High School Discourse Analysis

High School Discourse Analysis
The Discourse community that I selected to present is my high school AP English three course.
Although a substantial amount of knowledge was obtained in this class, the growing problem of a
lack of dedication was harming it.
According to the author, James Paul Gee, in "Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction", my
AP English three class is a secondary dominant Discourse as it possessess "the (potential)
acquisition of social 'goods' (money, prestige, status, etc.)" This course is designed to help students
earn college credits through preparation for a challenging exam. In order to fulfill this purpose,
assignments are vigorously administered to enhance the three genres writing, reading, and speech.
Students begin to retain what they have learned and apply this in the classroom, developing an
English dialect within the division of labor between the student and teacher that contains intense
words and ceases to have slang. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ranging from writing sixteen page essays to interpreting twelve pages of texts constantly, students
expend their energy without any real break to recover. This results in the degradation of grades and
learning capabilities as individuals become increasingly stressed to continue on. Teachers acquire a
difficulty to perform their jobs because students stop desiring to understand. This can be extremely
harmful when AP exams take place towards the end of the year since students are often too
exhausted by this point to perform well on the test. If students are tremendously tired, the "shared
objective" of a Discourse community as expressed by John Swales in "Characteristics of a Discourse
Community", will inevitably fail. Many people engage in the class for college credit and because of
their fatigue, all the progress that they have made is
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Difference Between Cohesion And Cohesion
.Theoretical part 1. Scope of the study
Language is not realized by some unrelated sentences but by varying number of utterances. The
stretch of language may be spoken or written. Cohesion therefore is the glue that holds words
together. In other words, if an essay is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and
from paragraph to paragraph. A speaker of English who hears or reads a passage of the language
which is more than one sentence in length can normally decide without difficulty whether it forms a
unified whole or it is just a collection of unrelated sentences. Thus a unified text is achieved by the
use of cohesive devices. The scope of the study focuses on articles of the writers; Ammar Ali and
Azmi ashour from Al–Ahram ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This relation has been referred to as a superordinate or hyponomic relation in most of the earlier
studies or inclusion: specific–general by McCarthy (P.57)
The second major element of lexical cohesion is collocation.(
Nunan1993, P.29) declared that collocation can cause problems for discourse analysis, because it
includes semantically related item and this makes it difficult to determine if there is any cohesive tie
or not. Much linguistics refuses to deal with collocation because of this.
Grammatical cohesion Any discourse must be related not only lexically but also grammatically.
(McCarthy, 1991, 34–35) says that grammatical cohesion is the surface in written discourse.it is
displayed by spoken and written discourses and those links are classified into three categories:
references, ellipsis, substitution and conjunction.Grammatical cohesion is divided into references,
ellipsis, substitution and conjunction. According to Brown and Yule (1983), the traditional semantic
of reference is that its relationship is held between expressions in text and the world, and between
different parts of text. There is a different account of the co–reference relation, paying attention to
pronouns.

Critical Discourse Analysis Of President Bush Speech
Critical discourse analysis of president Bush speech at Tsinghua University, China
Safia Mujtaba Alsied
Sebha University
Abstract:
This paper is a critical discourse analysis of the speech of the former American president George
Bush at the University Tsinghua in Beijing in China which is one of the most famous universities in
China. This visit is considered as a third time visit by a US president to give a speech at a campus
university in China since the beginning of establishing a diplomatic relationship between China and
America in 1972. The subject of this study was in (22–2 2002) by the former U.S.A. president
George Bush ,and this speech was addressed to Chinese students .The central aim of Bush's speech
was to confirm the following issues: American ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(ed.), London, 258–284
Benke, G. (2000): "Diskursanalyse als sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchungsmethode".
SWS Rundschau(2), 140–162
Wodak, R. (2000): "Recontextualisation and the transformation of meaning: a critical dis– course
analysis of decision making in EU–meetings about employment policies". In:
Sarangi, S./ Coulthard, M. (eds.): Discourse and Social Life. Harlow: Pearson Educa– tion, 185–206
Van Dijk , T.A. (1985): Prejudice in Discourse. Amsterdam: Benjamins
Van Dijk, T.A. (1993): "Principles of critical discourse analysis". In: Discourse & Society, 4(2),
249–283.
James Paul Gee, 2005 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
Janks, H. (1997). 'Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural
Politics of Education, 18(3), 329–342.
Fairclough, Norman: Language and Power. Ch. three. London 1989.
Janks, Hillary: Critical Discourse Analysis as a research tool. In: Discourse: Studies in the Cultural
Politics of Educatuion, 18(3), 329–342. (1997). fairclough, Norman: The Discourse Analysis of
New Labour: Critical Discourse Analysis, 229–266.
In: Wetherell, M. (et al.): Discourse as Data. London

Linguistic Research Questions
Part one : The issues, and research questions in linguistics. Jane Sunderland. Qualitative, or
Quantitavie or both? Merged processes in linguistic researches. Jo Angouri. Part two : Quantitative
and quantity research methods. Quantitative methods: concepts, structures and issues. Sebastian M.
Rasinger. Arranging and processing your data: the nuts and bolts of quantitative analyses. Erez
Levon, Corpus methods in linguistic. Paul Baker. Part three : Qualitative methods of research.
Discourse approaches to text and talk. Judith Baxter. Linguistic ethnography. Angela Creese.
Considerable interviews and focus groups. Lia Litosseliti ,Nigel Edley,. Multi–type examination:
key issues. Carey Jewitt. and Jeff Bezemer. Narrative analysis within linguistic research. Julio
Gimenez. In the introduction, the purpose and objectives of this book, is that the book perform as an
essential primary source for researchers and graduate students. In addition to that it provides a short
summary of the papers that act in accordance with the collected works. ... Show more content on
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A one significant and remarkable dissimilarity between the two is that thesis are more accurate,
however, research questions drop the issues that are brought to impose light only by additional
research. Research questions generally derived from existing research and the mysterious elements
of it. There is also a debate on the reseach questions types, example; primary and secondary,
speculative and empirical,...etc, Jane Sunderland notes that research questions must be organised
and understandable, intellectually defiant, and

Alan Wardle's Discourse Community Analysis
When one has authority in a discourse community they need to know how to use it appropriately. In
Wardle's reading she gives an example of this about a guy named Alan joining a discourse
community within his workplace. As we know, Alan was a computer support specialist in the
humanities department, who was young and just out of college. Alan left his first job because he
thought that he was not granted any responsibility (291). He then found another job within the
university working on computers. Right off the start Alan was making decisions as being the only
computer specialist within the start of his new position. As Wardle states, Alan did not have to
necessarily prove his knowledge like most people who start a job (292). The first mistake ... Show
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In the discourse community he was apart of all of them had a "highly literate, hyper–aware language
users, who valued professional, grammatically correct, Standard English in written communication"
(Wardle 295). Another one of Swales points in his criteria is that a discourse community has some
sort of lexis, meaning a language specific to that discourse community (Swales 222). Alan's form of
communication to his community was email, however, his co–workers were older than him and saw
the way he would write his emails as informal and inappropriate (Wardle 294). Alan did not adapt to
the change and even resisted from changing his ways of composing emails. Alan believed since he
had authority they would adapt to his style. As a result he was not able to communicate with his
community, which is necessary for a discourse community to function. With Alan choosing not to
participate it resulted in "disturbances and breakdowns in work processes" (Hasu and Engestrom 65)
(Wardle295). As we can tell from Wardle's story about Alan and Swales criteria for a discourse
community, it might not be always difficult to obtain authority but is difficult to use that authority
within your discourse

Asylum Seekers Discourse Analysis
One of the most contentious discourses to ever exist in the Australian news media is that which
concerns asylum seekers. Discourse is defined as an organisation of socially constructed knowledge
about an aspect of reality (Foucault 1977; Hall 1997; van Leeuwen 2005), and racism is a system of
oppression targeting members of ethnic groups who share bodily phenotypes such as skin
pigmentation (Erikson 2010, Luke and Carrington 2000, Scholte 2000). This essay will firstly argue
that Australia's dominant discourse portrays asylum seekers in a racist manner. Then, it will
determine this discourse to be largely constructed by the news media: the mass communication
channels (such as newspapers, television, and the Internet) that report recent events ... Show more
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In 2011, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship enacted regulations to prevent journalists
from showing the faces of asylum seekers (Bleiker, Campbell, Hutchison and Nicholson 2013).
These restrictions reflect the findings of the Senate inquiry of 2002 that uncovered "explicit
governmental directives not to 'personalise' or 'humanise' the issue of asylum seekers" (Bleiker,
Campbell, Hutchison and Nicholson 2013, pp. 412). For these reasons, it can be concluded that in
the case of visual representations, the news media reflects, rather than constructs racist

Discourse Analysis: Analysis Of Language
Discourse analysis is the analysis of language in use. This goes beyond the use of words or clauses,
or even sentences. It has to do with the study of speeches and the analysis of what we see, hear, or
even face in everyday life. Discourse analysis has many approaches: for example, we have speech
acts, pragmatics, critical discourse analysis, conversational analysis and the ethnography of
speaking. I will start by giving brief definitions of each of the approaches. Austin (1962) defined
speech acts as the actions performed when saying something, and they are categorized as
declarations, representations, commissives, directives, and expressives. Pragmatics consists of four
maxims which are essential for a cooperative conversation. Grice (1975) talked about these maxims
which are the maxim of quality, quantity, relation, and manner. The maxim of quality is to answer a
question by a response you are sure about. This maxim can be flouted to avoid answering a question
by using a hyperbole or so. The maxim of quantity is by giving the right amount of information
while answering a question or talking. It can be flouted by giving too little or too much information
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many strategies to improve students' learning and the way they comprehend things, or
what we call the discourse processing mechanisms (Graesser& Person, n.d, p. 8). Construct
explanations by asking the "WH" questions to analyze the whole atmosphere of what you are
reading, and to comprehend the material. Asking questions is a must to understand what is being
given and explained. Not to forget that tutoring and teaching others what you know helps in
implementing the material inside the brain and gives self–confidence to the student. Finally, raising
debatable topics helps students interact and talk to defend their point of view regarding a specific

Discourse Analysis : A Discourse Analyst
Discourse analysis is another method that can be used to analyze topics regarding international
relations. This theory uses multiple approaches to analyze any written or oral piece of
communication to look for semiotics within. Usually the particularly communication being analyzed
is of speeches, communiqués, and press releases which are produced by world leaders and
politicians. This analysis looks to find the meaning and significance behind the words being used.
What is being said directly? What is actually meant? What tone is being used? Which words are
being stressed? These are all important questions for a discourse analyst in undertaking a particular
piece of communication. A discourse analyst will search for comparisons, themes, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Food security effects all nations where anyone has the risk of going hungry, not just because there is
food. In May, 2017, Barack Obama gave an impactful speech on the subject of food security and
climate change at the Seed and Chips Global Food Innovation Summit (see Appendix 1). He
discussed in great length the reality of how no country or group of people will be salvaged from the
effects of climate change, and how the global food source is diminishing a great speed. The
objective of his speech was to capitalize on the notion that food is an unavoidable link in the chain
of development. It is necessary for social equality, education, health, growing economies and for the
globe. There are many linguistic tools worth discussing that played a part in the effectiveness of this
speech in mobilizing efforts for food security. In part of discursive theories, analysts want to
understand how a certain actor is defining what the threat to security is, and what security really
means. In this speech, Obama explains that the principle threat is climate change and implies that
without climate change, we would not have the same amount of food insecurity that we do today.
The reduction of clean water and the unpredictable changes in temperature has created stress on
individual countries, and by domino effect, the world. Climate change is accelerated by the poor
conditions we have chosen to meet our food production needs. He uses the example of meat
production

Examples Of Discourse Analysis Essay
2.0 Critical Discourse Analysis
There has been much written in recent years about CDA in its broadest sense. It appears to be quite
difficult to define in simple terms and this is probably due to the nature of CDA. It encompasses a
number of general tenets and uses a large range of techniques. It aims primarily to identify socio–
political inequalities that exist in society. Fairclough (1995b) provides us with a useful definition
that encapsulates most other definitions of CDA:
[CDA is the study of] often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a)
discursive practices, events and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and
processes; to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of ... Show more content on
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1995. 'Grammar in discourse: attitude and deniability', in G. Cook, and
B. Seidlhofer, (eds.) Principle & Practice in Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
pp.197–213.
Fairclough, N. 1989. Language and Power, London: Longman
Fairclough, N. 1992. Discourse and Social Change, London: Polity Press
Fairclough, Norman (1995a). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of
Language. London: Longman
Fairclough, Norman (1995b). Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold
Langer, R. 1998. 'The concept of discourse in the analysis of complex communication events'
[Online], http://www.diskurs.dk/litteratur/pdf/artikler/Langer,%20Roy_The%20concept%20of
%20discourse%20in%20the%20analysis_IKL–paper%201998.pdf (accessed 26th January 2015).
Caldas–Coulthard, C.R. and M. Coulthard, (eds.) 1996 Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical
Discourse Analysis, London: Routledge.
Krishnamurthy, R. 1996. 'Ethnic, racial and tribal: the language of racism?' in C.R.
Pennycook, A. 1994. 'Incommensurable Discourses?' in Applied Linguistics, Vol.15,
No.2, pp.115–138. Oxford University Press.
Widdowson, H.G. 1995. 'Discourse analysis: a critical view.' in Language and
Literature 4,

Examples Of Critical Discourse Analysis
CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
To understand the concept of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is necessary to see how CDA
defines discourse. Discourse is not simply an isolated textual or dialogical structure (van Dijk,
1988). It is seen as socially constructed ways that do not only shape but also enable (social) reality
(Foucault, 1977; Paltridge, 2006). It involves "a dialectical relationship between a particular
discursive event and the situation(s), institution(s), and social structure(s) which frame it"
(Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 258). It also helps to establish power relations between social
classes, gender, or majorities and minorities groups (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Therefore, CDA acts
as an approach that critically investigates the relationship between discourse and the reproduction of
power in social practices and interactions (Fairclough, 1995 as cited ... Show more content on
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Therefore, one of the distinguishing features of DHA is its interdisciplinary method that considers a
variety of different empirical data and background information (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
The historical dimension is realized by collecting all information regarding the historical
background and the original sources of the object under investigation and exploring diachronic
change (Matouschek et al. 1995; Wodak et al., 1990, 1994 as cited in van Leeuwen & Wodak, 1999).
Specifically, the process of analysis in DHA starts by describing the phenomena occurred in texts.
Then, describing the apparent changes. Finally, discussing the result to find how and why change
occurs since the purpose of DHA is to uncover the ideology in diachronic texts (Slavícková,

Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) refers to the use of an ensemble of techniques for the study of
textual practice and language use as social and cultural practices (Fair clough, 1992). In brief, CDA
engages in normative critique and judgement on both discourse and the society. The following essay
will discuss the aims and potential social contributions of CDA. To begin with, the principal unit of
analysis for critical discourse analysis is the language. With various uses and functions, such as
academic discourse, media discourse, political discourse, and marketing discourse, it creates diverse
power and influences people and the society. From a discourse analytical and sociopolitical point of
view, it is tempting to study the relations between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, CDA works as an effective method to educate people to achieve life equality.
As the aforementioned aims, CDA is a kind of academic activism which determines to tackle the
real problems which threaten the lives of many. With CDA, values are drawn and constructing the
society at the same time. It reproduces social dominations which is the power abuse of one group
over others. The structural understanding presupposes more general insights, and sometimes indirect
and long–term analyses of fundamental causes and consequences of such issues.
According to a CDA of Obama's Political Discourse done by Juraj Horváth, the key ideological
components of Obama's speech can be summarized into the concepts of pragmatism, liberalism,
inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. Besides, the results of the
keyword analysis show the most prominent words employed by Obama are nation, new and
America, and an overall dominance of the personal pronoun "we". The analysis helps us better
understand the underlying theme of the speech, which is the need of inclusive perception, and the
notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society.
These ideologies are transmitted to our brains and somehow changing our

Mental Representation Of Critical Discourse Analysis
Mental representation in Critical Discourse Analysis
Levels of analysis
This phrase is applied to social sciences to point to the location, size or scale of a research target. It
is unique from the term 'unit of observation" as the former relates to an integrated set of
relationships while the latter is about the distinct unit from which data will be gathered. The levels
of analysis are not mutually exclusive but an in critical discuss analysis research generally falls
under micro level and the macro level of analysis.
Macro versus micro level of analysis
The usage of language, discourse communication, and verbal interaction belong to the micro level of
the social order. On the other hand, powered, dominance and inequality between social groups are
concepts that relate to the macro level of analysis. Critical discourse analysis bridges the gap
between the micro and macro level of analysis that get to be a sociological construct in its own right.
The macro and micro levels of interactions integrate into being one whole that is unified. For
example, a racist remark in parliament is a discourse at the micro level of the social interaction but
at the same time, it may also constitute a part of legislation or reproduction at racism at the macro
level. The language of thought hypothesis(LOTH) states that the nature of thought and thinking is
undertaken in a mental language i.e. it is done in a symbolic system that is physically realized in the
brain of Humans. Critical

Examples Of Discourse Analysis As Ideology
The Review of Discourse Analysis as Ideology Analysis (Teun A.Van Dijk)
By
Siti Fitriah (120110101077)
A. Introduction Generally, discourse is the study of language which is expressed through text and
talk. it covers a lot of thing which is used as a media to express human mind. It can be in the form of
film, movie, cartoon, newspaper, magazine etc, as long as people can express what they propose to.
Some people like to produce sentences which have an implicit meaning or hidden meaning rather
than use explicit meaning or clear meaning according to their porpose. Furthermore, some of them
may like to reveal their ideology to show their identity and proud, but some of them may not
because of some reasons, such as politics or status, so they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In addition, it expresses the structure of words and its meaning in order to get the intended meaning.
Surface structure of discourse should be `marked`, for example, when people have speech and they
don`t use normal intonation, it should mean something, why they do that. Also when the headline of
news in the news paper use big size rather than a normal size, it should also have a meaning. In a
sum up, surface structure is kind of signal that everything means something and it can be realized
through the analysing of discourse structure. Syntax is the study of structure. It is used as approach
to analyse the intended meaning of the text through the structure, such as the structure of sentences
in news paper, speech, film, cartoon, magazine etc. It is used as a tool to analyse the ideology of
people. It also belongs to negative and positive act which can be expressed through the syntactic

Thesis On Courtroom Argumentation
This dissertation takes courtroom argumentation as a form of practical argumentation whose
purpose is "to gain the assent or adherence of the audience to a claim." (Sanders 2006). Drawing on
Martin's (2008) notion of affiliation from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics
(hereafter SFL), the dissertation investigates the similar ways through which public prosecutors and
defense lawyers seek for bonding in the legal field as well as how they use different experience–
infused values in achieving affiliation in the discourse of courtroom argumentation. 如果研究的是
控辩双方的法律身份及其与法官的结盟，是不是与论文题目有些脱节，或联系的不是很紧密
This introductory chapter will briefly present the orientation, assumptions and methodologies of the
dissertation to foreground the subsequent chapters. We start this chapter by introducing rationale and
background of the research in Section 1.1 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date, courtroom argumentation studies have become a meeting point for scholars from forensics,
linguistics, psychology and many other disciplines. Generally speaking, in line with Aristotle's
argumentation theory (2007), which emphasises on the trichotomy of logic, dialectic and rhetoric,
there are three distinguished approaches to courtroom argumentation studies: the logical, the
dialogical and the rhetorical. The logical approach sees arguments as the product of the activity of
arguing; the dialectical approach takes argumentation as a procedure consisting of strategic
movements by a proponent and an opponent; the rhetorical approach considers argumentation as a
communicative

Pragmatics And Discourse Analysis
Analyzing There is No Problem at All
Introduction Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis are the two approaches that describe and study a
language. Each of these two approaches has its own studies, features and examples in a language.
Pragmatics studies the meanings in different uses with different situations. And Discourse Analysis
analyzes the language used and how the language reflects, creates and shapes the identity of a
person. This term paper is analyzes a conversation/interview between two characters in an Egyptian
play called "There is no problem at all" which airs in cbc channel. This show always invites famous
starts to interview other famous starts without them knowing. As for this conversation/interview, the
presenter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To illustrate more, Hebba Al–Sharbaji says, "You are on air" In minute 03:30. The uncle plays on
words by saying, "Get me down from the air". Moreover, The interviewer declares that even though
the uncle sounds stupid he has another hidden meaning in everything he says. The uncle
mispronounce the word deep with stupid in Arabic since they almost have the same letters, "I'm
stupid, indeed I'm the most stupid person in the world" In minute 09:10; just as in the case of
mispronouncing the word choose with cucumber. Finally, since it is political play, the script relies on
puns because it let the hearer to hear the hidden

Great Bear Rainforest: A Critical Discourse Analysis
This MRP is of significant importance as it chronicles one of the most remarkable environmental
victories in Canadian history. There is also no other in–depth qualitative study of media coverage
regarding this victory. Moreover, this research is quite timely, as more and more people seem to be
tuning into just how dire matters are with the environment. Seven years have passed since this MRP
was published and things are not improving. This is an unsettling truth because after decades of
promoting and raising awareness about the environment, its conservation and protection are still
treated as controversial issues in the media. Equally alarming is the fact that mass media plays such
an instrumental role in the construction of public opinion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
First, she read as a typical reader in an uncritical manner and secon, she revisited the text and read it
in a critical way. During her second read, she stresses four main __________. The first is based on
genre and framing, which can be described as the type of writing is conducted i.e. news reporting,
news written by columnists, feature writing, and editorial writing. Secondly, foregrounding and
backgrounding is something she looks at which is important because writers can highlight
(foreground) certain topics and overlook or even leave out (background) topics altogether. A direct
example from her CDA is that the economic impacts of environmental campaigns were
foregrounded in articles in both the Globe and Mail and the Vancouver Sun. Contrastingly, quotes
from environmentalists are frequently found later on in the article. It is clear that this sort of
coverage conveys a tone that could leave readers with the idea that the campaign is nothing but a
detriment to British Columbia's economy. Last of all, is this concept of presupposition and modality
whereby writers attempt to shape their reader's opinions by using specific words and attitudes.
Richardson's method of looking at word usage in the articles a success since this allows her to make
the association of how writers present the events in the Great Bear Rainforest to be something
similar to a war between

Aims And Principles Of Critical Discourse Analysis
Aims and Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis
CDA as a particular hypothesis of language for examining text and discussions has got a few
standards and instruments. It is a drastically diverse kind of phonetics and its attributes are
recognized from other connected with sorts of (DA). It has distinctive and different controls to
manage language utilize, this fits for the social issues. There are several social issues in every
general public and only method for language is insufficient to handle these issues consequently the
mixture utilization of discourse is qualified to portray and investigation social issues, imbalance,
sex, prejudice and force are the primary matters which CDA manages them through its approach.
Another standard of CDA is that the methodology relies on upon dissecting and recognizable proof
instead of concentrating on language as a phonetic thing. History has proven time and again that a
few orders of semantics (pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and semantics) are included in the work of
CDA however they got less consideration than analyzing and understanding social issues. CDA is a
compelling study pertinent social issues and it doesn't determine a school or a field or a sub order of
(DA) yet rather than it is clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It offers a distinctive perspective on linguistic anthropology as well as cultural anthropology as a
whole. The main idea of this approach is to develop theories and techniques related to the analysis
of meaningful behavior in actual situations. Discursive practice concerns discourse in four ways.
First one it is affirmed that social experiences are built in a linguistic and discursive way. The
second one is that discourse is bounded to contexts. The third one is that discourse regarded as
social practice. The last one that the grasping the meaning is negotiable in interaction instead of not
being permanent absent in our

Disadvantages Of Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics
Corpus Linguistics (CL) is a method of operating linguistic analysis (McEnery & Wilson, 2001, p1)
that "facilitates empirical descriptions of language use" (Biber, 2011, p15). This method is based on
analysis of 'Corpus' ,which is a sample of different kinds of texts, such as newspaper texts, or
specifically editorials, video scripts, everyday conversation and many other types of written
language (Baker, 2012, p248). Corpus Linguistics tries to establish a balanced corpus _Latin form of
body_ of language in order to represent variety of language, so that no single type of writing over–
represented. Corpus Linguistics has become popular since 1990. Hence, "it is often describe as
being a relatively new approach that investigates language in use with the aim of computers.
Compared with the eras of the 60s and 70s, researchers nowadays have access to large and different
types of corpora, along with the presence of a set of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They continued by stating that "Newspapers have lots of ways of writing about a given topic, and
they continuously make decisions, choosing one particular way out of a potentially large, perhaps
infinite, set of choices. "A corpus analysis will allow us to see which choices are privileged, giving
evidence for mainstream, popular or entrenched ways of thinking through 'repetition'" (ibid(. In
point of fact, repeated patterns expose that evaluative meanings are not simply personal, but
extensively shared in a discourse community. A word, expression or construction possibly will show
a cultural stereotype. A corpus analysis of thousands of newspaper articles is to detect such media
repetitions, occurring many times over, gradually influencing their

Swales: Discourse Community Analysis
According to Swales a discourse community is created with six defining characteristics that are
"made up of individuals who share a broadly agreed upon set of common public goals; further, it has
mechanisms of intercommunication among its members, uses it participatory mechanisms primarily
to provide information and feedback, [that] has or uses one or more genres that help group achieve
its shared goal, has acquired some specific lexis and has a reasonable ratio of novices and experts"
(Swales, 795). To explain Swales' concept, I have chosen to apply his six characteristics, necessary
and sufficient for identifying groups as a discourse community, to analyze my united states history
one class, taught by Mrs. Medley, along with some feedback I retrieved from both a fellow student
and my professor. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first being the common set of goals which we gather from the syllabus we acquired on the first
day of class. Some key points in the syllabus include her expectations for student achievement that
include the "improvement of writing skills" and the development and refining of "critical thinking
and analytical skills", she also places her classroom policy, some personal history, and due dates for
each assignment. Swales also mentions mechanisms that vary according to the community, but when
we're talking about this specific class we don't use a lot of communication with each other besides
the casual answers to question however communication with the teacher happens very often and in a
variety of ways: email, office, Skype, and after

Critical Discourse Analysis Of CDA
Methodology
In writing this paper, the writer derives the theory from Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which is
an approach to the analysis of discourse which maintains that, language is a social practice and
analyses how ideologies and power relations are approached in language (Fairclough & Wodak,
1997, p 258; Lin & Guo, 2016). Fowler and Kress, 1979; Van Dijk, 1993, 1983; Fairclough &
Wodak, 1997; Wodak & Meyer, 2009, and Foucault, 1972, are among theorists who have made great
contribution to the development and implementation of CDA. It is worth taking into account that
CDA has its roots in Critical Linguistics and can be taken as a development of Critical Linguistics
(Hailong, 2006). Language and Control (Fowler & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These express mental patterns of such events and the belief that the storytellers have regarding them'
(Van Dijk, 1997a: p42). (5) Quoting credible, sources or experts, witnesses, e.g. in news reports.
(6) Semantic moves such as disclaimers: These play a significant role in persuasion while displaying
the original structures of ethnic approaches' (Van Dijk, 1997, p42).
According to Van Dijk (2006) extended endeavor on racism and discourse, concludes that common
racism and negative attitudes are derivative of elite racist discourse. In other words, the role of elites
in the 'discursive reproduction processes of the system of racism' is prominent (Van Dijk, 1997,
p32). Numbers of the prejudicial beliefs and attitudes of the public are originated from their
understanding of elite discourse in the form of textbooks, massages, media, political discourse, and
corporative discourse (Van Dijk, 1983: p23).
The main tenets of Critical Discourse Analysis have been put forth by Wodak and Fairclough
(1997):
1 CDA addresses social problems.
2 Power relations are

Discourse Analysis Of Van Debama
This paper is an attempt to do a critical discourse analysis of Obama`s speech On Countering
Violent Religious Extremism delivered on 18 February 2015 at the White House. The analysis draws
on critical discourse theories of Van Dijk and Fairclough to analyze the speech. Obama`s choice of
lexico– grammatical items was critically analyzed based on van Dijk macro–level analysis to find
out how power, ideology , context and mind control manifest in the speech. The analysis shows how
the social and political construction of US counterterrorism policy is made tactfully throughout the
speech and it explores the ways in which the war on terror has been institutionalized in language.
The notion of power and mind control are used skillfully to manipulate ... Show more content on
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According to van Dijk (1998: 352), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) studies the way social power
abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social
and political context. He identifies some of the dominant notions in CDA as power, dominance,
inequality, hegemony, ideology ,class, gender, race, discrimination', among others which he labels as
macro level of analysis'. However, he posits that micro–level of social order involves language use,
discourse, verbal interaction and communication. CDA, thus, tries to bridge the 'gap' between the
two micro and macro

Importance Of Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis is the variety of theoretical approaches and analytic emphases concerning the
studying and understanding of people's use of language mediums in social action and interaction.
This also applies to the development of capitalism and technology. Studies have opened doors to
these topics. Despite variation in theoretical approaches, all strands of discourse analysis share a
strong social constructionist epistemology. With its roots "largely embedded in linguistic
philosophy, ethnomethodology and speech act theory" (Potter, 1987; Potter & Wetherell, 1995).
Discourse analysis might be applied to qualitative data if a person were interested in understanding
how people's ideas and emotions are pieced together to form versions of reality of the world around
them, and how these accounts are played out in social action and interaction. This is the model that
the heads of this capitalistic state manipulate the common public. Further, it would be useful if
interests lay in exploring and understanding why people use different versions of discourse in
differing contexts, and under what conditions do variations arise. Specifically discourse analysis
might be utilized by those interested in "exploring how powerful discourses, such as racism, are
constructed, practiced and normalized" (Edley, 2001).
Discourse analysis's focus "is rooted in three basic tenets: construction, function and variation"
(Potter, 1987). The assumption is that discourses are constructed through

Racism And Ethnic Discrimination : A Public Health...
Introduction
Health inequities are defined as "differences which are unnecessary and avoidable, but in addition
are considered unfair and unjust" (Whitehead 1992, p.431). Numerous studies provide evidence of
deep seated and continued health inequities between Maori and non–Maori in Aoteroa/ New
Zealand (McCreanor 2008). The role of social, political, environmental and economic factors have
in determining health outcomes for individuals and social groups is increasingly being recognised
globally. These factors include determinants such as housing, education, employment status,
income, deprivation and racism (Robson & Harris 2007). There is increasing body of evidence that
show that racism and ethnic discrimination negatively impact the health and well–being of
individuals and ethnic groups (Gee 2002). Based on these findings, many researchers have proposed
that programmes targeted at reducing racism are a public health measures that could mitigate health
inequities (McKenzie 2003).
Mass media is extremely powerful institution that massively influences all areas of social
interactions (Rosenberg 2002, cited in McCreanor 2008). It shapes the ideological patterns and what
is regarded as norm, 'commonsense' by its audience (McCreanor 1993). In Aoteroa New Zealand,
racism in the media and the negative representations of Maori raises great concern, as it affects
Maori/Pakeha relations, Maori self perception, and ultimately undermines Maori health and
wellbeing (Barnes et al 2012).

The Pros And Cons Of Gusdur Government
Society examines the social, political, cultural and historical aspects of ideologies, the nature, and
especially the role in the reproduction of, or resistance against, dominance. In Gusdur government,
he formed a cabinet which was called the National Unity Cabinet. He gave freedom to the people to
step up and provided the opportunity for minorities in Indonesia. However, because of this, people
began to experience confusion and indecision. Yet the government never gave a clear statement on
the issue. Orde Baru (The New Order) had not been completely overcome the problems, Wahid
goverment faced many issues which was assessed by many people were highly controversial. The
policies were involving: 1) The dismissal of General Roesmanhadi who ... Show more content on
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Musthofa, 2008; Ernawati, 2009; Azis, 2013; Mubarok, 2011;). Amin (2008) analyzed gender
stereotyping in the movie "It's a Boy Girl Things" using Teun van Dijk's theory. He analyzed from
aspects of microstructure, superstructure, and macrostructure from the process of its formation.
Those discourses of gender stereotyping found are classified into ninth kinds of discourse formation.
Nine of them present an unequal stereotyping on women. While, after generating the discourse
formations, the research analyses its strategies to normalize and eliminate the common discourses of
gender role. There processes are verified to analyze critically its negative effects to the women in
social

Marketing Discourse Community Analysis
As a Marketing major at Roger Williams University, I am involved with a lot of activities on
campus. More importantly, I am a part of a marketing discourse community. A discourse community
is a group of people who share a common interest in a subject. This subject uses language, terms and
problems foreign to other people not in the community. Marketing at RWU is used for everything
that we use today, and there is a lot of psychology work behind it. Together I believe that all students
in a class create a discourse community with their professors. Every class is specific to a course that
is being taught and uses language that is specific to the class. I believe the most important one is the
marketing discourse community. For a marketing major, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Courses emphasize the dynamic nature of marketing in a global economy and the need for
organizations to be consumer orientated." Even though it seems obvious, but one uses marketing and
determining who the market should include and who to target in marketing. It is important to
understand why they need to be targeting and how they need to be targeted to get the most success
out of a

Sample Discourse Community Analysis
A discourse community a circle of people who share similar goals , interest, and ways of
intercommunication among one another.According to John Swales there are six factors that make up
up a discourse community. Common goals, methods of intercommunication, feedback and
correction, roles , jargon,novice,and expertise are required to have a successful discourse
community.I choose to discuss a discourse community I was apart of two years ago at Applebees
.Being apart of a community that prides themselves on customer satisfaction and great fresh
affordable food."See you tomorrow" is how we thanked each guested for dining in with us.The Bee's
was short for Applebee's , within our apple family and community..Both day and night treating our
guest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sayings like "Hot plate" and "Hands" are indicates for anyone entering the kitchen . If someone is
yelling hot plate ! you move out the way because he/she has a hot item directly behind you . Hands
comes from lending a helping hand . If a server is calling for hands he/she needs help in kitchen to
help bring out food to a party or table . At applebee's we wanted everyone who came into our doors
as family ,so we customize our greeting . For short we called our store the Bee's ,this gave our store
a unique name and stood us apart from other competing stores.We also called frequent guest "Regs"
, we used this term because it made it easier for us to communicate and made order taking easy. For
example " We have our burger night reg at table 43 , let's get his drinks working". Our customers
loved that we knew what they wanted and recognized them as our loyal

Examples Of Discourse Analysis
A. Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (1989, 1995)
1. This theory is used to critically analyze relationship between language, ideologies, and society to
reveal the portrayal of women in the film.
2. Fairclough (1995) clarifies that discourse is not only written and spoken language, but it also
visual part that has meaning (p.54).
3. According to Fairclough (2010), in Critical Discourse Analysis, language is viewed as a social
practice because it shapes and is shaped by society.
4. According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze
communicative events by analyzing the relationship between three dimensions, including the micro
dimension, the meso dimension, and the macro dimension.
a. The micro dimension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Related previous studies
A. The first research entitled "The representation of gender roles in the media – An analysis of
gender discourse in Sex and the City movies " was constructed by Therese Ottosson and Xin Cheng
in 2012.
1. The aim was to study to see how gender is portrayed in the movies, Sex and The City season 1
and 2.
2. The theories that used in the study were theories of representation and Critical Discourse
Analysis.
3. The results showed that, gender roles are unequally represented in SATC1 and SATC2.
a. Men are always portrayed in a typical manner and have a superiority.
b. Women are presented as subordinate role. They must be beautiful and look young as much as
possible and work for men.
B. The second research entitled "Women's representation and gender identity in "Desperate
Housewives" was conducted by Eveliina Salomaa in 2010.
1. The aim was to study how women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" and how the modern
women have similar identities as traditional housewives.
2. The theories used for research were Critical Discourse Analysis and Gender Identity.
3. The result showed that, at the surface level, women are portrayed in "Desperate Housewives" is
much different from other TV–series, however, in deep level, women still similar to the norms and
traditional

Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists' discussions from different
disciplines, as well as ordinary language users. In contemporary social sciences, especially in
linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse. Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language,
as well as the language as a socio–cultural activity. In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the
social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participate in the creation and pass on
different values, ideologies and symbolic power. This essay aims to show the definition of Critical
Discourse Analysis and also show how useful it is for exploring issues of power and inequality in
relation to gender. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As pointed out by van Dijk (1993) one of the key objectives of the Critical Discourse Analysis is
also the understanding of the nature of power and domination. In his view, power is based on
privileged access to social resources, is widely considered as securities, such as wealth, income,
position, status, group membership, education and knowledge. However, dominance is defined as
the use of social power by elites, institutions or groups, contributing to the emergence of social
inequality (including – in political, cultural, class, ethnic, racial, and gender). The task of CDA is
then highlighting the role of discourse in the producing domination.
According to 'Studying the Media' dictionary, the complete and very well summing everything up
definition of Critical Discourse Analysis is:
'...a means of analysing texts based on linguistics and in recent times the theories of Foucault.
Discourse analysis identifies the culturally and socially produced sets of ideas and values that
structure texts and representations. It helps to identify abstract and ideological assumptions about
the world that may be implicitly contained in particular texts.'
Fairclough developed a three–dimensional framework for studying discourse, where the aim is to
map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language
texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and

Data Analysis : Information Analysis
Data Analysis:
As I spent the first week in collecting data, it is time to analyse the collected data in the second week
of my professional work placement. Data analysis method is a way to organize and map my
collected data in a pattern that could be interpreted (Bell, 2010). It should be able to assist me
finding answers for my research question by asking myself, "Did my data analysis add new concepts
and practices about the inclusive education, or open the gate for a more questions? Is it taking me to
the next step in my research cycle?
The data analysis will be done through the following approaches:
1. The Discourse Analysis:
Discourse analysis is the in–depth, critical analysis of the social interactions within the collected
data. It is seen as a way of thinking about the discussed issue. This methodology is an action–based
as it acts to construct meanings from the social contexts in which the collected data is created
(Sargent & Harcourt, 2012). In this research, there are some steps that need to be followed in order
to achieve the discourse analysis. First, closer examination of the data will lead to discovering the
functions and the consequences of the discourse (which is the inclusive education). For example, it
will examine the speech act function of the discourse to check if it is to persuade, to accuse, or to
encourage. Then, by looking for alternative explanations in the inclusive education discourse, other
interpretations will be eliminated leading to give me

Discourse Analysis In Carl Sanburg's Grass
When analyzing a poem, it is important to understand the language that is being used. When
applying discourse theory to a poem, it is important to analyze the language beyond the sentence
itself. Discourse analysis studies the natural use of language, rather than the invented examples. The
main objective of discourse analysis is to create a better understanding of how language is used
through textual features and what effects it has on that investment. Texts often require these features
that enables the reader to understand the motivation of that author. In his poem, Grass, Carl Sanburg
utilizes verbs, proper nouns, and nouns to efficiently erase the signs of the past. In the poem, Grass,
the author uses many linguistic features throughout the poem, verbs being one of them. Verbs are
defined as words that are used to describe an action or a state, forming the main objective of the
sentence. Sanburg uses verbs consistently throughout his poem to describe the actions in the poem.
The first sentence of the poem states, "Pile the bodies high at Austerlitz and Waterloo" (Sanburg).
He uses the word pile, which can be inferred as a noun or a verb, which in this sentence is used as a
verb. The verb pile can infer two different meanings, one defined as placing things one on top of
another whereas the second meaning defines the entry of a large group in a disorganized manner.
The application of this word symbolizes the insignificant importance of these bodies that now lay
atop one

An Investigation Of Verbal Communication
1. Introduction There are numerous routes in which a specific methodology in the sociologies can be
presented and clarified. One of these is through explicative contrast from fairly comparable
methodologies. The expression 'Conversation Analysis' is at this point solidly settled as the name for
a specific worldview in the investigation of verbal communication that was started in the 1960s by
Harvey Sacks, as a team with Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. In Conversation Analysis the
attention is on the procedural examination of talk–in–cooperation, how members deliberately sort
out their connections to take care of a scope of authoritative issues, for example, the dispersion of
turns at talking, the community oriented creation of specific activities, or issues of comprehension.
The investigation is constantly in view of sound or visual recordings of collaboration, which are
precisely interpreted in subtle elements. The exploration ought to be data driven, as in ideas and
speculations ought to be founded on watchful thoughts of the information, recordings and
transcripts, as opposed to drawn from hypothetical assumptions or ideological inclinations. While
initially imagined from a sociological point of view, Conversation Analysis picked up a far reaching
gathering in numerous parts of the world by scientists from a scope of disciplinary foundations,
including: brain science, human sciences, correspondence ponders and an assortment of phonetic
sub–disciplines. As a

A Critical Discourse Analysis Framework Essay
Methodology A critical discourse analysis framework News is manufactured industrially and deeply
influenced by the bureaucratic and economic structure of the media industry, by relations between
the media and other industries, and by relations with authoritative apparatuses and institutions such
as government. It reflects the prevailing values of a society in a particular historical context and
simultaneously shapes the society in return (Fowler, 1991/2013). Although we cannot simply
suggest an explicit causal relation between structurally determined material and symbolic resources
and the actual cultural practices, a pure linguistic analysis may still overlook the external constraints
and the effects of the cultural practices. The embryo of cultural studies finds its roots in the
historical context of a social structure shaped by industrial capitalism and the increasingly
commercialized system of cultural production, distribution, and consumption. To some extent, the
reference to power and struggle, domination and subordinations is the mantra to sustain and
legitimatize the existing cultural studies literature (N. Graham, 1999). While avoiding the notion
that Marxism and cultural studies form immediate affinity, cultural studies still has to establish itself
as a 'worldly' vocation by coping with the tension between the study of the text and its affiliations
with institutions, classes, nations, races, and genders, and etc. (Hall, 1999a). The representation of
the Hong

Intonation During Casual Speech Productions
Intonation during casual speech productions can be observed at the discourse level using auditory
analysis (Chun, 2002). In practice, speakers can utilise falling or rising intonations to represent
various speech realisations such as statements, commands and/or explanations (Cruttendon, 1981).
Speakers' intonation choice may be situation–specific and used as an entity of expression to generate
meaning within particular groups of words (Chun, 2002). Interpretations of speakers' speech style
using statistical analyses have been the main focus in previous literatures, providing fruitful
evidence on both pitch and linguistic variation and the relations to a more positive or negative
connotation within languages. Henton (1989) demonstrated that the pitch level in linguistic variation
could carry underlying connotations (positive or negative) such that in male speech, if expressed
with low pitch, rumbling, under–expressive and monotonous, can be expressive of a more negative
connotation within the speech context. Subsequent studies addressed speakers' abilities to
accommodate sociophonetic speech to produce variants that are more similarly associated with the
social characteristics of the audience (Bell, 1984), or a referee (Hay, Jannedy & Mendoza–Denton,
1999). Hay et al., (1999) attempted to demonstrate the prevalence of an interplay between speech
style and the ethnic background of a referee by examining Oprah Winfrey's speech tendencies to
monophthongise the diphthong /æ/.

English 20: A Discourse Community Analysis
Discourse communities are within the lives of everyone you meet and sometimes in the things that
are read. Syllabi are read by multiple students throughout the years. Even these can provide a sense
of a discourse community. More specifically, in a syllabus for an English 20 class, contains multiple
parts to discourse communities. For this syllabus the discourse community is the class of English 20.
The members of the community are the students and the professor. Every discourse community
needs an expert and novices. In this case, the professor would be the expert and the students are the
novices. The goal of the syllabus is to inform the students how the class is structured. There are a
few things that make us a discourse community. We all have the shared goal of passing English 20.
We meet at the same time twice a week, almost every week. Every week, we give each other
feedback on our discussion boards. Different formats of writing are being used throughout the
semester, and finally, we have specific phrases we use that some people may not know what they
mean. For example, the abbreviation R.R. stands for reading response. ... Show more content on
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The purpose of this genre is to relay course information to the students from the professor, to help
them understand the course. Without this genre, we would be unable to determine exactly how the
class is going to be structured. This would leave a lot of confused students and more work for the
professor, since they would be receiving constant emails from students about the class. The writer of
this is Professor Daniel Bethel. The audience that he is directing this to, is us, the students. We are
meant to read this and gain information on how this class is going to be for

Critical Discourse Analysis ( Cda )
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach, which has been further
developed on the basis of Discourse Analysis (DA) since 1970s. The insights have been expanded
into a broader range of social, cultural, psychological and political practices. It is regarded as the
textual study aiming to elucidate the abuses of power residing in the texts by analyzing
linguistic/semiotic remarks in accordance with the existing (social, political, cultural, etc.) contexts
in which those texts circulate (Wodak: 2001, 1–2; Fairclough: 1995; Huckin, Andrus, and Clary–
Lemon: 2012, 107; Rashidi and Souzandehfar: 2010, 56; Economou: 2009, 42). As many linguists
and scholars' engagement with the study of CDA, there already has been several schools or genres
with their representative figures. Although the history and development of CDA study is still a bit
premature and there is no distinct framework of wide–recogonition, according to van Dijk (2007),
there are mainly four approaches to it: 1) the Critical Linguistics (CL) developed by Fowler et al.
(1979; 1991; 1996), Kress (1985); sociocultural/socio–semiotic approach proposed by Fairclough
(1985; 1988; 1989; 1992; 1995; 2003; 2006); discourse–historical created by Wodak (1996, 2001)
and Wodak et al. (1999); and sociocognitive approach introduced by van Dijk (1998, 2001, 2002)
(Rashidi, Souzandehfar: 2010, 56–57; Economou: 42).
CL is considered originally being introduced by Fowler et al. in their book of Language and

The Prince And The Discourse: Literary Analysis
Understanding the context and intent with which Nicolló Machiavelli wrote The Prince and The
Discourse serves as key framing for understanding the themes and messages in these two influential
works. While they were written just a few months apart by the same author and even have specific
recommendations that are identical, the thrust of the two texts are profoundly different. While the
Prince reads like a diagnoses and treatment for the ills of Machiavelli's hometown of Florence, The
Discourses serves as a broader guide to founding and ruling a successful republic. A close reading of
the dedicatory notes of each text will give us a broad understanding of the contextual differences
and a greater understanding of the texts themselves. Despite ... Show more content on
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From the very first sentence of the dedication, Machiavelli makes his intent very clear, "Those who
wish to acquire favor with a ruler most often approach him with those among their possessions that
are most valuable in their eyes. (509)" The Prince is a gift for Medici and the most valuable thing
that he has to give. However, there is another important detail that can be gleaned from a close
reading. Machiavelli says in "their" eyes, meaning the eyes of the ruler. Machiavelli is already
pushing the idea that his knowledge is of immense value to the prince. At the time of writing,
Machiavelli had been exiled from his beloved city. Before Florence had been recaptured by the
Medici's and the republic dissolved, Machiavelli had a high position as second chancellor. After the
shift in power, Machiavelli was accused of treason and spent the rest of his days living outside the
city. He spent his life desperate to return. To this end, The Prince, can be viewed as his strategy to
gain favor with Prince Lorenzo and regain his position of power and influence. Machiavelli says this
explicitly: "I want to offer myself to your magnificence, along with something that will symbolize
my desire to give you obedient service. (509)" This means a few things for our reading of this text.
First, although not related explicitly, it's clear that this text is specifically about Florence

Descriptive Approaches In International Relations
From a conceptual point of view, discourse analysis in international relations has outlined a common
set of standards for the other fields of language and social sciences. Discourse is a rather new field
of analysis in the world of social research, and it does not yet have a precise and compact theoretical
body. Accordingly, discourse analysis has to rely on the practices and concepts taken from other
fields such as sociology, semantics, psychology, linguistics etc. Due to its vast source of knowledge,
discourse has analytical richness in its field. In the study of international relations, three types of
discursive approaches are considered, which are – descriptive approaches, autonomous approaches,
and functionalist approaches. Autonomous approaches have no established relations with each other,
but separately they provide a significant contribution to the study of discourse (Obeng and
Hartford). The descriptive analysis approaches are a set of explanatory perspectives that are based
on language and relevant fields. This method includes a grammatical style, which is concerned with
understanding how words and sentences are formed. The descriptive method can be subdivided into
three different practices of grammar and linguistics, which are – Morphology, phonology, and
syntax. A descriptive methodology is a stylistic approach to grammar that is mainly used in poetry.
This approach aids discourse analysis by specifying the suitability of a particular discourse to a
specific

Critical Discourse Analysis For An International Crisis...
Methodology
Critical discourse analysis
For an international crisis happening thousands miles away, it is not sufficient to be understood
without acknowledging itself as a mediated complex. From critical linguistics perspective, Fowler
(1991/2013) believes "news is socially constructed. What events are reported is not a reflection of
intrinsic importance of those events, but reveals the operation of a complex and artificial set of
criteria for selection" (p. 2). "The news media select events for reporting according to a complex set
of criteria of newsworthiness; so news is not simply that which happens, but that which can be
regarded and presented as newsworthy" (p.13).
Filtered by the latent criteria, the final representation of Hong Kong protests in Canadian press is the
outcome of social inclusion and exclusion. In Fowler's sense, representation is a constructive
practice. Hong Kong protests are not communicated neutrally in natural structure per se. Instead,
they were transmitted through the Canadian press with its own structural features permeated by
Canadian social values. The discourse of Hong Kong protests reflects "the social actions
accomplished by language users when they communicate in social situations and within society and
culture at large" (van Dijk, 1997, pp. 13–14).
So to speak, studying how the protests were represented requires not only analyzing texts or
processes of production and interpretation, but also "analyzing the relationship between texts,

High School Discourse Analysis

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