This document summarizes information about bones, including their structure, function, and remodeling process. It discusses the three types of bone tissue - compact, cancellous, and subchondral tissue. It also outlines the main bone cells - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes - and their roles in bone formation and resorption. Finally, it lists several factors, like growth hormones and physical stresses, that influence the ongoing process where old bone is broken down and replaced with new bone tissue.

1. DEPARTMENT OF HISTOLOGY
PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED BY
GROUP: 11-21
SUBMITTED TO: Miss Aidana
Topic : The restructuring of the bones, factors influencing its
structure. Connecting bones
SHYMKENT- 2022

2. CONTENT:
• BONE
• FUNCTION OF BONE
• TYPES OF BONE CELLS
• RESTRUCTURING OF BONE
• FACTORS AFFECTING THE REBUILDING OF BONE
• FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS STRUCTURE.
• CONNECTING BONES
• ECTOPIC DEVELOPMENT

3. BONES
Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's
skeleton.
There are 3 types of bone tissue, including the
following:
•Compact tissue. The harder, outer tissue of
bones.
•Cancellous tissue. The sponge-like tissue
inside bones.
•Subchondral tissue. The smooth tissue at the
ends of bones,
which is covered with another type of tissue
called cartilage. Cartilage is the specialized,
gristly connective tissue that is present in adults.
It is also the tissue from which most bones
develop in children

4. • Bones are classified by their shape—as long, short, flat, and
irregular. Primarily, they are referred to as long or short.
• There are 206 bones in the human skeleton, not including teeth
and sesamoid bones (small bones found within cartilage):
• 80 axial bones. This includes the head, facial, hyoid, auditory,
trunk, ribs, and sternum.
• 126 appendicular bones. This includes arms, shoulders, wrists,
hands, legs, hips, ankles, and feet.

5. What are the functions of bone?
• Bone provides shape
and support for the body,
as well as protection for
some organs. Bone also
serves as a storage site
for minerals and
provides the medium—
marrow—for the
development and
storage of blood cells.

6. The different types of bone cells include
the following:
• Osteoblast. Found within the bone, its function is to form new
bone tissue.
• Osteoclast. A very large cell formed in bone marrow, its
function is to absorb and remove unwanted tissue.
• Osteocyte. Found within the bone, its function is to help
maintain bone as living tissue.
• Hematopoietic. Found in bone marrow, its function is to
produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Fat cells are also found within the bone marrow.

7. The restructuring of the bones
• Bone is constantly renewed by the
balanced action of osteoblastic
bone formation and osteoclastic
bone resorption both of which
mainly occur at the bone surface.
This restructuring process called
"bone remodeling" is important
not only for normal bone mass and
strength, but also for mineral
homeostasis.

8. Factors affecting the rebuilding of bone
• Bone growth factors affect the
process of bone remodeling.
These factors include insulin-
like growth factors I and II,
transforming growth factor
beta, fibroblast growth
factor, platelet-derived
growth factor, and bone
morphogenetic proteins.
Bone volume is determined by
the rates of bone formation
and bone resorption.

9. Factors influencing its structure.
• Several hormones make
important contributions to bone
growth and maintenance.
These include growth
hormone, thyroxine,
parathyroid hormone, and
insulin, which help regulate
cell division, pro-tein synthesis,
calcium metabolism, and
energy production.

10. Connecting bones
• A ligament is a
fibrous connective
tissue that attaches
bone to bone, and
usually serves to hold
structures together and
keep them stable.

11. Ectopic development
• Normally, the fertilized egg
attaches to the lining of the
uterus. An ectopic
pregnancy occurs when a
fertilized egg implants and
grows outside the main
cavity of the uterus. An
ectopic pregnancy most often
occurs in a fallopian tube,
which carries eggs from the
ovaries to the uterus.

12. CONCLUSION
• Bones are an important part of
the musculoskeletal system
and serve many core functions,
as well as supporting the
body's structure and
facilitating movement. Bone is a
dynamic structure, which is
continually remodelled in
response to stresses placed on
the body.

13. GLOSSARY:
SRL. WORD DEFINITION
1 BONE Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton.
2 MARROW a long white-fleshed gourd with green skin, which is eaten as a vegetable
3 OSTEOBLAST a cell which secretes the substance of bone.
4 FALLOPIAN either of the pair of tubes that carry the egg from the ovary to the uterus.
5 OVARY a female reproductive organ in which ova or eggs are produced, present in humans and other
vertebrates as a pair.
6 LIGAMENT short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages
or holds together a joint.
7 HORMONE regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or
sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
8 ECTOPIC occurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form ectopic lesions.
9 IMPLANT insert or fix (tissue or an artificial object) in a person's body, especially by surgery.
10 MUSCOSKELETON relating to both muscles and the skeleton.

14. Reference:
1. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology.
2. Boron & Boulpaep Medical physiology.
3. Costanzo's Physiology.
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology#:~
:text=Evolutionary%20biology%20is%20the%20subfiel
d,of%20life%20forms%20on%20Earth.
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)

15. THANK
YOU