The document provides a historical account of Sabarimala and Ayyappa based on available knowledge. Some key points:
- Sabarimala was originally a Buddhist center of learning called Karimala under Sabari, a Buddhist monk.
- Ayyappa was born as the prince of Pandalam but exiled and sent to Karimala for safety under Sabari's care, taking the name Sasthave.
- Sasthave/Ayyappa became a great warrior and helped the local king but his own kingdom of Pandalam declared war, leading to his death along with Sabari when their temple was burned down.
- This led to the decline of Buddhism in the region
HISTORY OF SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDYDr. Raju M. Mathew
Sabari, Ayyappa, Malikapuram and Vaver of Sabarimala were historical characters rather than mythological ones. Sabarimala was a Buddhist Pilgrimage Center maintained and even owned by the forest tribes , especially Malayarayas. After Marthandavarma, King of Travancore, it has been converted into a Hindu Pilgrimage Center and brought under the Brahmin Priests, driving away the forest tribes. It also tells the cleansing of Buddhism from Kerala, including the first Buddhist Kingdom in Kerala. Sabarimala has a long lasting impacts on the life of every Malayalee irrespective of his or her religion, caste or faith.
SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA- A SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY & MAKING OF THE KERALA SOCIETYDr. Raju M. Mathew
The document summarizes the history of Sabarimala and Ayyappa based on available knowledge. It describes how Sabarimala originated as a Buddhist center of learning under Sabari in the 13th century. Ayyappa was a prince of Pandalam Kingdom who was secretly sent to study under Sabari after his life was threatened. He became a renowned figure after defeating invading armies. After Sabari's death, Ayyappa established the temple at Sabarimala and became its head. The region saw conflicts between pro-Buddhist and Hindu rulers, culminating in the destruction of Sabarimala and the exile of surviving Buddhists from the region.
Bali Besakih Temple is located in Bali, Indonesia and is considered the most important, largest and holiest Hindu temple in Bali. It is located on the slopes of Mount Agung. The temple complex consists of over 23 separate temples with the main temple, Pura Penataran Agung, located at the top of the slope. Bali Besakih Temple is an important pilgrimage site and considered the "Mother Temple" where Balinese Hindus go to celebrate important religious ceremonies. It is an impressive complex built into the hillside that gives visitors insight into Balinese Hindu culture and architecture.
The document provides details from V.S. Naipaul's travel writings about his visits to Indonesia. It describes his observations of Jakarta and meetings with characters like Suryadi and poet Sitor Morang. Suryadi discusses his daughter becoming increasingly devoted to conservative Islam. Naipaul also attends a gathering at Sitor's home, where he learns about Sitor's efforts to reconstruct his tribal past and his relationship with his Dutch wife Barbara. The analysis section commends Naipaul's use of descriptions, historical context, dialogues and character development to convey his perspectives on Indonesia.
Naipaul uses his analytical skills and assumptions to observe and interpret aspects of Islam in Pakistan. He meets with various people to discuss the application of Islamic laws and institutions. However, his summaries are colored by his preconceived notions. He questions the sincerity of the faith of Pakistanis based on the economic and political conditions. Naipaul incorporates historical context and ethnographic details to construct his narrative authority, though his perspectives are limited and reflect his outsider viewpoint.
V.S. Naipaul feels alienated in his hotel room in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia due to sleepless nights and the unfamiliar environment. He passes the time by observing people at the racecourse grounds through his window. He later has an interesting conversation with Shafi and his friend about Islam and life in Malaysia. Shafi promises to introduce Naipaul to some "brave girls" at the ABIM School who can discuss their perspectives. At the school, Naipaul meets Nasar who shares his views that major powers only care about influence and arms sales, not peace, and are too individualistic.
The document summarizes several Bulgarian legends:
1) The legend of St. Ivan of Rila who founded the Rila Monastery and performed miracles like turning into a bird.
2) The legend of St. Sofia and her three daughters who were martyred for their Christian faith.
3) The legend of Baldwin I, the Latin Emperor who was defeated in battle and imprisoned in Tsarevets fortress.
Early civilizations arose in India and China along major river valleys. In India, the earliest civilization flourished for about 1000 years along the Indus River before vanishing. It included urban planning and a written language. Chinese civilization first developed along the Huang He River, with the Shang Dynasty establishing a hierarchical society led by a king. Confucianism and Daoism later emerged as dominant philosophies. The Mughal Empire rose to power in India and made significant cultural contributions, while European traders gradually increased their influence in both regions over this period.
HISTORY OF SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDYDr. Raju M. Mathew
Sabari, Ayyappa, Malikapuram and Vaver of Sabarimala were historical characters rather than mythological ones. Sabarimala was a Buddhist Pilgrimage Center maintained and even owned by the forest tribes , especially Malayarayas. After Marthandavarma, King of Travancore, it has been converted into a Hindu Pilgrimage Center and brought under the Brahmin Priests, driving away the forest tribes. It also tells the cleansing of Buddhism from Kerala, including the first Buddhist Kingdom in Kerala. Sabarimala has a long lasting impacts on the life of every Malayalee irrespective of his or her religion, caste or faith.
SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA- A SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY & MAKING OF THE KERALA SOCIETYDr. Raju M. Mathew
The document summarizes the history of Sabarimala and Ayyappa based on available knowledge. It describes how Sabarimala originated as a Buddhist center of learning under Sabari in the 13th century. Ayyappa was a prince of Pandalam Kingdom who was secretly sent to study under Sabari after his life was threatened. He became a renowned figure after defeating invading armies. After Sabari's death, Ayyappa established the temple at Sabarimala and became its head. The region saw conflicts between pro-Buddhist and Hindu rulers, culminating in the destruction of Sabarimala and the exile of surviving Buddhists from the region.
Bali Besakih Temple is located in Bali, Indonesia and is considered the most important, largest and holiest Hindu temple in Bali. It is located on the slopes of Mount Agung. The temple complex consists of over 23 separate temples with the main temple, Pura Penataran Agung, located at the top of the slope. Bali Besakih Temple is an important pilgrimage site and considered the "Mother Temple" where Balinese Hindus go to celebrate important religious ceremonies. It is an impressive complex built into the hillside that gives visitors insight into Balinese Hindu culture and architecture.
The document provides details from V.S. Naipaul's travel writings about his visits to Indonesia. It describes his observations of Jakarta and meetings with characters like Suryadi and poet Sitor Morang. Suryadi discusses his daughter becoming increasingly devoted to conservative Islam. Naipaul also attends a gathering at Sitor's home, where he learns about Sitor's efforts to reconstruct his tribal past and his relationship with his Dutch wife Barbara. The analysis section commends Naipaul's use of descriptions, historical context, dialogues and character development to convey his perspectives on Indonesia.
Naipaul uses his analytical skills and assumptions to observe and interpret aspects of Islam in Pakistan. He meets with various people to discuss the application of Islamic laws and institutions. However, his summaries are colored by his preconceived notions. He questions the sincerity of the faith of Pakistanis based on the economic and political conditions. Naipaul incorporates historical context and ethnographic details to construct his narrative authority, though his perspectives are limited and reflect his outsider viewpoint.
V.S. Naipaul feels alienated in his hotel room in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia due to sleepless nights and the unfamiliar environment. He passes the time by observing people at the racecourse grounds through his window. He later has an interesting conversation with Shafi and his friend about Islam and life in Malaysia. Shafi promises to introduce Naipaul to some "brave girls" at the ABIM School who can discuss their perspectives. At the school, Naipaul meets Nasar who shares his views that major powers only care about influence and arms sales, not peace, and are too individualistic.
The document summarizes several Bulgarian legends:
1) The legend of St. Ivan of Rila who founded the Rila Monastery and performed miracles like turning into a bird.
2) The legend of St. Sofia and her three daughters who were martyred for their Christian faith.
3) The legend of Baldwin I, the Latin Emperor who was defeated in battle and imprisoned in Tsarevets fortress.
Early civilizations arose in India and China along major river valleys. In India, the earliest civilization flourished for about 1000 years along the Indus River before vanishing. It included urban planning and a written language. Chinese civilization first developed along the Huang He River, with the Shang Dynasty establishing a hierarchical society led by a king. Confucianism and Daoism later emerged as dominant philosophies. The Mughal Empire rose to power in India and made significant cultural contributions, while European traders gradually increased their influence in both regions over this period.
Muhammad spread the beliefs and practices of Islam through conquest. His successors built an empire stretching from Spain to India. In the 7th century, a split created the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. The nomadic Arabs originated from the Arabian Peninsula and organized into tribes. Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel and founded Islam, with beliefs including monotheism, following the Five Pillars of Islam, and adhering to Sharia law.
1) Early Arabs were nomadic tribes who lived in the Arabian Peninsula and organized into independent tribes to help each other survive in the hostile desert environment.
2) After domesticating camels, Arabs expanded caravan trade between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean regions. They traced their ancestry to Abraham and Ishmael and revered the Kaaba shrine in Mecca.
3) Muhammad emerged in the 7th century preaching monotheism and calling the Arabs to submit to God. After his death, the new Muslim nation expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain under early caliphs.
Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
The document summarizes the origins and rise of Islam through its founder Mohammed. It describes how Mohammed began receiving revelations in Mecca in the 6th century AD and faced opposition from local tribes as he preached monotheism. He eventually fled to Medina in 622 and formed the first Muslim community. Over time, Islam expanded rapidly through military conquests led by Mohammed's successors across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe and Asia. The document outlines the key beliefs and practices of Islam including the Five Pillars and sources of Islamic law like the Quran and hadith. It also describes the ongoing split between Sunni and Shia Muslims over the rightful
Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca and was raised by his mother and wet nurse after his father died. As a young man, he worked as a shepherd and later a merchant. He began having spiritual visions in a mountain cave and receiving revelations that became the Quran. Muhammad shared his monotheistic message with his tribe, facing persecution. In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, establishing the first Muslim community. Over the next decade, Muhammad consolidated control of the Arabian Peninsula before dying in Medina in 632 CE.
Entry of women in Sabarimala Temple, A Right or A Right in disguiseijtsrd
One of the heated argument which we all are well aware in recent times is that the prohibition of the women's entry in Sabarimala Temple. Kerala's Sabarimala Temple is one of the temples which allows all the religions and castes without any discrimination. It is a well-known fact that Sabarimala Temple is the second largest seasonal pilgrimage subsequent to the Islamic Holy Site of Mecca which is situated in Saudi Arabia. Unlike other temples in India, this temple is quite significant about the dress code of its devotees which denotes that the devotees are equal before the Lord Ayyappa. The authors in this research article would like to cite out the historical background of the pilgrimage along with the reasons as to why women aren't allowed inside the temple and also the practicality involved which would substantiate the insightful reasoning for the restriction. V. S. Krishna | N. Parmesh"Entry of women in Sabarimala Temple, A Right or A Right in disguise" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17092.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/17092/entry-of-women-in-sabarimala-temple-a-right-or-a-right-in-disguise/v-s-krishna
Oisin was a great warrior from ancient Ireland who was taken by the goddess Niamh to Tir na nOg, the land of eternal youth. He lived there happily for many years, but began to miss his homeland. When he returned to Ireland on Niamh's magical white horse, he discovered that over 300 years had passed. Upon dismounting from the horse, Oisin immediately aged into an old man, as he had remained youthful in Tir na nOg. He told the people of his adventures with his father Fionn and the Fianna warriors before passing away.
St. Patrick was kidnapped from his home in Britain at age 16 and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he spent six years herding pigs and learning the Irish language. He had a dream telling him his ship was ready to escape, and after a long journey he made it back to Britain. He later had another dream of the Irish people begging him to return to Ireland as a missionary. He studied to become a priest and was ordained as Patrick, returning to Ireland to convert many to Christianity and establish churches and schools before dying on March 17, 493.
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century CE in Mecca under the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include the oneness of God and Muhammad as his prophet. Islam spread rapidly through trade routes across the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia in its first few centuries, aided by concepts like jihad and the five pillars of faith. Major cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA- A SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY & MAKING OF THE KERALA SOCIETYDr. Raju M. Mathew
This is the socio-cultural history of Kerala starting from the birth of Ayyappa and the fall of Sabarimala & Munjanad Kingdom to the rise of Marthanadavarma of Travncore
1) The document discusses the myth and historical facts surrounding Lord Ayyappa. It describes how Ayyappa was born to Shiva and Mohini and brought up by the Pandala king.
2) It details the origins of the Pandalam kingdom in the 10th century AD and how Ayyappa later defeated the demon Mahishi near Erumeli as part of the Pandalam royal family.
3) It provides the historical context of Ayyappa, linking him to the Alangad and Ambalapuzha kingdoms through his father Kaampillil Panikkar. Ayyappa then built an army to defeat the menace Udayanan with the help of figures like
BUDDHIST ROOT OF EZAVAS, MALAYARAYAS AND PULAYAS IN KERALADr. Raju M. Mathew
Buddhism re-emerged in Kerala in the 13th century during the time of Buddhist monk Sabari and her disciple Ayyappa at Sabarimala under the patronage of the Munjanad kingdom. When the Munjanad kingdom embraced Buddhism, Sabarimala and the kingdom were attacked and destroyed by neighboring Hindu kingdoms. Many Buddhists converted to Islam or Christianity after this, while others who did not convert evolved into the Ezhavas and Pulayas castes. Some Buddhists who found refuge in forests became known as Malayaryas and Pandarams. The lasting legacy of Buddhism in Kerala can be seen in the non-caste Ayyappa devotees at Sabar
Buddhist root of ezhavas, pulayas,muslims and christians in KeralaDr. Raju M. Mathew
Buddhism re-emerged in Kerala in the 13th century during the time of Buddhist monk Sabari and her disciple Ayyappa at Sabarimala under the patronage of the Munjanad kingdom. When the Munjanad kingdom embraced Buddhism, Sabarimala and the kingdom were attacked and destroyed by neighboring Hindu kingdoms. Many Buddhists converted to Islam or Christianity after this, while others who did not convert evolved into the Ezhavas and Pulayas castes. Some Buddhists who found refuge in forests became known as Malayaryas and Pandarams. The lasting legacy of Buddhism in Kerala can be seen in the non-caste Ayyappa devotees at Sabar
EZAVAS , PULAYAS, MUSLIMS & CHRISTIANS IN KERALA - BUDDHIST ROOT AND RELATIO...Dr. Raju M. Mathew
The Buddhist root of the Ezhavas, Muslims, Christians, Pulayas, & Malayarayas of Kerala is discussed along with their relationships with Sabarimala and Ayyappa are discussed.
Except Brahmins in Kerala, everybody in Kerala has Buddhist root, starting from the time of Ayyappa of Sabarimala. During severe religious prosecution in Kerala thousands of Buddhists had been converted to Islam or Christianity; the non-practicing Buddhists had been been evolved as Ezhavas, Pulayas and Malayarays.
The document provides an overview of the ancient political history of Nepal. It discusses several theories on the etymology of the word "Nepal" and notes that the earliest known inhabitants were the Kiratas. It describes Nepal's three ancient ruling dynasties - the Gopal dynasty which ruled for around 500 years, the Mahispal dynasty which ruled for 150 years, and the Kirat dynasty which ruled for approximately 1600 years until being defeated by the Licchhavi dynasty. It provides some details on major kings from the Kirat dynasty like Yalambar and Humati.
The document provides information on the Naga tribes of Sri Lanka. It discusses the origins of the Naga people, noting they appear as a distinct group in early Sri Lankan and Tamil writings from the 3rd century BCE. It describes how the Naga assimilated to Tamil language and culture over time and lost their separate identity. The document also outlines aspects of Naga culture like snake worship, architecture, irrigation works, cuisine, dress, marriage traditions, and festivals. Key festivals mentioned include Gan Ngai and Rih Ngai.
Kannur, also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kerala known for its communist politics, temple festivals, beaches, forts, and production of spices and coffee. Some popular tourist attractions in Kannur mentioned in the document include Dharmadam Island, a small privately owned island accessible during low tide; the Sree Muthappan Temple located on the banks of the Valapatnam River known for its unique rituals; the Peralassery Subramanya Temple located 15 km from Kannur known for its stepped pool and annual Kodiyettam festival; the Gundert Bungalow where the German missionary Hermann Gundert lived and worked on translating the Bible to Mal
ONAM IN KERALA - TEARS OF THE SLAVES AND VANQUISHED AND GLORY OF THE VICTORIOUSDr. Raju M. Mathew
Onam celebration is the national festival of Kerala. It is not mere a harvest festival but a cleverly fabricated story of Brahmin invasion over the natives of Kerala belonged to the Dravidian race. Brahmin invaders were not Aryans but a sect of Semitic people or Israelite rebels revolted against the leadership of Moses.
The Ramayana says that King Rawana, who lived in Sri Lanka, died in the Great War of Rama Rawana, but the body of King Rawana, who fainted from Rama's blows, was safely buried on the top of the "Maha Kudugala Kadu" in the Nuwara Eliya District, and his body was found in a river three days later. It is said in an ancient pamphlet that after that King Rawana regained consciousness and after regaining consciousness for the longest time he went to the Maha Dabhagas Arana in the Himalayan forest to meditate.
1) Pelmadulla is an ancient city in Sri Lanka's Sabaragamuwa Province situated along the Colombo-Badulla road. It has a rich history dating back to ancient kingdoms.
2) According to legends and historical texts, the area was originally called "Denawaka" due to the Denawaka River flowing through it. Over time, the name changed to "Pelmadulla" which means a group of temporary small houses in Sinhala.
3) Pelmadulla has been an important strategic area for centuries. Ancient kings used it for defenses and armies passed through during conflicts between kingdoms in the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods. However,
This document summarizes research on depictions of women in inscriptions from the Chhattisgarh region of India. It discusses:
- Women were often described as possessing beauty, devotion to their husbands, and bearing sons. Some women had religious freedoms.
- Marriages were usually within castes, but some inter-caste marriages are recorded. Polygamy was common among royalty.
- Joint family systems and traditions like sati (widow immolation) were prevalent, though sati was not obligatory. Devadasis (temple dancers) were also mentioned in inscriptions.
Muhammad spread the beliefs and practices of Islam through conquest. His successors built an empire stretching from Spain to India. In the 7th century, a split created the Sunni and Shiite sects of Islam. The nomadic Arabs originated from the Arabian Peninsula and organized into tribes. Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel and founded Islam, with beliefs including monotheism, following the Five Pillars of Islam, and adhering to Sharia law.
1) Early Arabs were nomadic tribes who lived in the Arabian Peninsula and organized into independent tribes to help each other survive in the hostile desert environment.
2) After domesticating camels, Arabs expanded caravan trade between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean regions. They traced their ancestry to Abraham and Ishmael and revered the Kaaba shrine in Mecca.
3) Muhammad emerged in the 7th century preaching monotheism and calling the Arabs to submit to God. After his death, the new Muslim nation expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain under early caliphs.
Mohammed and the Rise of Islam
The document summarizes the origins and rise of Islam through its founder Mohammed. It describes how Mohammed began receiving revelations in Mecca in the 6th century AD and faced opposition from local tribes as he preached monotheism. He eventually fled to Medina in 622 and formed the first Muslim community. Over time, Islam expanded rapidly through military conquests led by Mohammed's successors across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Europe and Asia. The document outlines the key beliefs and practices of Islam including the Five Pillars and sources of Islamic law like the Quran and hadith. It also describes the ongoing split between Sunni and Shia Muslims over the rightful
Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca and was raised by his mother and wet nurse after his father died. As a young man, he worked as a shepherd and later a merchant. He began having spiritual visions in a mountain cave and receiving revelations that became the Quran. Muhammad shared his monotheistic message with his tribe, facing persecution. In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, establishing the first Muslim community. Over the next decade, Muhammad consolidated control of the Arabian Peninsula before dying in Medina in 632 CE.
Entry of women in Sabarimala Temple, A Right or A Right in disguiseijtsrd
One of the heated argument which we all are well aware in recent times is that the prohibition of the women's entry in Sabarimala Temple. Kerala's Sabarimala Temple is one of the temples which allows all the religions and castes without any discrimination. It is a well-known fact that Sabarimala Temple is the second largest seasonal pilgrimage subsequent to the Islamic Holy Site of Mecca which is situated in Saudi Arabia. Unlike other temples in India, this temple is quite significant about the dress code of its devotees which denotes that the devotees are equal before the Lord Ayyappa. The authors in this research article would like to cite out the historical background of the pilgrimage along with the reasons as to why women aren't allowed inside the temple and also the practicality involved which would substantiate the insightful reasoning for the restriction. V. S. Krishna | N. Parmesh"Entry of women in Sabarimala Temple, A Right or A Right in disguise" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17092.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/17092/entry-of-women-in-sabarimala-temple-a-right-or-a-right-in-disguise/v-s-krishna
Oisin was a great warrior from ancient Ireland who was taken by the goddess Niamh to Tir na nOg, the land of eternal youth. He lived there happily for many years, but began to miss his homeland. When he returned to Ireland on Niamh's magical white horse, he discovered that over 300 years had passed. Upon dismounting from the horse, Oisin immediately aged into an old man, as he had remained youthful in Tir na nOg. He told the people of his adventures with his father Fionn and the Fianna warriors before passing away.
St. Patrick was kidnapped from his home in Britain at age 16 and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he spent six years herding pigs and learning the Irish language. He had a dream telling him his ship was ready to escape, and after a long journey he made it back to Britain. He later had another dream of the Irish people begging him to return to Ireland as a missionary. He studied to become a priest and was ordained as Patrick, returning to Ireland to convert many to Christianity and establish churches and schools before dying on March 17, 493.
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century CE in Mecca under the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include the oneness of God and Muhammad as his prophet. Islam spread rapidly through trade routes across the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia in its first few centuries, aided by concepts like jihad and the five pillars of faith. Major cities in the early Islamic empire included Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
SABARIMALA & AYYAPPA- A SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY & MAKING OF THE KERALA SOCIETYDr. Raju M. Mathew
This is the socio-cultural history of Kerala starting from the birth of Ayyappa and the fall of Sabarimala & Munjanad Kingdom to the rise of Marthanadavarma of Travncore
1) The document discusses the myth and historical facts surrounding Lord Ayyappa. It describes how Ayyappa was born to Shiva and Mohini and brought up by the Pandala king.
2) It details the origins of the Pandalam kingdom in the 10th century AD and how Ayyappa later defeated the demon Mahishi near Erumeli as part of the Pandalam royal family.
3) It provides the historical context of Ayyappa, linking him to the Alangad and Ambalapuzha kingdoms through his father Kaampillil Panikkar. Ayyappa then built an army to defeat the menace Udayanan with the help of figures like
BUDDHIST ROOT OF EZAVAS, MALAYARAYAS AND PULAYAS IN KERALADr. Raju M. Mathew
Buddhism re-emerged in Kerala in the 13th century during the time of Buddhist monk Sabari and her disciple Ayyappa at Sabarimala under the patronage of the Munjanad kingdom. When the Munjanad kingdom embraced Buddhism, Sabarimala and the kingdom were attacked and destroyed by neighboring Hindu kingdoms. Many Buddhists converted to Islam or Christianity after this, while others who did not convert evolved into the Ezhavas and Pulayas castes. Some Buddhists who found refuge in forests became known as Malayaryas and Pandarams. The lasting legacy of Buddhism in Kerala can be seen in the non-caste Ayyappa devotees at Sabar
Buddhist root of ezhavas, pulayas,muslims and christians in KeralaDr. Raju M. Mathew
Buddhism re-emerged in Kerala in the 13th century during the time of Buddhist monk Sabari and her disciple Ayyappa at Sabarimala under the patronage of the Munjanad kingdom. When the Munjanad kingdom embraced Buddhism, Sabarimala and the kingdom were attacked and destroyed by neighboring Hindu kingdoms. Many Buddhists converted to Islam or Christianity after this, while others who did not convert evolved into the Ezhavas and Pulayas castes. Some Buddhists who found refuge in forests became known as Malayaryas and Pandarams. The lasting legacy of Buddhism in Kerala can be seen in the non-caste Ayyappa devotees at Sabar
EZAVAS , PULAYAS, MUSLIMS & CHRISTIANS IN KERALA - BUDDHIST ROOT AND RELATIO...Dr. Raju M. Mathew
The Buddhist root of the Ezhavas, Muslims, Christians, Pulayas, & Malayarayas of Kerala is discussed along with their relationships with Sabarimala and Ayyappa are discussed.
Except Brahmins in Kerala, everybody in Kerala has Buddhist root, starting from the time of Ayyappa of Sabarimala. During severe religious prosecution in Kerala thousands of Buddhists had been converted to Islam or Christianity; the non-practicing Buddhists had been been evolved as Ezhavas, Pulayas and Malayarays.
The document provides an overview of the ancient political history of Nepal. It discusses several theories on the etymology of the word "Nepal" and notes that the earliest known inhabitants were the Kiratas. It describes Nepal's three ancient ruling dynasties - the Gopal dynasty which ruled for around 500 years, the Mahispal dynasty which ruled for 150 years, and the Kirat dynasty which ruled for approximately 1600 years until being defeated by the Licchhavi dynasty. It provides some details on major kings from the Kirat dynasty like Yalambar and Humati.
The document provides information on the Naga tribes of Sri Lanka. It discusses the origins of the Naga people, noting they appear as a distinct group in early Sri Lankan and Tamil writings from the 3rd century BCE. It describes how the Naga assimilated to Tamil language and culture over time and lost their separate identity. The document also outlines aspects of Naga culture like snake worship, architecture, irrigation works, cuisine, dress, marriage traditions, and festivals. Key festivals mentioned include Gan Ngai and Rih Ngai.
Kannur, also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kerala known for its communist politics, temple festivals, beaches, forts, and production of spices and coffee. Some popular tourist attractions in Kannur mentioned in the document include Dharmadam Island, a small privately owned island accessible during low tide; the Sree Muthappan Temple located on the banks of the Valapatnam River known for its unique rituals; the Peralassery Subramanya Temple located 15 km from Kannur known for its stepped pool and annual Kodiyettam festival; the Gundert Bungalow where the German missionary Hermann Gundert lived and worked on translating the Bible to Mal
ONAM IN KERALA - TEARS OF THE SLAVES AND VANQUISHED AND GLORY OF THE VICTORIOUSDr. Raju M. Mathew
Onam celebration is the national festival of Kerala. It is not mere a harvest festival but a cleverly fabricated story of Brahmin invasion over the natives of Kerala belonged to the Dravidian race. Brahmin invaders were not Aryans but a sect of Semitic people or Israelite rebels revolted against the leadership of Moses.
The Ramayana says that King Rawana, who lived in Sri Lanka, died in the Great War of Rama Rawana, but the body of King Rawana, who fainted from Rama's blows, was safely buried on the top of the "Maha Kudugala Kadu" in the Nuwara Eliya District, and his body was found in a river three days later. It is said in an ancient pamphlet that after that King Rawana regained consciousness and after regaining consciousness for the longest time he went to the Maha Dabhagas Arana in the Himalayan forest to meditate.
1) Pelmadulla is an ancient city in Sri Lanka's Sabaragamuwa Province situated along the Colombo-Badulla road. It has a rich history dating back to ancient kingdoms.
2) According to legends and historical texts, the area was originally called "Denawaka" due to the Denawaka River flowing through it. Over time, the name changed to "Pelmadulla" which means a group of temporary small houses in Sinhala.
3) Pelmadulla has been an important strategic area for centuries. Ancient kings used it for defenses and armies passed through during conflicts between kingdoms in the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa periods. However,
This document summarizes research on depictions of women in inscriptions from the Chhattisgarh region of India. It discusses:
- Women were often described as possessing beauty, devotion to their husbands, and bearing sons. Some women had religious freedoms.
- Marriages were usually within castes, but some inter-caste marriages are recorded. Polygamy was common among royalty.
- Joint family systems and traditions like sati (widow immolation) were prevalent, though sati was not obligatory. Devadasis (temple dancers) were also mentioned in inscriptions.
The document summarizes three important South Indian dynasties:
1) The Satavahanas were the first dynasty in the Deccan region and established their capital between the Godavari and Krishna rivers. Gautamiputra Satakarni expanded the kingdom.
2) The Kadambas established the first dynasty in Karnataka with their capital in Banavasi. They encouraged Jainism and Buddhism and promoted agriculture, trade, and culture.
3) The Gangas ruled from Kuvalala, Talakadu and Manyapura. King Durvinita strengthened irrigation systems and was a patron of literature. The Gangas encouraged architecture, education, and J
This document provides information about Chennai, Kanchipuram, and Thiruvallur districts in Tamil Nadu, India. It discusses the history and origin of names of Chennai and surrounding areas. It describes prominent temples like Kapaleeswarar Temple in Chennai and Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram. It also provides details about traditional industries like silk weaving in Kanchipuram and the Irular people and agriculture in Thiruvallur district.
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2. SABARI, AYYAPPA, MALIKAPURAM &
VAVERSWAMY AS HISTORICAL
PERSONALITIES
Though there are several Myths and Folklores of Sabari, Ayyappa and Malikapuram of
Sabarimala, they were real life characters lived and died or murdered in the present
Sabarimala and the surrounding areas, including Nilakkal, near River Pampa in Kerala,
India, during thirteenth century AD. It also tells the complete cleansing of Buddhism and
the spread of Islam & Christianity and emergence of Nairs, Ezhavas, Pulayas & Tribal
People, besides Brahamanical Hinduism. The present work is an attempt to explore the
history of Sabarimala and Ayyappa based on the available knowledge. A more scientific
historical work , giving citations and references, can be brought out. This work may
inspire historians, sociologists, and artists to bring out several works, including cinema,
drama, fiction, poems and etc.
3. THE BACKGROUND
In the light of the Verdict of the Constitution Bench of the
Supreme Court of India, allowing women having child-bearing
potentialities and the subsequent agitations of the Conservative
Hindu Fundamentalists against the Supreme Court Verdict, even
mobilizing their women, it is pertinent to go through the earlier
and modern history of Sabarimala and Ayyappa over above the
existing myths, folklores, and traditional beliefs or practices.
4. EARLY HISTORY
The history of Sabarimala, originally known as Karimala, as
a Buddhist Center of Learning, Meditation and Pilgrimage,
was started with the rise of Munjanad Kingdom by the middle
of the thirteenth century AD, with its capital at Nilakkal in the
valley of Sabarimala near the River Pampa, earlier known as
River Karimala, in Kerala, India. Munjanad Kingdom was
extended over the borders of Tamilakam and Kodungallor and
had marriage relationships with Pandalam Kingdom and
Zamurians of Calicut.
5. RISE OF NILAKKAL
Under the patronage of Munjanad Kings, Nilakkal had emerged
as a major center of trade and culture, even attracting traders of
spices, herbs and forest products from China, Ceylon, Egypt, Syria,
Babylon and Arabia who travelled through Cranganure or Musuries
Port, using the ever flowing Pampa River. Munjanad Kingdom
became very much prosperous and well known far ahead off
Pandalam, Tamilakam and Andhranad that made them jealousy of it.
6. BUDDHIST, CHRISTIAN AND
MUSLIM CONNECTIONS
Even though Munjanad Kings were Hindus following
Sanathana Dharma, they gave patronage to the Jains from
Tamilakam, the Buddhists from Ceylon and also the Arab
Muslims and Christians and allowed them to make small
settlements, including their temples or places of worship.
7. PETTA & PALLY
By the end of the thirteenth century AD, the Munjanad Kingdom
welcomed a large number of Tamil Muslims consequent on religious
prosecution, and allowed them to set up their colony called ‘Petta” near
River Manimala in the bank of a stream ‘Peruthode’, known as ‘Erumely
Petta’ and another one in the bank of Meenachil River near Arivthara
where two rivers join together, known as ‘Erattu Petta’. The Buddhists
were permitted to build up their colonies besides temples, known as
‘Pally” at Kanjirappally, Monippally ,Vazappally,,Thathampply and etc
8. SABARI AND KARIMALA
For the whole hearted support of the Munjanad Kingdom, the Buddhists
had established their Temple, Monastery and School at the top of Karimala
Hill, under Sabari, a Buddhist lady monk and scholar well versed in Yoga,
Meditation, Ayurveda and Martial art. All other Buddhist centers in Kerala,
suffixed with ‘Pally’ or ‘Oor’, including Gurvayoor, came under it. Buddhist
monks and Chinese and Arab Travellers, had visited and stayed at
Karimala. Hindus, Muslims, Jewish, Buddhist and Christians boys and
girls were admitted as students and some of them had later served the
Munjanad Kingdom.
9. KALARI & SARPAKAVE
Every house hold in the Kingdom, including that of Hindus,
Muslims and Christians, had set up its own pond, well, farm
and herbal garden later known as ‘sarpakave’ and even a kalari.
For the missionary zeal of the Buddhist monks Ayurveda
,Kalari and rearing of cows, goats, hens and cokes had become
very popular, that spread to other kingdoms also.
10. BIRTH AND EXILE OF AYYAPPA
FROM PANDALAM KINGDOM
Ayyappa was born as the son of a Prince of Pandlam
Kingdom married to a Princes of Munjanad Kingdom,
named Pampa about AD 1275 in the Pandalam Palace.
The Palace astrologers found something extraordinary
with the child that made the King and Queen suspicious
of the child. Ayyappa at his early teens outsmarted the
sons of Pandlam King in every respect
11. AYYAPPA AS SASTHAVE UNDER
THE CARE OF SABARI
Both the Pandalam King and Queen, as cautioned by the Minister,
feared that Ayyappa would capture the power, overthrowing the King,
when he would grow up. So they plotted against Ayyappa and decided to
leave him in the thick forest to be eaten by hungry wolfs or tigers. By
knowing the criminal conspiracy of the King and Queen, Ayyappa,
disguised as a Buddhist boy named Sasthave, was secretly sent by his
mother, Pampa, to the Munjanad Kingdom with the request of keeping
him under the care of Sabari.
12. AYYAPPA
IN THE MUNJANAD PALACE
Knowing the threat, the king of Munjanad secretly put the boy Ayyappa under
the care of Sabari at Karimala for education and training, disguised as a Buddhist
boy named Sasthave. Princes Neelima of the Munjanad Kingdom, Vaver, a Muslim
boy and Matthai, a Christian boy were also students there. Sasthave or Ayyappa
was the most brilliant student. After attaining mastery in Sanathana Dharma and
Buddhist Dharma, Yoga , Ayurveda and Martial Art of Kalaripayattu, Ayyappa
along with Princes Neelima returned to the palace of Munjanad King where he was
known as Prince Sasthave. Ayyappa and Neelima throughout their life remained
true devotees of Sabari who was also respectfully called ‘Sabari Matha’ or ‘Sabari
Devi’.
13. ERUMELY PETTAKETTU
The name and fame of Prince Sasthave spread across the land and the
neighboring Kingdom of Pandalam after defeating the invading fierce
Pandiyan army. The enemies came there to loot the Kingdom using
hundreds of buffalo carts. The enemies were forced to retreat towards the
Muslim settlement where Vaver mobilized his Muslim army to support his
friend,Sasthave. They together defeated the invading looters, besides killing
their buffalos or ‘erumakal’. Sasthave and his men made a victory Parade at
Muslim settlement that came to be known as ‘Erumely Petta’. The annual
celebration of the remembrance of the victory parade of Ayyappa later
became ‘Erumely Pettakettu’ jointly celebrated by Ayyappa Devotees,
Muslims and Christians. The Muslims declared Sasthave as their protector.
14. PRINCES NEELIMA
Princes Neelima, the daughter of the Munjanad King, fall in love with
Sasthave or Ayyappa and they were about to marry. The King of Pandalam
Kingdom got angry and revengeful towards the Kingdom of Munjanad for
protecting Ayyappa and making him a disciple of Sabari in the disguise as
a Buddhist under the name of Sasthave and declared war with Munjanad
Kingdom. Ayyappa with the help of the armies of his friends Waver and
Matthai, defeated and destroyed a sizable portion of the invading army of
the Pandalam Kingdom. The revengeful king of Pandalam executed the
father and mother of Ayyappa.
15. ZAMURIAN CONNECTION
Munjanad Kingdom had trade relationship with the Zamurian, the king
of Kozhikode. Buddhist monks from Lanka, Malayattoor, Perumpavoor,
Kodugallor, Ponnani, Thiroor, and Dharmadam used to visit Munjanad
Kings and stayed at Karimala. On the request of the Zamurian, a Young
Prince of Munjanad Kingdom, who was a student of Sabari had married
the only daughter of Zamurian and later became the Zamurian of
Kozikode. He even appointed some of the well trained Muslim warriors of
the Munjanad Kingdom in the service of Zamurian Kingdom. Kunjali
Marakkar was their decent.
16. PAMPA, SABARIMALA AND
DHARMA SASTHAVE
When Sabari was very sick, she called Ayyappa and made him as the head
of the Buddhist Monastery and Temple before her death designating him as
Dharma Sasthave. Being the head of the monastery and temple, Ayyappa had
to observe celibacy and he could not marry Princes Neelima. After the death
of Sabari, Ayyappa named the Buddhist Temple, Monastery and Seminary
Complex at Karimala as Sabarimala. He even constructed a shrine in her name
and made her the deity of Sabarimala. After knowing the execution of his
mother, Ayyappa named River Karimala as River Pampa in the memory of his
mother, Pampa.
17. MALIKAPURAM
As soon as Ayyappa was made as the head of the Buddhist
monastery, Princes Neelima opted to live like a Buddhist monk,
totally secluded in a separate room on the upstairs of the palace also
known as ‘malika’ and she came to be known as ‘Malikapuram’. By
knowing the pathetic condition of Princes Neelima,, Ayyappa
invited her to Sabarimala and made her to serve the disciples and
devotees and practice Ayurveda.
18. MALIKAPURATHAMMA
Malikapuram remained unmarried till her death serving the disciples
and devotees at Sabarimala, staying in a separate small house. Everybody
respectfully called her ‘Malikapurathamma’. She even visited and treated
Vaver at Erumely when he was sick, staying in a small house near the
Muslim temple. Later, the Muslim temple came to be known as ‘
Vaverupally‘ and the house in which Malikapurathamma stayed came to
be known as Kochambalam or Malikapuram Temple’.
19. ATTACKING & LOOTING
Pandalam Kingdom made a series of lootings and attacks of
the Munjanad Kingdom for supporting Sabarimala and
Sasthave. Consequently most of the precious wealth of the
Munjanad Kingdom had been kept in the secret chambers of
the Buddhist temple at Sabariamala. The Buddhist monks,
disciples and students of Sabarimala rendered whole hearted
support and protection to the King and Palace
20. THE FIRST BUDDHIST
KINGDOM
Consequently, Munjanad King and most of his subjects
embraced Buddhism and the Kingdom of Munjanad became the
first Buddhist kingdom in Kerala. That had provoked the Hindu
kings of Pandlam, Pandinad and Andhranad who jointly declared
war with Munjanad Kingdom as part of total cleansing of
Buddhism from Keralam, including Kodugallor, Malayatoor,
Dharmadam, Thrikannapuram, Karumady, Karunagappally,
Karthikapply, Monippally and etc..
21. BURNING ALIVE OF AYYAPPA
AND FALL OF MUNJANAD
KINGDOM
During the fierce war, the revengeful invaders murdered the King and
put fire on Sabarimala. Ayyappa and Malikapurathamma were burned alive
and Sabarimala was looted and destroyed without any traces. The
victorious army of the Pandalam King destroyed the palace and looted
the precious gold and diamond ornaments of Princes Neelima that had
been kept there on the direction of Ayyappa and carried them to Pandlam
in two boxes. They also carried out massive attacks, lootings and rapes of
the households of the Buddhists and even murdered many. Many women
were made captives and sex-slaves.
22. COLONIZATION OF ANDHRA
AND TAMIL FIGHTERS
After knowing the great famine in Tamilakam and Andhranad, the Hindu Fighters of those
countries and their Brahmin priests, refused to return to their countries and the Pandalam king
was forced to allow them to setup their colony in a low laying muddy area called Thazhamon
and to marry the captive Buddhist women. The ownership of those women had been wrested
with the Princes and Nampoothiries of Pandalam who could enter their houses at any time. Some
of the captive Buddhist women were made sex slaves known as ‘Devadasis” or ‘Koothachies’.
The Tamil and Andhra Brahmins remained very poor. The pathetic condition of the Brahmin
family of Thazhamon was brought to the notice of the King who appointed its male members as
the Palace priests with food and cloth allowances. The people called the Andhra and Tamil
military men as ‘Nayakers’ and gradually they came to be known as Nair Fighters under powerful
Namboothirs and Potties besides local chiefs.
23. PANDALAM PALACE AND
ANDHRA BRAHMINS
However, the Pandalam palace priests and astrologers predicted the
decline of the Kingdom and prohibited the use the gold ornaments of
Prince Neelima and looted items of Munjanad Palace. The king sought
the help of the Andhra Brahmins for remedy and special sacrifices. In
spite of all those rituals, the blood stains of Sabarimala and Nilakkal
haunted the Kingdoms of Pandalam, Tamil and Andhra, leading to their
decline and collapse.
24. MASS EXODUS OF BUDDHISTS
With the fall of Munjanad Kingdom and the destruction of Sabarimala, the
survived Buddhists made a mass exodus to neighboring areas, including Ranni,
Thiruvella, Chenganoor, Changanacherry, Kottayam, Kanjriappally, Pala,
Thodupuza, Moovattupuzha, Perumpavoor, Kalady and Malayattoor under
several groups. Those who migrated to Kottayam set up ‘Munjanad Kingdom at
Thazathnagadi when they became powerful. Some of the survivors found shelter
in the thick forests and became forest tribes in different names such as
Malayarans, Ulladens and Malapandarams. Gradually, Sabarimala and Nilakkal
turned into thick forests occupied by wild tigers, wolfs and elephants.
25. MASS CONVERSIONS TO
ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY
Brutal religious prosecution of the Buddhists had been carried out. In order
to escape from religious prosecution, some of the Buddhists embraced either
Islam or Christianity and lived like Arab Muslims or Christians from Syria who
had been given special privilege and protection by the Chera Kings. Thereafter,
Christians were known as Nazranies or Vadukars or Syrian Christians as they
were under Bishops from Syria and Muslims as Turks or ‘Thulukars’ for their
Turkish connection. Both Muslims and Christians were together called as
‘Mopilas’. However, they followed some of their old Buddhist traditions and
culture, including white long dress, Kalari and Ayurveda, trade and agriculture
and they even called their temples as ‘Pallies’, as Buddhists called their
temples as Pallies and schools as Pallykoodum.
26. BUDDHISTS, EZHAVAS AND
PULAYAS
An ardent group of Buddhists dared to remain Buddhists and moved
towards Kanjirappally and set up their colony at Parathode in
Kanjirappally with some of the treasures of Sabarimala. Nevertheless, a
sizable number of Buddhists had not converted either to Islam or
Christianity, but remained non-practicing Buddhists engaged in
agriculture and rearing domestic animals and they came to be known as
Ezhavas or Theyas or Chovers specializing in farming, coconut climbing
and toddy making. Those Buddhists who were working in the mud and
engaging in butchery were called as Pulayas and Parayas or Chermers.
27. BUDDHIST PLACE AND FAMILY
NAMES IN KERALA
In Kerala there are several Places and Families suffixed with the
term ‘Pally’ showing their Buddhist roots. Place names such as
‘Koovappally’, Kanjrappally, Thathampally, Monippally …are some
of the examples. The Buddhist roots of the several Hindu, Muslim
and Christian Families in Kerala can be found in their family
names such as Vellappally, Kadakampally, Pittappilly, Koippally,
Kollappally, Chittilappally, Kallampally, Kokkappally and so
many others.
28. NAIRS, BRAHMINS &
UNTOUCHABLES
Later, the Brahmins became influential landlords and temple priests
making Nairs their servants and guards or warriors. Some of the Nair
women became very influential over rich Brahmin landlords and they
became powerful landlords who had kept their men without any property
ownership rights. Gradually, they earned upper status in the society just
below the Brahmins. Ezhavas and Pulayas were considered impure and
untouchables. However, Christians and Muslims had been given special
status in the society for their money power and trade contacts.
29. PANDLAM PALACE AND
‘THIRUVABHARANAM
After the brutal murder of the Munjanad King, Ayyappa and
Malikapurthamma, everybody in the Pandalam kingdom considered that they
had the curse of Sabari, Dharma Sasthave and Malikapurathamma, as there
were series of tragedies in the Pandalam Palace . Nobody in the Pandalam
Palace dared even to touch the bounty of Sabarimala as everybody believed
that it would bring doom to the Kingdom. As a remedy, it was decided to
construct one temple for Sabari, Dharma Sasthave and Malikapurathamma
each. As repentance, it was decided to carry out the gold ornaments of
Princes Neelima, calling it as ‘Thiruvabhaaranam’ to Sabarimala during
Makarasankrathi Day and return it to Pandalam Palace.
30. PILGRIMAGE TO SABARIMALA
On every 14th day of January, the Makarasankrathy day on which
Ayyappa and Malikapurthamma were brutally murdered, some of the
daring and Sabari or Ayyappa devotee Buddhist, Ezhava, Pulaya,
Malayaraya, Muslim and Christian men and women, used to make annual
pilgrimages in the temple of Dharma Sasthave and Malikapurthamma at
Sabarimala. In order to hide their Buddhist roots they dressed with black
cloth instead of their usual white dress, calling each other ‘Ayyappa or
Ayyappa Swamy’ and chanting ‘Dharma Manthras’
31. MAKARA JOYTHI OR
VILAKKU.
The forest tribes settled at Ponnamabala Medu, near Sabarimala
became the Custodians and Tantries or Priests who used honey for
rituals. They used to put a big pier, danced around it and chanted
Ayyappa Manthras on Makara Sankranthi day remembering
Ayyappa and Malikapurathamma. The pilgrims at the top of
Sabarimala considered it something divine and called Makara
Joythi or Makara Vilakku.
32. ERUMUDIKETTU OR
TWIN BLACK BAG
Carrying head-loads of food and religious articles in a twin
black cloth bag, chanting Dharma Manthras, wearing black cloths
and, long beads after forty one days of preparations, including
prayers, celibacy and strict vegetarian food, Ayyappa devotees
performed the Sabarimala pilgrimage in one of the two occasions,
saying goodbye to the family members and friends, as there was no
guarantee of safe return from Sabarimala due to man eating
animals and notorious thieves and criminals.
33. SWAMY SARANAM AND
AYYAPPA SARANAM
The devotees, chanting Dharma and Ayyappa Manathras, such
as ‘Swamy Saranam and Ayyappa Saranam entered in Sabarimala in
small groups. The women pilgrims were respectfully called as
‘Malikapurams’. In order to reach Sabarimala, one had to walk
several days through thick forests without any road or other facility,
risking the life and facing wild tigers, elephants and deadly
poisonous snakes. Only daring women devotees used to make
pilgrimage to Sabarimala.
34. VAVERUPALLY AND
KOCHAMBALAM
The Sabarimala Ayyappa devotees used to stay one or two days at
Nilakkal, in different small groups under the direction of elderly
persons, called Guru Swamies, well versed in religious practices and
the safest forest route, through Erumely, visiting Vaverupally and
Kochambalam. The Muslims and Christians in Erumely used to treat
Ayyappa devotees or Sabarimala Pilgrims as their guests and rendered
all help and support to them till Erumely and Sabarimala had
developed with transportable roads, restaurants and hotels.
35. WOMEN AND
UNTOUCHABLES
However, ardent Hindus, including Nairs and Brahmins had not
been visiting Sabarimala for their religious and historical hate
towards Buddhism. The untouchable Ezhavas, Pulayas and Forest
Tribes besides the Muslims and Christians considered Sabarimala
as their ancestral pilgrimage Centre, Sabari their Deity and
Ayyappa their own Protector and Malikapurathmma their Goddess
without any caste or religion. Women pilgrims of all ages or castes
or religions used to visit Sabarimala and had respectfully been
called as ‘Malikapurams’ having special privileges. Nobody dared
to do any harm or disrespect to them.
36. MODERN HISTORY OF
SABARIMALA
Modern History of Sabarimala started with the rise of the Kingdom of
Travancore with Marthandavarma as king from 1729 to 1758 AD under the
Dewanship of Ramayyan Dalwa. The Travancore Kingdom spread across
Periyar to Cape Comerin after defeating and annexing Kingdoms of
Kayamkulam, Mavelikkara, Elayadth Swarrompam, Quilon,
Thazathangadi, and Cochin . He even put Zamorins of Calicut under
threat. Without any war, Pandalam king surrendered before
Marthandavarma and became one of his Principalities for its financial and
administrative crises and recurring misfortunes.
37. TREASURES OF SABARIMALA &
KANJIRAPPALLY
Ramayyan Dalawa , Prime Minister of Marthandavarma defeated the Nampoothiries
having armies of Nairs. Some of the defeated Nampoothiries and Nairs converted to
Christianity. From Pandalam King, Marthandavarma came to know about the vast
treasures of the erstwhile Munjanad Kingdom kept in the secret chambers of
Sabarimala, the Buddhist pilgrimage center and another sizable share with the Buddhist
settlement at Parathode in Kanjirappally. Marthandavarma sent his army to take
possession of the great treasures of Sabarimala and Buddhist settlement at
Kanjirappally and eliminated all the traces of Buddhism in Sabarimala, Nilakkal,
Kanjirappally and even Malayattoor.
38. BUDDHIST TREASURES AT
TRAVANCORE PALACE
In its search for the hidden treasures at Sabarimala, the Travancore army
with the support of the Pandalam Palace destroyed all remaining structures of
Nilakkal and Sabarimala, except a statue of meditating Buddha mistaken as
Shiva and finally unearthed several box full of precious metals, gold coins and
ornaments. Then the army moved to destroy the Buddhist settlement at
Kanjirappally and loot the precious wealth. After a prolonged war, the army had
defeated the Buddhists in Kanjirappally and taken possession of the vast
treasures kept in several boxes. Travancore army had transported all the treasure
boxes to the Travancore Palace at Anthapuram or Trivandrum.
39. PA DBHA NABHA SWA MY TEMPLE’S
SECR ET TR EA SUR ES WORTH BILLIONS
A series of tragic incidents had happened in the Palace,
including the king’s sleepless nights, terrifying dreams, frequent
falls from the royal couch, a serious wound during royal hunting
and chronic illness of the queen. On the advices of the palace
priests and astrologers, Marthandavarma decided to shift the
entire treasures of Sabarimala and Kanjirappally and keep them in
the secret cells of the chambers of the Padbhanabha Swami
Temple, Thiruvanathapuram as something haunted or cursed.
40. SABARIMALA AS A HINDU
PILGRIMAGE CENTER
During the time of Ramayyan Delava, the Prime Minister of Travancore
under Marthandavarma, attempts had been made to convert Sabarimala
as a pure Hindu Temple and Pilgrimage Centre making use of Hindu
Mythologies and Ayyappa as a mythological entity, taking away his
Buddhist root . Accordingly, Ayyappa was presented as the son of the
Union between two Hindu male gods, Siva and Vishu and projected as the
destroyer of Mahishasura, demon looked like a buffalo so as to prevent
the arrival of Buddhists during Makarasankranthi day.
41. SABARIMALA UNDER DIRECT
CONTROL OF TRAVANCORE
Ramayyan Delava wanted to have a direct control over the forest wealth
and spices of the Central Travancore and he nationalized trade of spices
and forest products. He appointed Mathen Taraken of Munjand family as
the local chief and the custodian of the spices and the forest wealth,
including that of Sabarimala region. Ramayyan Delava constructed a Siva
Temple in Nilakkal and appointed some employees there. However, the
Kerala and Tamil Brahmins refused to perform as priests in Sabarimala and
Nairs refused to enter Sabarimala even during Makarasankarathi.
42. MA LAYA TOOR A S A CHR ISTIA N
P ILG R IMA G E CENT ER
By knowing that a large number of Christians, Thiyas and Pulayas of
Buddhist root had been performing pilgrimage to the Malayatoor Hill,
Ramayyan Delava encouraged Christians to convert it as a Christian Pilgrimage
Center. Mythology related to the prayer and meditation of St.Thomas, one of
the disciples of Jesus had been attributed to the Malayatoor Hill, had been
crafted and made popular even though the pilgrims used to climb to the top
chanting Buddha Manthra as ‘Muthappan Saranam’ in stead of ‘Ayyappa
Saranama’ at Sabarimala. Christians and Hindus used to climb the top of the
hill during the eve of Easter
43. C.P.RAMASWAMY IYAR
As soon as Sir C.P. Ramasway Iyer became the Deleva of
Travancore, he made strenuous efforts to cut off the minutest
Buddhist traces of Sabarimala and Ayyappa by placing the King of
Pandalam as the foster father of Ayyappa and elevated Ayyappa to
the status of a Hindu deity and even constructed a Hindu temple
making Ganapathi and Malikapurthamma as sub-deities. He
prohibited Ezhavas, Pulayas and Forest Tribal people to perform as
priests or tantries of Sabarimala but only Brahmins.
44. TANTRY, PRIESTS AND
WOMEN PILGRIMS
Since Brahmins from Kerala refused to serve Sabarimala, one Brahmin
family of Andhra origin called Thazathumon was appointed as the Tantry
of Sabarimala and later Kerala Brahmins were made as priests of Nilakkal
and Sabarimala. C.P. Ramasway Iyer encouraged Nairs in large numbers to
perform pilgrimage to Sabarimala. Daring young women devotees used to
visit Sabarimala as ‘Malikapurms’, after observing fasting and
vegetarianism and walking through deep forest tracks, though it involves
great risk, including tiger attacks and sexual harassment by the criminals.
Gradually the number of women pilgrims had been reduced considerably.
45. PROHIBITION OF WOMEN
However, the Kerala High Court prohibited women having menstrual cycle
or childbearing age to visit Sabarimala in its verdict in 1990 that has been
recently revoked by the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court of India.
The verdict indirectly challenged the ownership right of Pandalam Royal
family and the Sabarimala Tantri or Priest Family from Andhra over
Sabarimala. They instigated conservative Hindus in Kerala, including women,
to protest violently against Supreme Court Verdict permitting women of all
ages to enter Sabarimala as something against Hinduism and Sabarimala
practices. Political parties like BJP and Congress rushed to make use of it for
their political advantages.
46. VIOLENT AGITATIONS
Sabarimala Agitation against the entry of young women has turned violent
having several legal and political consequences and gone out of the control as
well as that of BJP and RSS that exploited it effectively for their political agenda.
Criminals and even well trained Islamic State fighters disguised as ‘ Ayyappa
Devotees’ have been attacking old women pilgrims and children as the Protectors
of Ayyappa and Sabarimala, along with conservative caste Hindus. Their aim is
the end of Sabarimala as a pilgrim center without any caste or religion for its
Buddhist root but to bring it under the ownership of Pandalam Palace and
Tantry family .
47. THE HOPE & PRAYER
It is hoped that Sabarimala and Ayyappa do remain
free from any caste or religion or political controversy or
violence or bloodshed as they are the embodiment of
Humanism, Universality and Spirituality of Sanathana
Dharma rooted in the Buddhist Yoga and Dharma for
realizing ‘Thathwamasi’ or ‘ Aham Brahmasmi’.
48. CONCLUSION
This write up is based on what I read on Ancient Kerala History, my
discussions with Professors M.G.S. Narayanan, Rghava Warrior and M.
M. Purushotaman Nair of Calicut University besides, some members
of Zamurian family, Calicut , elder members of my paternal Munjanad
family, Kanjirappally and maternal Mannoor family at Pala. On the
basis of new evidences, it can be modified. It can be used for bringing
out attractive films and TV programs as Sabarimala has attracted
global attention. Further research must be conducted to explore the
hidden chapters of the local History of Kerala.
49. SA BR IMA LA AY YA PPA - EMBODIMENT
OF KER A LA CULTUR E
Sabarimala is the embodiment of Culture and Socio-Economic-
Political Life of Kerala. It is a confluence of several streams of faiths and
religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism as well as Islam and
Christianity . Ayyappa, emerged as Dharmasastha, represents Sanathana
Dharma and higher Hindu & Buddhist Yoga and Meditation. The
principle deities of Sabarimala are Sabari, Dharmasastha and
Malikapurathamma, with Vaverswamy as a sub-deity; later Siva and
Ganesh were extrapolated as part of the strategy of Brahmanicalization
of Ayyappa and Sabarimala.
50. A BOUT THE AUTHOR
On the basis of his book published from UK in 1981, Dr. R. M. Mathew was nominated
to two international expert committees,, having consultative status with UN & UNESCO,
as the youngest member in 1983. In 1985, he formulated two basic theories on Knowledge
Consumption & Production, now known as Mathew’s Theories of Knowledge, published
from Moscow. They have become an area for doctoral research works. In 2005, Dr. Mathew
propounded Knowmatics, Cybernetics of Knowledge.
Dr. Mathew has supervised 12 doctoral works based on the Vedas & Upanishads, the
Bible & Quran, Ayurveda & Tribal Medicine, Higher Education Management, IT & Kerala
Development. Dr. Mathew writes extensively on Global Economic Crisis, Islamic
Terrorism, Education and Information Technology. Most of his works have wider
readership and appeared over eight languages, including Arabic, Chinese, …..
Twitter@drrajumathew, Linkedin: https://ae.linkedin.com/in/munjanad