensationalizing Spanish oppression in Cuba. It then outlines key events leading to war such as the Cuban insurrection against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, which newspapers blamed on Spain and helped propel the US into war. The results of the 10-week war included US acquisition of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
Theodore Roosevelt believed in American interventionism and naval strength. He helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War and sent the Great White Fleet around the world. Roosevelt also announced the Roosevelt Corollary expanding America's right to intervene in Latin America and took control of the Panama Canal Zone. Woodrow Wilson initially kept America neutral in WWI but Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram led Wilson to declare war in 1917.
Crispus Attucks, the Business of Whaling and the Boston MassacreAmy LC
Crispus Attucks was an African American man who was killed during the Boston Massacre in 1770, making him the first casualty of the American Revolutionary War. Little is known about his early life, but historians believe he was born into slavery in Massachusetts in the 1720s. He may have worked as a sailor on whaling ships after escaping slavery. On the night of March 5, 1770, Attucks was part of a crowd in Boston that was taunting British soldiers. When the soldiers fired into the crowd, Attucks was the first to die, along with four other Americans. His death helped spark greater anti-British sentiment and the growing movement for American independence.
The document summarizes the early history of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It explains that Jamestown was founded in 1607 as an economic venture by the Virginia Company of London to search for gold and other resources. The settlers faced many hardships in the marshy land but survived through aid from local Powhatan people and the establishment of agriculture, especially tobacco. The relationship with the Powhatans eventually broke down as the colony expanded and encroached on their territory. The document also notes the development of representative government through the Virginia House of Burgesses.
The document discusses several proxy wars that occurred during the Cold War between the United States and USSR. These included the Greek Civil War, Korean War, Bay of Pigs Invasion, Vietnam War, Chilean Coup of 1973, war in Afghanistan, and Angolan Civil War. In each conflict, one superpower supported one side ideologically aligned with it, such as democratic states or communist groups. This allowed the superpowers to pursue their foreign policy goals and expand their influence without direct military conflict, though it increased tensions between them.
The United States initially pursued a policy of isolationism in World War 1, with many Americans wanting to avoid involvement in foreign conflicts. However, German actions like sinking civilian ships like the Lusitania that killed Americans, as well as an intercepted telegram proposing an alliance with Mexico against the U.S., turned public opinion toward entering the war. In April 1917, after German submarines sank three more U.S. ships, Congress declared war on Germany and the U.S. joined the Allied forces in World War 1.
The Progressive Era occurred between 1890-1920 in response to extreme corruption, poor working conditions, and social injustices during the Gilded Age. Progressivism aimed to bring social justice through government regulation of big business, expansion of voting rights, improved working conditions, and addressing issues facing the poor, immigrants, and racial minorities. Notable Progressive reforms addressed areas like social justice, political democracy, economic equality, and conservation. Muckraking journalists played an important role in exposing issues to the public and driving reforms. However, racial discrimination and segregation persisted through policies like Jim Crow laws and barriers to voting for African Americans. Groups like the NAACP and individuals like Ida B. Wells and W.E.B.
The document summarizes key events in the Texas Revolution. It describes the Battle of Gonzales in October 1835, where Texan forces defended a cannon from Mexican troops, marking the start of the revolution. It then discusses the Convention of 1836 where Texan delegates declared independence from Mexico and established a constitution. Finally, it outlines the 13-day siege of the Alamo in February-March 1836 and the massacre of Texan forces at Goliad later that month, which inspired Texans to continue fighting for independence.
(Unit 4A) Imperialism and Spanish-American WarMatthew Caggia
The document discusses various aspects of American imperialism between the late 1800s and early 1900s. It provides background on the Spanish-American War, including the humanitarian justification for intervening in Cuba, the sinking of the USS Maine, and the role of yellow journalism in stirring public support for the war. As a result of the war, the US gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. The document also discusses the US acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska, as well as America's growing influence in China through the Open Door policy and involvement in the Philippines through the Philippine-American War.
World War 1 began in 1914 and lasted until 1918. It involved many of the world's most powerful nations at the time and resulted in over 16 million deaths. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of war, including militarism, imperialism, nationalism, and a system of tightly bound alliances between European countries that pulled them into war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand provided the spark that ignited World War 1 after tensions had been rising for years. New technologies developed during this war including tanks, airplanes, chemical weapons, and submarines.
Militarism rose in Japan after World War 1. The Great Depression weakened Japan's economy and led to a military dictatorship taking control in the 1930s. Japan sought to dominate Asia economically and militarily by reviving its economy, leading Asian modernization, and freeing Asia from Western influence under an "East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." Japan's aggression in Manchuria in 1931 and China in 1937 faced little opposition. Japan later joined the Axis alliance and attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941 after the U.S. threatened to cut off oil and other supplies, drawing the U.S. into the war.
The Spanish-American War was a brief conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with Cuban revolts against Spanish rule and was exacerbated by American newspapers publishing sensationalized stories of Spanish atrocities. When the USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, public opinion turned strongly against Spain. Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898 and American forces quickly defeated Spanish forces in Cuba and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris ended the war, with Spain ceding control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
The document discusses the Spanish-American War and its origins, key events, and consequences. It describes how yellow journalism in American newspapers exaggerated Spanish atrocities in Cuba and helped fuel public support for war. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor was used to push the US into declaring war on Spain in 1898. The US quickly defeated Spain and gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. However, Filipino nationalists resisted American occupation, leading to a bloody guerilla war between the US and Filipinos. The imperial expansion sparked anti-imperialist opposition in the US.
The document summarizes tensions over slavery in the United States prior to the Civil War. It describes how Africans were captured and sold into the transatlantic slave trade, with millions dying during the journey or in captivity. The southern economy became dependent on slave labor to cultivate cash crops like cotton and tobacco. Slavery divided the nation along sectional lines, pitting the industrialized North against the agricultural South. Southern states defended the institution of slavery, leading to conflicts over states' rights and the expansion of slavery into new western territories. Enslaved people resisted through acts of sabotage, running away, and occasional rebellions, despite facing severe punishment if caught. The tensions over slavery and states' rights would
The document provides an overview of the Vietnam War from multiple perspectives. It discusses the human toll in terms of lives lost and wounded for both Vietnam and the United States. It also examines public opinion shifts in the US as the war continued and details several major events and escalations of the war over time under different presidential administrations.
During the late 19th century, rapid urbanization in the United States was enabled by new technologies like steel-framed skyscrapers and elevators, as well as mass transit systems. As cities grew, distinct social classes emerged with the wealthy residing downtown and working classes in crowded tenement housing. Political machines run by bosses provided services to new urban immigrants and the working class in exchange for votes, though they were often corrupt.
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. The Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 after defeating the Nationalists in civil war. Under Mao, China underwent land redistribution, industrialization, and the consolidation of power by the Communist party through imprisoning and killing dissidents. The Great Leap Forward failed and caused a famine killing over 20 million people.
The Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed CIA-orchestrated attempt in April 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. CIA-trained Cuban exiles launched an invasion at the Bay of Pigs but were poorly armed and only 1,100 of the 1,400 troops survived as they were defeated by Castro's forces in three days. The failed invasion strengthened Castro's power and the captured exiles were imprisoned for 20 months until a deal was reached between Castro and President Kennedy, who took responsibility for the failure.
Alexander Hamilton proposed an economic plan as the first Secretary of the Treasury to establish the nation's finances and tie wealthy Americans' financial interests to the new government. The plan included fully funding the national debt by exchanging government securities for bonds, assuming state debts to unify the nation financially, implementing a protective tariff and excise taxes to generate revenue and encourage domestic industry, and establishing a national bank to facilitate government transactions and create a uniform currency. The plan met some resistance from southern states but was largely implemented.
The document summarizes the Spanish-American War of 1898 which made the United States a world power. It describes the causes of the war as enforcing the Monroe Doctrine, American imperialism, and yellow journalism sensationalizing Spanish oppression in Cuba. It then outlines key events leading to war such as the Cuban insurrection against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, which newspapers blamed on Spain and helped propel the US into war. The results of the 10-week war included US acquisition of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
Theodore Roosevelt believed in American interventionism and naval strength. He helped negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War and sent the Great White Fleet around the world. Roosevelt also announced the Roosevelt Corollary expanding America's right to intervene in Latin America and took control of the Panama Canal Zone. Woodrow Wilson initially kept America neutral in WWI but Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Telegram led Wilson to declare war in 1917.
Crispus Attucks, the Business of Whaling and the Boston MassacreAmy LC
Crispus Attucks was an African American man who was killed during the Boston Massacre in 1770, making him the first casualty of the American Revolutionary War. Little is known about his early life, but historians believe he was born into slavery in Massachusetts in the 1720s. He may have worked as a sailor on whaling ships after escaping slavery. On the night of March 5, 1770, Attucks was part of a crowd in Boston that was taunting British soldiers. When the soldiers fired into the crowd, Attucks was the first to die, along with four other Americans. His death helped spark greater anti-British sentiment and the growing movement for American independence.
The document summarizes the early history of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America. It explains that Jamestown was founded in 1607 as an economic venture by the Virginia Company of London to search for gold and other resources. The settlers faced many hardships in the marshy land but survived through aid from local Powhatan people and the establishment of agriculture, especially tobacco. The relationship with the Powhatans eventually broke down as the colony expanded and encroached on their territory. The document also notes the development of representative government through the Virginia House of Burgesses.
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As the Ground Shares Its Secrets. (cover story)
Tolson, Jay
U.S. News & World Report. 1/29/2007, Vol. 142 Issue 4, p64-67. 2p. 3
Color Photographs.
Article
*HISTORY
*COLONIES
*ARCHAEOLOGY
JAMESTOWN (Va.)
GREAT Britain
AMERICA
UNITED States
The article discusses the work that archaeologist William Kelso has
performed at the original site of the Jamestown colony. After visiting the
site as a graduate student at the College of William and Mary in the
1960s, Kelso formulated a theory that the original fortress in the colony
was not in the low-lying stretch of ground now underwater. The article
presents details concerning Kelso's theories about the Jamestown
settlement.
1283
00415537
23828219
Academic Search Complete
Special Report - The Jamestown Story
As the Ground Shares Its Secrets
A DETERMINED ARCHAEOLOGIST CHALLENGES OLD BELIEFS
On the south side of Jamestown Island stands an imposing bronze statue of Capt. John Smith, put up in
1907 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the colony he helped to found. For most of the past century,
a loose archaeological consensus held that the statue looked out over the site of the original settlement, a
stretch of low-lying ground long ago eaten away by the swiftly flowing currents of the James River.
The loss of that land, and the stories that its subterranean contents might have told, became a kind of coda
to the standard historical interpretation of the colony itself: that Jamestown had been a largely unsuccessful
venture, carried out by genteel adventurers and military men ill-suited to the task of wresting a livelihood
from a rugged wilderness. That they had failed to build their palisaded encampment on higher ground was
further proof of their ineptitude. No wonder Jamestown took a back seat to Plymouth Rock in American
history textbooks.
Lingering doubts. But one man who had doubts about the established consensus has been almost single-
handedly responsible for overturning it-and with it, much of the older thinking about the first years of the
Virginia Company's colony. Since 1993, as chief archaeologist of the Association for the Preservation of
EBSCOhost http://ezproxy.wpunj.edu:2654/ehost/delivery?sid=3fefb1bd-1c57-4e9c-...
1 of 3 3/13/2013 5:33 PM
Virginia Antiquities, William Kelso has been directing the Jamestown Rediscovery Project, pursuing a hunch
born exactly 30 years before. A graduate student at the nearby College of William and Mary when he first
visited the island, he was unconvinced by the park ranger's spiel. Why, Kelso wondered, would those first
settlers not have put their base on higher ground where later, during the Civil War, Confederate soldiers had
thrown up an artillery earthwork? Kelso knew that desultory digs in and around the Civil War mound in the
1950s had failed to find trac ...
The document provides information about the city of Boston, Massachusetts, describing its history dating back to the colonial era, important landmarks along the Freedom Trail, educational institutions like Harvard University, and its current status as a major metropolitan and cultural center with a population of around 5.8 million in the metro area. Boston was founded by the British in 1630 and was a leader in the American Revolution, and today preserves historical aspects while also being modern and multicultural.
The McInnis Site in Orange Beach, Alabama was excavated between 2013-2015. Archaeological investigations uncovered evidence of prehistoric Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations from 1200-1700 AD. Artifacts recovered included shell-tempered pottery, lithics, faunal remains, and some historic Native American and European materials. The site provides information about Native American lifeways in this region during this time period.
The Roanoke Colony was established on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina in 1587 and was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh. When a supply ship returned from England three years later, the colonists had disappeared, becoming known as the "Lost Colony." The fate of the colonists remains a mystery, though theories include that they were absorbed by local tribes or died of starvation during a severe drought. Archaeological evidence uncovered on Roanoke Island, including English artifacts, provides some clues but no definitive answers about what ultimately happened to the Lost Colony.
The document describes 3 newspaper articles from 1886 that reported the discovery of a giant human skull and underground chambers in Rockwall, Texas. The skull was said to be as large as a half-bushel basket. One chamber contained large metal artifacts and human bones. A second chamber held a screaming bird-like creature. This suggests the area was once inhabited by giant cannibalistic humans who built defensive walls. However, evidence of giants has often been suppressed due to conflict with prevailing scientific theories of human evolution.
The document provides background information on the early English settlement of Jamestown in 1607. It describes the three ships (the Discovery, the Godspeed and the Susan Constant) that arrived carrying settlers with a charter to establish the first permanent English settlement. It then gives details on Jamestown fort, the three sisters crops of corn, beans and squash, and aspects of daily life for the settlers such as thatched roofs and religious services in the early church. The document also provides information on the neighboring Powhatan Indian village and tribe led by Chief Powhatan that inhabited the area at the time.
The document discusses the early colonial history of Virginia from 1606-1619. It notes that the 1606 charter of the Virginia Company guaranteed colonists the same rights as Englishmen. The first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown in 1607 by about 100 colonists, who experienced high mortality rates due to disease and conflicts with Native Americans. John Smith helped establish order and the colony became prosperous after John Rolfe began cultivating tobacco commercially in 1612. The House of Burgesses was established in 1619, marking the start of representative government in Virginia.
The document summarizes a talk given by Adam Manning, chairman of the Friends of Weston Shore, about the history of Weston Shore in Southampton. It discusses the Roman and early medieval settlements in the area, the famous Seaweed Hut fixture, Netley Castle built in the 1540s, the Rolling Mills industrial site, wildlife found on the shore like seaweed and shells, inspiration the shore provided for literature, leisure activities there, and the work of the Friends of Weston Shore conservation group since 2011 to preserve the site.
This document provides an overview of pre-colonial America and the colonial period. It describes how the first Americans migrated from Asia across the Bering Strait during the Ice Age and gradually migrated across North America. It then discusses some of the diverse indigenous cultures and tribes that inhabited North America prior to European colonization, including the Anasazi and Iroquois tribes. The document also summarizes the reasons for and establishment of European colonies in North America, including political, economic, and religious motives. Finally, it briefly outlines some key events leading up to American independence, such as the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and the Intolerable Acts in 1774.
This document discusses how geography has shaped Australia. It describes three key influences: 1) the colonial legacy of British settlement, which established cities around the edges of the rugged Outback; 2) the sparsely populated Outback interior, shaped by its physically challenging environment; and 3) the Great Barrier Reef, which is both ecologically important and a major driver of Australia's coastal economy through tourism. Physical factors like the Outback interior and biological factors like the Great Barrier Reef have combined with human activities like colonization, urbanization, and tourism to define modern Australia.
The document provides biographical details about Paul Revere and summarizes his famous midnight ride on April 18, 1775 from Boston to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were marching to arrest them. It describes how Revere arranged signals with lanterns in the Old North Church and then rode out with William Dawes to warn the militia. The summary alerts colonial forces and leads to the Battles of Lexington and Concord the next day, marking the first armed conflicts of the American Revolutionary War.
General George Washington's resounding defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army at Yorktown in October 1781, effectively ending the American Revolutionary War. With the arrival of French naval support, Washington and allied French forces were able to lay siege to Yorktown, bombarding Cornwallis's forces. Facing inadequate supplies and no hope of relief or reinforcement, Cornwallis surrendered his entire army, prompting the British to negotiate an end to hostilities. The following year, the Treaty of Paris was signed, formally recognizing American independence and concluding the Revolutionary War.
Who was Prince Madoc, and what is his connection to the famed and fabled ( is it?) King Arthur? Film-maker, Lee Pennington is pursuing evidence on these people...in NORTH AMERICA! Dr. Brenda Franey, fellow researcher on the topics has shared material with him.
Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607 in Virginia. The colonists struggled greatly in their early years - within months, disease and infections killed half the colony. During the "starving time" winter of 1609-1610, colonists ran out of food and water, and by the fall only 400 remained of the original 700 settlers, with many dying of starvation. Archaeological excavations have provided valuable insights into the early challenges faced by the Jamestown colonists.
This document provides an overview of the exploration and colonization of North America from 1492 to 1682. It summarizes key events and figures including Columbus' first voyage in 1492, the Viking exploration of Leif Ericson around 1000 AD, the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spanish conquistadors in the 1500s, the establishment of St. Augustine, Florida as the first permanent European settlement in North America, and the founding of New France by French explorers such as Cartier, Champlain, and Marquette in the 1600s. The document compares the Spanish, French, and English colonization efforts and influences during this early period of North American history.
The Aztec /ˈæztɛk/[1] people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl [as'tekat͡ɬ] (singular)[2] and aztecah [as'tekaʔ] (plural)[2] mean "people from Aztlan",[3] a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca [me'ʃika te'not͡ʃka] or Cōlhuah Mexica [koːlwaʔ me'ʃika].
Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which controlled what is often known as "the Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period.
From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. In 1521 Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II. Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, from where they proceeded with the process of colonizing Central America.
Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous bark paper codices; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.
Similar to History of Oysters in Boston Harbor (18)
The watercolor paintings of artist Francis Quirk. This is a collection of all of the watercolor images we could find. Francis J. Quirk is a nationally recognized artist with artworks in museums, universities, civic buildings and embassies around the world. He is perhaps the only painter with a portrait and self-portrait in the National Portrait Gallery. Quirk paintings can be found at the Canton Museum of Art, The Snite Museum of Art at the University of Notre Dame, Colby College, Ursinus College and Lehigh University.
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Highly efficient oyster spat production technique for restorationMass Oyster Project
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1. massoyster.org
History of Oysters in theHistory of Oysters in the
Estuaries of Boston HarborEstuaries of Boston Harbor
Historic Overview and DataHistoric Overview and Data
October 2013October 2013
The Massachusetts OysterThe Massachusetts Oyster
ProjectProject
2. massoyster.org
OverviewOverview
The Massachusetts Oyster Project isThe Massachusetts Oyster Project is
seeking to restore oysters to Bostonseeking to restore oysters to Boston
Harbor.Harbor.
The historical record demonstrates thatThe historical record demonstrates that
oysters were ubiquitous in Colonial timesoysters were ubiquitous in Colonial times
and possibly a significant economic forceand possibly a significant economic force
earlier in Boston’s history.earlier in Boston’s history.
3. massoyster.org
The 1881 Ingersoll Report on theThe 1881 Ingersoll Report on the
Oyster IndustryOyster Industry
Provides an excellentProvides an excellent
overview on theoverview on the
industry includingindustry including
Massachusetts.Massachusetts.
Provides strongProvides strong
references for oystersreferences for oysters
being present in bothbeing present in both
the Charles andthe Charles and
Mystic Rivers.Mystic Rivers.
4. massoyster.org
The Ingersoll Report quotesThe Ingersoll Report quotes
William Wood’s New EnglandWilliam Wood’s New England
Prospect of 1634.Prospect of 1634.
1634
Oysters a foot long Reefs that could block ships
Present in Both the Charles and Mystic Rivers
5. massoyster.org
Streets of Early Boston WereStreets of Early Boston Were
Paved with Oyster ShellsPaved with Oyster Shells
Historian RichardHistorian Richard
ArcherArcher
Confirms that oysterConfirms that oyster
shells were thrown atshells were thrown at
Boston MassacreBoston Massacre
Mentions that streetsMentions that streets
of Colonial Bostonof Colonial Boston
were paved withwere paved with
oyster shells. Pageoyster shells. Page
185.185.
6. massoyster.org
Oyster Shells on the StreetsOyster Shells on the Streets
This photo was takenThis photo was taken
during theduring the
replacement of thereplacement of the
sidewalk aroundsidewalk around
Bunker Hill MonumentBunker Hill Monument
in 2013.in 2013.
The underlayer ofThe underlayer of
oyster shell is stilloyster shell is still
present. We do notpresent. We do not
know how old thisknow how old this
shell is.shell is.
7. massoyster.org
The Boston Massacre Trial transcriptsThe Boston Massacre Trial transcripts
also contain evidence of a strong oysteralso contain evidence of a strong oyster
business.business.
“This witness swears he saw snow-balls thrown close before the party, and
he took them to be thrown on purpose, he saw oyster-shells likewise
thrown.”
Summation by John Adams representing British Soldiers.
‘he met an oyster man, who said to the deponent, " Damn it, this is what I
got by going up," and showed the deponent a large cut he had received from
one of the soldiers with a cutlass, over his right shoulder “
Testimony of Henry Bass
“I immediately came down again, and went on board an oyster boat;
staid there about a quarter of an hour, and heard the guns off.”
“Did you see any collection of people there?”
“Yes, I asked what was the matter; I was told a soldier had hurt an oyster
man”
Testimony of John Short
The presence of oystermen and oyster boats in a day of
limited transport indicates oysters were close by.
8. massoyster.org
Oysters in Mortar in the OldOysters in Mortar in the Old
StatehouseStatehouse
Oyster shell mixed inOyster shell mixed in
the mortar of the oldthe mortar of the old
statehouse is stillstatehouse is still
visible in a few placesvisible in a few places
where the olderwhere the older
mortar remains.mortar remains.
9. massoyster.org
We do know that the large volume of oysterWe do know that the large volume of oyster
shell was becoming an issue by 1818 as itsshell was becoming an issue by 1818 as its
disposal became the subject of regulation.disposal became the subject of regulation.
10. massoyster.org
Oysters for the Union (Atwood ) Oyster HouseOysters for the Union (Atwood ) Oyster House
came from the Atwood Oyster Farm in Everettcame from the Atwood Oyster Farm in Everett
on the Mystic River.on the Mystic River.
11. massoyster.org
Charles River Oysters-Charles River Oysters-
CambridgeCambridge
Anthropologists* review of colonial documentsAnthropologists* review of colonial documents
revealedrevealed
Large oyster reef and clam flats extending fromLarge oyster reef and clam flats extending from
Massachusetts Avenue through Cambridgeport downMassachusetts Avenue through Cambridgeport down
to the Miller’s River near Charlestown.to the Miller’s River near Charlestown.
Area has been subject of extensive fill.Area has been subject of extensive fill.
Original rivers edge on Mass Ave is at the present fire stationOriginal rivers edge on Mass Ave is at the present fire station
MIT built on fillMIT built on fill
Shellfish middens were found on the site of the ThirdShellfish middens were found on the site of the Third
Street courthouse and Cambridge Cemetery.Street courthouse and Cambridge Cemetery.
They were associated with Native Americans.They were associated with Native Americans.
*Dena Dincause – Writings of English Settlers in Harvard University Library
12. massoyster.org
Map MentioningOyster BankMap MentioningOyster Bank
in Cambridgein Cambridge
The map at right isThe map at right is
posted on anposted on an
educational plaque ineducational plaque in
Wintrhop SquareWintrhop Square
outside the Peet’soutside the Peet’s
Coffee. This is theCoffee. This is the
site of the initialsite of the initial
settlement ofsettlement of
Cambridge –Cambridge –
Newtowne.Newtowne.
13. massoyster.org
Map Mentioning Oyster BankMap Mentioning Oyster Bank
in Cambridgein Cambridge
Another map on the marker mentions the “highway to
the oyster bank.” It clearly was an important route.
14. massoyster.org
Charles River Oysters-Charles River Oysters-
CambridgeCambridge
In 1816 the cellar of theIn 1816 the cellar of the
Cambridge Townhouse wasCambridge Townhouse was
rented to Zenas C. Atwoodrented to Zenas C. Atwood
for storing oysters.for storing oysters.
In the 1853 edition of theIn the 1853 edition of the
Massachusetts RegisterMassachusetts Register
there are 8 Cambridge basedthere are 8 Cambridge based
purveyors of oysters and 5 inpurveyors of oysters and 5 in
neighboring Charlestown.neighboring Charlestown.
*Dena Dincause – Writings of English Settlers in Harvard University Library
16. massoyster.org
Charles River Oysters- BostonCharles River Oysters- Boston
There must have been numerous shellThere must have been numerous shell
heaps in early colonial times in the vicinityheaps in early colonial times in the vicinity
of old Boston, for there were extensiveof old Boston, for there were extensive
oyster-beds in the Back Bay and the loweroyster-beds in the Back Bay and the lower
Charles River. The only ones that I findCharles River. The only ones that I find
recorded were in Back Bay, Cambridgerecorded were in Back Bay, Cambridge
and Cambridgeport. Most, if not all of themand Cambridgeport. Most, if not all of them
have been obliterated.have been obliterated.
Charles Willoughby. Antiquities of the New England Indians 1935Charles Willoughby. Antiquities of the New England Indians 1935
The piles of shells left by Native American feasts have been
removed.
17. massoyster.org
Oyster DemiseOyster Demise
Loss of habitat- through fillLoss of habitat- through fill
Misuse- oyster shells andMisuse- oyster shells and
sometimes whole oysterssometimes whole oysters
were spread on fields towere spread on fields to
reduce soil acidityreduce soil acidity
River subjugation-River subjugation-
protective dams convertprotective dams convert
significant areas of Backsignificant areas of Back
Bay and Mystic Rivers toBay and Mystic Rivers to
fresh water.fresh water.
Pollution- sewage flows,Pollution- sewage flows,
river silt, chemicalsriver silt, chemicals
Over-harvesting- feedingOver-harvesting- feeding
humanshumans
18. massoyster.org
Oyster DemiseOyster Demise
1901 State Publication associated with1901 State Publication associated with
construction of first Charles River Damconstruction of first Charles River Dam
Probably became extinct within twenty five years
19. massoyster.org
Oyster DemiseOyster Demise
1901 State Publication associated with1901 State Publication associated with
construction of first Charles River Damconstruction of first Charles River Dam
20. massoyster.org
Other ObservationsOther Observations
We have heard other references to oysters throughoutWe have heard other references to oysters throughout
Boston Harbor.Boston Harbor.
One older woman (when she was young) heard from anOne older woman (when she was young) heard from an
older woman that the Cambridge Oyster Bank madeolder woman that the Cambridge Oyster Bank made
sure that nobody ever starved in the olden days.sure that nobody ever starved in the olden days.
We have heard of people harvesting barrels of oysters inWe have heard of people harvesting barrels of oysters in
Chelsea Creek.Chelsea Creek.
The exhibit area in the Spectacle Island visitor centerThe exhibit area in the Spectacle Island visitor center
includes oystes in the display and references oysters onincludes oystes in the display and references oysters on
the island.the island.
We have limited this presentation to written traceableWe have limited this presentation to written traceable
evidence.evidence.
If you have additional information, please emailIf you have additional information, please email
massoyster@gmail.commassoyster@gmail.com. We would welcome the. We would welcome the
opportunity to improve and update this presentation.opportunity to improve and update this presentation.
21. massoyster.org
Thank youThank you
As the Massachusetts Oyster Project seeksAs the Massachusetts Oyster Project seeks
to restore oysters to the Boston Harborto restore oysters to the Boston Harbor
estuary, it is grateful to the interns whoestuary, it is grateful to the interns who
conducted the research for this document.conducted the research for this document.
Shira BleicherShira Bleicher
Laura OlivierLaura Olivier
By understanding the past, we can build a better future.