The document discusses the history of Stonehenge and the Beaker People who inhabited the area around 2500 BCE. It explains that the Beaker People were skilled miners and traders of metals. They transformed Stonehenge by reorienting its axis to align with the summer solstice sunrise, adding stones to mark the summer and winter solstices. The document also briefly describes the megalithic temples of Malta, which date back to around 4000 BCE and were likely used for religious rituals and communal gatherings.

1. History and Theory of Architecture (1) - 0902241
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University of Jordan
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture

2. The Stonehenge
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3. LOCATION : SOUTH ENGLAND , NEAR
SALISBURY
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4.  Among Bronze Age sites in Europe,
Stonehenge is preeminent. It has been
wrecked by the Romans, who were trying
to suppress local religions .
 threatened with demolition in 1914;
sold at auction in 1915 for £6,600; and,
finally, its value as an irreplaceable relic of
England’s past understood, given to that
nation in 1918. Today, this structure is one of
England’s most important tourist attractions.
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5. THE MEGALITHIC TEMPLES IN MALTA
COMPARED WITH STONEHENGE
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6. Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 3000 BCE
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9. WHO IS THE BEAKER PEOPLE ?
(WHAT THE BEAKER CULTURE !)
AND WHAT IS THEIR EFFECT ?
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10. The origin of the Beaker People is much debated;
the argument that they come from eastern
Europe is strengthened by the fact that they
were experts in the mining and trading of gold
and copper. Metal ores had been discovered,
perhaps by the Beaker People themselves, at
several places in Ireland, as well as at Great
Orme’s Head on the north coast of Wales
facing the Irish Sea.
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11. Around 2500 BCE, the structure was
transformed by the Beaker People, so named
because of the fine beaker vessels that they
produced and that have been found in their
villages and tombs.
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12. The Sun rises
between the Heel
stone and another
stone –
Midsummer
sunrise
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13. At the center of their cosmology was a
connection between the smelting of ore and
the sun. For this reason they had to redesign
Stonehenge, transforming its orientation
from the moon to the sun. To do this they
rotated the axis an almost imperceptible 3
degrees eastward to coincide with the rising
midsummer sun, according to the research
of Gerald S. Hawkins in collaboration with
John B. White. The Beaker People also
imposed a rectangular shape measuring 33
by 80 meters onto the circle by adding four
large stones that point to summer and winter
risings and settings. Though the precise
nature of how the stones worked is in dispute,
Stonehenge’s latitude, as it turns out, is the
only one in Europe where this combination is
even possible.
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14. Stonehenge, ca. 2500 BCE
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15. Reorientation of Stonehenge by the
Beaker People
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16. Stonehenge, ca. 2200 BCE
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17. Stonehenge, ca. 1800 BCE
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18. Plan showing Stonehenge in relation to
the cursus
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19. MEGALITHIC TEMPLES OF MALTA
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20. Megalithic Temples of Malta
Around 4000 BCE, settlers arrived at the
Maltese archipelago, a string of rocky islands
between Sicily and the North African coast.
There they set up farms and traded with
Sicily and Sardinia for flint, obsidian, and
other nonnative tools and materials. It is
difficult to know the climatic and geographic
conditions of the islands at the time. Today,
without modern technology, the island would
be relatively inhospitable, given that there
are few trees and no natural water sources.
But in ancient times there must have been
natural springs and an environment suitable
for agriculture, for the Maltese flourished for
a thousand years, between 3500 and 2500
BCE, more or less contemporaneously with
the Old Kingdom in Egypt.
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21. Figure of the earth goddess
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22. The interior of Hai saflieni hypogeum , malta
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23. Animal bones and statuettes
testify to the ritual offerings and sacrifices
that were likely associated with the cult. Many
temples contained carved or freestanding
stone altars, and most had libation stones
with wells for liquid offerings to the earth. The
later temples have a type of plaza in front and
were equipped with stone benches, indicating
that the temples were used for communal
gatherings.
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