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The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report regarding observed and projected climate trends in Northern Europe. It finds that annual precipitation has increased significantly in Northern Europe since the early 20th century, along with increases in heavy precipitation events. Projections estimate further increases in precipitation and pluvial flooding at global warming levels exceeding 1.5°C. Regional warming is also virtually certain to reduce snow cover duration and accumulation. Glaciers in the European Alps and Scandinavia are projected to experience reductions in ice volume.

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SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
9 August 2021
#ClimateReport #IPCC #IPCCAtlas
SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
Sub-regional climate: Northern Europe
Irina Gorodetskaya, Erika Coppola, Maialen Iturbide, Robert
Vautard, Christophe Cassou,Svitlana Krakovska, Bart van
den Hurk, José Manuel Gutiérrez

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
Regional Synthesis

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
• There is medium confidence that
annual mean precipitation in
Northern Europe, West and Central
Europe and Eastern Europe has
increased since the early 20th
century and high confidence for
increase in extreme precipitation
Observed trends in
Northern Europe (NEU):
Total precipitation – Trend [mm/day per decade]
1961-2015 (observations) E-OBS Europe - Annual
Significant increase in annual total
precipitation in NEU, especially
northern British Isles and
Scandinavia
Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/
E-OBS data set: gridded precipitation based on station
observations in Europe
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
mm/day per decade

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
• Already observed
intensification of heavy
precipitation (Sun et al 2020)
with a robust evidence of
human attribution (Paik et al
2020)
Stations showing trends in heavy precipitation
(annual maxima in 1 day precipitation, Rx1day)
during 1950-2018:
Significant increase
in heavy precipitaiton
at the majority of the
NEU stations
Figure source: Sun et al., 2020 “A Global, Continental, and
Regional Analysis of Changes in Extreme Precipitation”,
Journal of Climate, 34(1), 243-258.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0892.1
Observed trends in
Northern Europe (NEU):

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
Future projections for
Northern Europe (NEU):
• Enhanced local
warming even at
relatively low global
warming levels,
particularly
towards the
north in winter
• Mean precipitation
increases by 4%
per ºC of global
warming in NEU in
DJF Figure: Atlas. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
• Projected increase in extreme precipitation and pluvial flooding
in NEU at global warming levels exceeding 1.5°C
“The projected increase in the intensity of extreme precipitation translates
to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of pluvial floods – surface
water and flash floods – (high confidence), as pluvial flooding results from
precipitation intensity exceeding the capacity of natural and artificial
drainage systems.” (Chapter 11, IPCC AR6 WG1)
Future projections for
Northern Europe (NEU):

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
Maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day) – Change, %, projected for different
warming levels relative to 1981-2010
1.5ºC GWL 2ºC GWL
3ºC GWL 4ºC GWL
Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/ (CORDEX-Europe annual (38 models)

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
Maximum 1-day precipitation
(Rx1day) – Change (%)
projected for different scenarios
relative to 1981-2010
Mean for Northern Europe (NEU)
RCP2.1
RCP4.5
RCP8.5
0
20
40
0
15
40
20
60
0
Today 2050 2080
• By 2080: increase in maximum
1-day precipitation depends
strongly on the scenario:
RCP2.1: up to 15%
RCP4.5: up to 20%
RCP8.5: up to 40%
Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/
(CORDEX-Europe annual (21 models)

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
• Regional warming is virtually certain to
extend the observed downward trends in
snow accumulation, snow water
equivalent and length of the snow cover
season in NEU and low altitudes in
mountainous areas in the Alps and Pyrenees
(high confidence).
• Most periglacial processes in NEU are
projected to disappear by the end of the
21st century, even for a low warming
scenario (medium confidence)
• A reduction of glacier ice volume is
projected in the European Alps and
Scandinavia with high confidence
Future projections for
Northern Europe (NEU):
Figure: Mankin, J.S., Diffenbaugh, N.S. Influence of temperature and
precipitation variability on near-term snow trends. Clim Dyn (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2357-4
Projected trends (% per 50 yers), 2000-2060

SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
9 August 2021
#ClimateReport #IPCC
SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis
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Climate change is impacting the global water cycle and leading to effects across many economic sectors and societies. Most documented adaptations relate to water, and water is central to adaptation, though effectiveness decreases with increased warming. Many mitigation measures have significant water footprints that must be managed to reduce impacts on water and food security. Knowledge gaps remain around transition pathways for the agricultural sector that balance mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable development.

Agriculture and Food

ipcc-media

Climate change is already impacting global food systems and future impacts are expected to be systemic, especially from increased heat. Climate change will raise risks of food insecurity, but climate adaptation of food systems can reduce these risks while also lowering greenhouse gas emissions. While climate adaptation in agriculture and food systems has received more attention, current adaptation efforts remain fragmented, small-scale, and focused more on planning than implementation.

Climate change, food, agriculture , land and A guide to findings in the IPCC’...

ipcc-media

This document provides an overview of key findings from the IPCC's 6th assessment cycle regarding climate change impacts on food and water systems, risks of food systems and deforestation to climate change, climate change mitigation potentials, and synergies with sustainable development goals. It lists relevant figures from the IPCC reports and provides contact information for the IPCC Secretariat and Press Office.

Assessing the land sector potential in IPCC AR6 WGIII

ipcc-media

The document discusses estimates of the land sector's potential to mitigate climate change from 2020-2050. It finds that the cost-effective potential (less than $100/ton of CO2) is estimated to be 8-14 gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year on average, which represents 24-42% of the sector's technical mitigation potential. Bottom-up sectoral models provide higher-resolution estimates at country and sub-national levels but have difficulty accounting for interactions between sectors, while integrated assessment models link all economic sectors but have coarser resolution and consider fewer land-based mitigation activities.

Overview of the IPCC Inventory Software for National Greenhouse Gas Inventori...

ipcc-media

The document provides an overview of the latest version (2.89) of the IPCC Inventory Software for estimating national greenhouse gas inventories. Key points: - Version 2.89 implements Tier 1-3 methods from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and elements of the 2019 Refinement to facilitate reporting to the UNFCCC. - It allows estimation of emissions at subnational levels and includes functions for uncertainty analysis and interfacing with the UNFCCC reporting tool. - The software guides users through the estimation process category-by-category and generates a JSON file that can be imported into the UNFCCC reporting tool.

IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB)

ipcc-media

The IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB) is an open library launched in 2002 that contains emission factors and other parameters used to estimate national greenhouse gas emissions. It is regularly updated with new peer-reviewed data and its usage and downloaded data have increased over time. In 2023, a new upgraded version was released with enhanced search functions and data statistics. An annual meeting is held for editorial board members and data providers to discuss proposals for new data to include and ways to improve the database. Over 2,400 new data points were recently accepted for inclusion after robustness, applicability, and documentation criteria were met.

IPCC TFI work on Methodology Report on Short-lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs)

ipcc-media

The IPCC decided to develop a new Methodology Report on Short-Lived Climate Forcers during the AR7 cycle. Expert meetings were held to analyze existing methodologies, identify knowledge gaps, and develop category and species lists. A scoping meeting will take place in 2024 to determine the report outline, authors, and workplan. The report will be developed over several years and author meetings, with reviews by experts, governments, and the IPCC before final publication in 2027.

Adaptation-Mitigation Synergies and Trade-offs

ipcc-media

Adaptation-Mitigation Synergies and Tradeoffs

ipcc-media

This document discusses the synergies and tradeoffs between climate change adaptation and mitigation. It states that mitigation is critical to ensuring a wide range of effective adaptation options by limiting global warming increase. With increased warming, both human and natural systems will face greater losses and damages and exceed their limits of adaptation. The document also notes that response measures to climate change, like deployment of bioenergy crops, can impact food systems, ecosystems and water scarcity if used over large amounts of land. Dedicated bioenergy crops consistent with mitigation scenarios could require an area half the size of current global cropland.

Lessons learned and impacts of enhancing participation of young scientists in...

ipcc-media

Sonia Seneviratne gave a presentation on involving youth and improving participation of young scientists in the IPCC process from a European perspective. She discussed how the climate crisis will impact future young generations the most. While young scientists made up 63% of first-time authors for the IPCC's AR6 report, most recurring authors were from Europe and North America. Barriers to participation for European youth included the extensive travel required for in-person meetings. Seneviratne concluded it is essential to better involve young people by having them serve as authors, observers, and stakeholders, and by reducing demands for travel through more virtual meetings while continuing support for less developed countries.

Opportunities for Early Career Scientists to Contribute to IPCC work & the IP...

ipcc-media

This document outlines opportunities for early career scientists to contribute to and get involved with the IPCC assessment process, including the approved outline, nomination and selection of authors, expert reviews, and the IPCC Scholarship Programme. It notes key milestones in the AR7 assessment process such as scoping approval, internal/government reviews, and report approval. The IPCC Scholarship Programme provides opportunities for young scientists from developing countries to further their climate change studies and has awarded over 90 scholarships to date funded by various partners.

IPCC Inventory Software: Waste Sector

ipcc-media

The IPCC Inventory Software for the Waste Sector allows for subnational disaggregation of waste data and implements methods for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from waste. It features a Waste Type Manager to centrally manage parameters for different waste categories. Users can select waste types and disposal sites to estimate methane emissions. The software also enables estimation of nitrous oxide from industrial wastewater and interoperates with UNFCCC reporting tools. A guidebook for the waste sector is under development.

Interoperability between the IPCC Inventory Software and IPCC Inventory Softw...

ipcc-media

The document summarizes guidebooks being produced by the IPCC to support use of its inventory software. It describes guidebooks for the energy and AFOLU sectors that provide step-by-step guidance on using the software to estimate emissions for each category. It also describes a guide on land representation that explains how to characterize land types and units in the software's land managers. User feedback is sought to improve the guidebooks and address any issues.

Interoperability between the IPCC Inventory Software and the UNFCCC ETF Repor...

ipcc-media

This document discusses interoperability between the IPCC Inventory Software and the UNFCCC ETF Reporting Tool to help countries meet their reporting obligations under the Paris Agreement. It outlines a 6-step process for countries to use the IPCC Software to estimate emissions, generate a JSON file, import this file into the ETF Tool to visualize and quality check their inventory data, and finally submit it to the UNFCCC. The goal is to promote consistency, reduce errors and burden, and provide organizational support to countries. Future releases of the IPCC Software will add additional sectors to be interoperable with the ETF Tool by June 2024.

Overview of the IPCC Inventory Software for National Greenhouse Gas Inventori...

ipcc-media

The document provides an overview of the latest version (2.89) of the IPCC Inventory Software for estimating national greenhouse gas inventories. Version 2.89 implements Tier 1-3 methods from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and elements of the 2019 Refinement. It also facilitates interoperability with the UNFCCC reporting tool. The software allows subnational reporting, uses of mixed Tiers, and stores inventory data in a single database. Ongoing work includes developing a land representation tool and guidebook. The IPCC TSU provides support to users through documentation, help desk, and annual meetings.

Carbon Dioxide Removal to reach net-zero and return from overshoot

ipcc-media

1) The document discusses key findings around carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). 2) AR6 defines CDR as activities that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it durably, including both natural and enhanced biological and geochemical sinks as well as direct air capture with storage. 3) AR6 assessed CDR methods and their effects, finding that feedbacks will determine CDR effectiveness in drawing down atmospheric CO2. Pathways in AR6 all involve some amount of CDR to balance residual emissions, but specific volumes depend on contextual factors.

The road ahead for the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities in AR7

ipcc-media

The document discusses the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities in AR7. It notes that the report is supported by several organizations and will involve contributions from all three IPCC working groups. It also discusses how the report will build upon cross-working group integration that began in AR6, examining topics like urban climate impacts, policy options, and the climate impacts of mitigation actions. The document asks what people are looking for in the upcoming Special Report and why.

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Food, agriculture, land, and water: Insights from AR6 and knowledge gaps for AR7

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BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT

AmitKumar619042

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原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。

Republic of Ethiopia EPA (2003) Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia.pdf

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PACKAGING OF FROZEN FOODS ( food technology)

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Formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay

Open Access Research Paper

The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.

Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...

Joshua Orris

Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system. Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs. In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier. The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.

REPORT-PRESENTATION BY CHIEF SECRETARY, ANDAMAN NICOBAR ADMINISTRATION IN OA ...

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Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation data

Spatial Genetics

Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.

Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...

Joshua Orris

The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.

按照学校原版(UAL文凭证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证快速办理

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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...

Open Access Research Paper

Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.

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原版制作(UPSaclay毕业证书)巴黎萨克雷大学毕业证PDF成绩单一模一样

astuz

原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(UPSaclay毕业证书)巴黎萨克雷大学毕业证PDF成绩单》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011 【主营项目】一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才

SOIL AND ITS FORMATION bjbhjbhvhvhjvhj .pptx

anmolbansal1969

快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样

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Chapter two introduction to soil genesis.ppt

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Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.

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快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样

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1. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis 9 August 2021 #ClimateReport #IPCC #IPCCAtlas SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Sub-regional climate: Northern Europe Irina Gorodetskaya, Erika Coppola, Maialen Iturbide, Robert Vautard, Christophe Cassou,Svitlana Krakovska, Bart van den Hurk, José Manuel Gutiérrez

2. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Regional Synthesis

3. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis • There is medium confidence that annual mean precipitation in Northern Europe, West and Central Europe and Eastern Europe has increased since the early 20th century and high confidence for increase in extreme precipitation Observed trends in Northern Europe (NEU): Total precipitation – Trend [mm/day per decade] 1961-2015 (observations) E-OBS Europe - Annual Significant increase in annual total precipitation in NEU, especially northern British Isles and Scandinavia Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/ E-OBS data set: gridded precipitation based on station observations in Europe 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 mm/day per decade

4. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis • Already observed intensification of heavy precipitation (Sun et al 2020) with a robust evidence of human attribution (Paik et al 2020) Stations showing trends in heavy precipitation (annual maxima in 1 day precipitation, Rx1day) during 1950-2018: Significant increase in heavy precipitaiton at the majority of the NEU stations Figure source: Sun et al., 2020 “A Global, Continental, and Regional Analysis of Changes in Extreme Precipitation”, Journal of Climate, 34(1), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0892.1 Observed trends in Northern Europe (NEU):

5. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Future projections for Northern Europe (NEU): • Enhanced local warming even at relatively low global warming levels, particularly towards the north in winter • Mean precipitation increases by 4% per ºC of global warming in NEU in DJF Figure: Atlas. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/

6. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis • Projected increase in extreme precipitation and pluvial flooding in NEU at global warming levels exceeding 1.5°C “The projected increase in the intensity of extreme precipitation translates to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of pluvial floods – surface water and flash floods – (high confidence), as pluvial flooding results from precipitation intensity exceeding the capacity of natural and artificial drainage systems.” (Chapter 11, IPCC AR6 WG1) Future projections for Northern Europe (NEU):

7. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day) – Change, %, projected for different warming levels relative to 1981-2010 1.5ºC GWL 2ºC GWL 3ºC GWL 4ºC GWL Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/ (CORDEX-Europe annual (38 models)

8. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis Maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day) – Change (%) projected for different scenarios relative to 1981-2010 Mean for Northern Europe (NEU) RCP2.1 RCP4.5 RCP8.5 0 20 40 0 15 40 20 60 0 Today 2050 2080 • By 2080: increase in maximum 1-day precipitation depends strongly on the scenario: RCP2.1: up to 15% RCP4.5: up to 20% RCP8.5: up to 40% Figure source: https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/ (CORDEX-Europe annual (21 models)

9. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis • Regional warming is virtually certain to extend the observed downward trends in snow accumulation, snow water equivalent and length of the snow cover season in NEU and low altitudes in mountainous areas in the Alps and Pyrenees (high confidence). • Most periglacial processes in NEU are projected to disappear by the end of the 21st century, even for a low warming scenario (medium confidence) • A reduction of glacier ice volume is projected in the European Alps and Scandinavia with high confidence Future projections for Northern Europe (NEU): Figure: Mankin, J.S., Diffenbaugh, N.S. Influence of temperature and precipitation variability on near-term snow trends. Clim Dyn (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2357-4 Projected trends (% per 50 yers), 2000-2060

10. SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis 9 August 2021 #ClimateReport #IPCC SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group I – The Physical Science Basis @IPCC @IPCC_CH linkedin.com/company/ipcc IPCC: www.ipcc.ch Interactive Atlas: interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch Follow Us:

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