Organo metal halide perovskites represent a new paradigm for photovoltaics, possessing the propensity to overcome the performance limits of present technologies and achieve low cost and high efficiency and appreciable stability. Recently, efficiencies in excess of 22 has been recorded, but very little is known about their operational characteristics under thermal stress. This paper summarizes the research that focused on the achievements made in the field of perovskite photovoltaics, as well as the principal hurdles to the commercialization of perovskites. In this work, numerical modeling of the planar N I P architectural structure Glass SnO2 F TiO2 CH3NH3PbI3 Spiro OMeTAD Au of the Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cell was performed for the efficiency improvement of the solar cell. A promising result was achieved with Power Conversion Efficiency PCE of 29.31 , Fill Factor FF 82.63 , short circuit current density JSC 23.55 mA cm2 and open circuit voltage VOC 1.51 V. Simulation of the modeled perovskite solar cell was executed using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator SCAPS 1D . At higher temperatures, the solar cell’s carrier concentration, band gaps, electron and hole mobilities were affected, thus the lower power conversion efficiency. In contrast to the nominal trend where recoded models have their best efficiencies at temperature measured in Kelvin, K 300K before consistently decreasing, it was observed that the Power Conversion Efficiency of this model appreciated above 300K hitting a peak efficiency of 29.3445 at 325K, maintained a high efficiency through 355K. The results presented will give a valuable guideline for the feasible fabrication and designing of thermally stable and high power conversion efficiency perovskite solar cells. Chisom Patrick Mbachu | Samuel Okechukwu Okozi | Eli Danladi "High Efficiency and Thermal Stability: A Downright Response to the Commercialization of Perovskite Solar Cells" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52468.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/52468/high-efficiency-and-thermal-stability-a-downright-response-to-the-commercialization-of-perovskite-solar-cells/chisom-patrick-mbachu
Thermal Stability Investigation and Improvement: A Gateway to High Efficiency...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into improving the thermal stability and power conversion efficiency of organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells. The researchers used modeling software to simulate cell performance at different temperatures. They achieved a promising power conversion efficiency of 29.31% for their cell model. The simulations showed that higher temperatures negatively impact carrier concentration, band gaps, and mobilities, reducing efficiency. Unlike typical models that peak at 300K, this model's efficiency increased above 300K, peaking at 29.34% at 325K and remaining high up to 355K. This suggests improved thermal stability. The findings provide a useful reference for fabricating thermally stable, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
A view on Perovskite Solar Cells: An Emerging TechnologyIRJET Journal
The document discusses perovskite solar cells as an emerging solar technology, noting that perovskite cells offer higher efficiency and lower cost compared to traditional silicon solar cells. It describes the fabrication process, design implementation, manufacturing, and applications of perovskite solar cells. While perovskite cells currently have stability issues, the document argues that addressing these issues could allow perovskite technology to transform solar power deployment.
Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Costijtsrd
Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50% of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi-products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non-semiconducting materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so-called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley“Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency (33.7 percent) for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood"Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd96.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/96/emerging-next-generation-solar-cells-route-to-high-efficiency-and-low-cost/md-samiul-islam-sadek
Recent Advances in Photovoltaic Technology based on Perovskite Solar Cell- A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent advances in perovskite solar cell technology. Key points include:
- Perovskite solar cells have significantly higher efficiencies than organic solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells, with efficiencies increasing from 9.6% in 2012 to over 20% in 2015 for lead-based perovskites.
- Perovskites have the formula ABX3 and a specific crystal structure that enables their photovoltaic properties.
- While perovskite solar cells show great potential, issues of stability, toxicity from lead, and degradation with humidity and UV light need further addressing for commercialization.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
Analysis and Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Redu...ijtsrd
This article will concentrate on renewable energy sources. The hybridization production is made up of two sources combined solar and wind energy. The purpose of constructing a hybrid connection is to totally absorb both sources and boost network resiliency. The software MATLAB was used to make the art. The focus here is on constructing a modest micro grid for a specified region that will be supplied with power generated only from renewable sources. The connection of this full tiny micro grid with the state utility system results in reliable and sustainable power. During disturbances, producing and matching loads may be disconnected from the utility to protect the load of micro grids while without affecting the transmission grids integrity. This capacity to create energy and distribute it independently to a particular small area need has the potential to give more local reliability than the whole power grid. Nilesh Pandurang | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Reduction of Power Loss in Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49512.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49512/analysis-and-implementation-of-particle-swarm-optimization-technique-for-reduction-of-power-loss-in-microgrid/nilesh-pandurang
Multifunctional materials for clean energy conversionDevika Laishram
With the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, rising environmental concerns,
and population growth, it is inevitable to develop clean energy technologies
to power our future society [1e4]. These energy conversion and storage
technologies are anticipated to be sustainable and also capable of meeting
our long-term energy needs. During the past few years, extensive research
interests have been devoted to the advancement of energy conversion devices, as they play a crucial role in the prosperity and economic growth of
a country. Particularly, the energy conversion technologies such as solar
and fuel cells have proved to be highly reliable and can offer clean and sustainable energy at affordable rate [5e8]. However, the performance potential of these devices, such as output voltage, conversion efficiency, and
stability, are greatly relied on the materials used. The energy conversion process comprises physical and/or chemical reactions at th
Optimisation of Biogas Production using NanotechnologyYogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology largely affects a more extensive scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and unadulterated innovative applications. In this paper we would be covering the use of nanotechnology in the production as well as optimisation of biogas. This paper clearly shows the potential and relationship between the both – biogas production and nanotechnology via various feedstock characterisation studies which was done during this paper. The aim of this paper is to showcase how these both technologies complement each other and how nanotechnology is applied in feedstock and convert it to biogas. Our study shows how nanotechnology is applied on pressmud and gas production is enhanced at laboratory level. The digestion of pressmud with nanomaterials were studied. Our study clearly indicates that the biogas production can surely be enhanced in case of treating pressmud by using magnetite nanoparticles which gives higher methane yields compared to normal digestion without nanoparticles. This study not only confirms the enhanced biogas generation from pressmud but also confirms that on other biodegradable material the same principle can be applied and gas production can be enhanced. Our study surely will be an important tool for implementing of nanotechnology in biogas research and enhanced production wherever the press mud is available. Srinivas Kasulla | S J Malik | Ahmad Allam Siddiqui "Optimisation of Biogas Production using Nanotechnology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39867.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/39867/optimisation-of-biogas-production-using-nanotechnology/srinivas-kasulla
Thermal Stability Investigation and Improvement: A Gateway to High Efficiency...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into improving the thermal stability and power conversion efficiency of organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells. The researchers used modeling software to simulate cell performance at different temperatures. They achieved a promising power conversion efficiency of 29.31% for their cell model. The simulations showed that higher temperatures negatively impact carrier concentration, band gaps, and mobilities, reducing efficiency. Unlike typical models that peak at 300K, this model's efficiency increased above 300K, peaking at 29.34% at 325K and remaining high up to 355K. This suggests improved thermal stability. The findings provide a useful reference for fabricating thermally stable, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells.
A view on Perovskite Solar Cells: An Emerging TechnologyIRJET Journal
The document discusses perovskite solar cells as an emerging solar technology, noting that perovskite cells offer higher efficiency and lower cost compared to traditional silicon solar cells. It describes the fabrication process, design implementation, manufacturing, and applications of perovskite solar cells. While perovskite cells currently have stability issues, the document argues that addressing these issues could allow perovskite technology to transform solar power deployment.
Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Costijtsrd
Generation of clean energy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Solar energy is the most abundantly available renewable energy source which would be supplying more than 50% of the global electricity demand in 2100. Solar cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy directly with an appeal that it does not generate any harmful bi-products, like greenhouse gasses. The manufacturing of solar cells is actually based on the types of semiconducting or non-semiconducting materials used and commercial maturity. From the very beginning of the terrestrial use of Solar Cells, efficiency and costs are the main focusing areas of research. The definition of so-called emerging technologies sometimes described as including any technology capable of overcoming the Shockley“Queisser limit of power conversion efficiency (33.7 percent) for a single junction device. In this paper, few promising materials for solar cells are discussed including their structural morphology, electrical and optical properties. The excellent state of the art technology, advantages and potential research issues yet to be explored are also pointed out. Md. Samiul Islam Sadek | Dr. M Junaebur Rashid | Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmood"Emerging Next Generation Solar Cells: Route to High Efficiency and Low Cost" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd96.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/96/emerging-next-generation-solar-cells-route-to-high-efficiency-and-low-cost/md-samiul-islam-sadek
Recent Advances in Photovoltaic Technology based on Perovskite Solar Cell- A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent advances in perovskite solar cell technology. Key points include:
- Perovskite solar cells have significantly higher efficiencies than organic solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells, with efficiencies increasing from 9.6% in 2012 to over 20% in 2015 for lead-based perovskites.
- Perovskites have the formula ABX3 and a specific crystal structure that enables their photovoltaic properties.
- While perovskite solar cells show great potential, issues of stability, toxicity from lead, and degradation with humidity and UV light need further addressing for commercialization.
Ultra-optical characterization of thin film solar cells materials using core...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates on new design of heterojunction quantum dot (HJQD) photovoltaics solar cells CdS/PbS that is based on quantum dot metallics PbS core/shell absorber layer and quantum dot window layer. It has been enhanced the performance of traditional HJQD thin film solar cells model based on quantum dot absorber layer and bulk window layer. The new design has been used sub-micro absorber layer thickness to achieve high efficiency with material reduction, low cost, and time. Metallicssemiconductor core/shell absorber layer has been succeeded for improving the optical characteristics such energy band gap and the absorption of absorber layer materials, also enhancing the performance of HJQD ITO/CdS/QDPbS/Au, sub micro thin film solar cells. Finally, it has been formulating the quantum dot (QD) metallic cores concentration effect on the absorption, energy band gap and electron-hole generation rate in absorber layers, external quantum efficiency, energy conversion efficiency, fill factor of the innovative design of HJQD cells.
Analysis and Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Redu...ijtsrd
This article will concentrate on renewable energy sources. The hybridization production is made up of two sources combined solar and wind energy. The purpose of constructing a hybrid connection is to totally absorb both sources and boost network resiliency. The software MATLAB was used to make the art. The focus here is on constructing a modest micro grid for a specified region that will be supplied with power generated only from renewable sources. The connection of this full tiny micro grid with the state utility system results in reliable and sustainable power. During disturbances, producing and matching loads may be disconnected from the utility to protect the load of micro grids while without affecting the transmission grids integrity. This capacity to create energy and distribute it independently to a particular small area need has the potential to give more local reliability than the whole power grid. Nilesh Pandurang | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Analysis and Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Reduction of Power Loss in Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49512.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49512/analysis-and-implementation-of-particle-swarm-optimization-technique-for-reduction-of-power-loss-in-microgrid/nilesh-pandurang
Multifunctional materials for clean energy conversionDevika Laishram
With the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, rising environmental concerns,
and population growth, it is inevitable to develop clean energy technologies
to power our future society [1e4]. These energy conversion and storage
technologies are anticipated to be sustainable and also capable of meeting
our long-term energy needs. During the past few years, extensive research
interests have been devoted to the advancement of energy conversion devices, as they play a crucial role in the prosperity and economic growth of
a country. Particularly, the energy conversion technologies such as solar
and fuel cells have proved to be highly reliable and can offer clean and sustainable energy at affordable rate [5e8]. However, the performance potential of these devices, such as output voltage, conversion efficiency, and
stability, are greatly relied on the materials used. The energy conversion process comprises physical and/or chemical reactions at th
Optimisation of Biogas Production using NanotechnologyYogeshIJTSRD
Nanotechnology largely affects a more extensive scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and unadulterated innovative applications. In this paper we would be covering the use of nanotechnology in the production as well as optimisation of biogas. This paper clearly shows the potential and relationship between the both – biogas production and nanotechnology via various feedstock characterisation studies which was done during this paper. The aim of this paper is to showcase how these both technologies complement each other and how nanotechnology is applied in feedstock and convert it to biogas. Our study shows how nanotechnology is applied on pressmud and gas production is enhanced at laboratory level. The digestion of pressmud with nanomaterials were studied. Our study clearly indicates that the biogas production can surely be enhanced in case of treating pressmud by using magnetite nanoparticles which gives higher methane yields compared to normal digestion without nanoparticles. This study not only confirms the enhanced biogas generation from pressmud but also confirms that on other biodegradable material the same principle can be applied and gas production can be enhanced. Our study surely will be an important tool for implementing of nanotechnology in biogas research and enhanced production wherever the press mud is available. Srinivas Kasulla | S J Malik | Ahmad Allam Siddiqui "Optimisation of Biogas Production using Nanotechnology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39867.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/39867/optimisation-of-biogas-production-using-nanotechnology/srinivas-kasulla
Properties of electrodeposited semiconductor thin films are dependent upon the electrolyte composition, plating time, and temperature as well as the current density and the nature of the substrate. In this study, the influence of electrodeposition parameters such as deposition voltage, deposition time, composition of solution, and deposition temperature upon the properties of In2S3 films were analyzed by the Taguchi Method. According to Taguchi analysis, the interaction between deposition voltage and deposition time was significant. Deposition voltage had the most impact upon the stoichiometry of In2S3 films and deposition temperature had the least impact. The stochiometric ratios between sulfur and indium (S/In : 3/2) obtained from experiments performed with optimized electrodeposition paramters were in agreement with predicted values from the Taguchi Method. The experiments were carried-out according to Taguchi Orthogonal Array L27 (3^4) Design of Experiments (DOE). Approximately 600 nm-thick In2S3 films were electrodeposited from an organic bath (ethylene glycol-based) containing indium chloride (InCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O), the latter used as an additional sulfur source along with elemental sulfur (S). An X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were respectively used to analyze the phases, elemental composition, and morphology of the electrodeposited In2S3 films.
Development of Nanotechnology Piezoelectric Energy Generationijtsrd
Since an invention of piezoelectric nanogenerator in 2006 by Zhong Lin Wang a Chinese American physicist, materials scientist and engineer specialized in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has made it possible for devices to work without external power supply. This is a crucial step forward in the quest solving the worlds energy problems and create a sustainable future. We are always pushing the boundaries of whats possible in energy generation and storage. The development of nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation is no exception. Nanotechnology has become a rapidly growing field in recent years, offering new and innovative solutions to a wide range of challenges facing humanity. One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is the development of nanoscale piezoelectric energy generators which have the ability and capability to harvest energy from several sources and convert it to usable electricity. This technology is based on piezoelectric effect which produces quantity of electric charge in response to mechanical stress. . By fabricating piezoelectric materials at the nanoscale, it is possible to create devices that are highly efficient and capable of converting even small amounts of mechanical energy into usable electricity. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation, including the materials and techniques used to create these devices, as well as their performance and potential applications. More so, the challenges facing the widespread adoption of nanoscale piezoelectric energy generators are also discussed, including issues related to cost, scalability, and durability. Despite these challenges, benefits of this technology are significant, and the continued development of nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation has the potential to revolutionize the way we think about energy generation and storage in the future. Issa Lukman Oluwadare | Lambe Adesina Mutalub | Olalekan Ogunbiyi "Development of Nanotechnology-Piezoelectric Energy Generation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53831.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/53831/development-of-nanotechnologypiezoelectric-energy-generation/issa-lukman-oluwadare
An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coate...ijtsrd
In this paper we have produced NiO thin film based solar cells. The NiO thin film was then studied for their structural, optical and electrical properties. By the help of these results we have capable to know about the structure of NiO the phase purity of the thin film X ray diffraction XRD pattern of NiO showed the diffraction planes corresponding to cubic phase respectively. The optical properties showed that with the increase in the deposition time of NiO the energy band gap varied between 3.1 to 3.24 eV. In the end, IV characteristics of the thin films were obtained by the help of matlab in the presence of light as will as dark region. Vijay Aithekar "An Research Article on Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Coated Solar Cell" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25300.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/25300/an-research-article-on-fabrication-and-characterization-of-nickel-oxide-coated-solar-cell/vijay-aithekar
Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of V2O5 Thin Film by using Ultrasonic W...iosrjce
Ultrasonic weltering was used to enhance the electrochemical performance of V2O5 thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates for use as electrodes in supercapacitors. Structural, morphological, physical and electrochemical characterization showed that ultrasonic weltering resulted in more crystalline and porous films with increased specific surface area. This led to improved ion transport and a 19% increase in specific capacitance from 333 F/g to 397 F/g. Energy density also increased from 2.44 Wh/kg to 2.97 Wh/kg, while power density rose from 3.11 kW/kg to 3.52 kW/kg. Therefore, ultrasonic weltering produced structural and morphological changes that enhanced the supercapacitive properties
Seminar report on Flexible Photovoltaic TechnologyKumudGarg3
This report is relate to topic of Flexible Solar Cell. In this report you get content is introduction, introduction to flexible solar cell, types of solar cell, types of flexible solar cell, application n etc.
This document summarizes recent trends in photovoltaic technology that are helping to reduce costs and improve performance of solar installations. It discusses nanostructure solar cells being developed at Princeton University that use a plasmonic cavity structure to trap light and achieve up to 175% higher efficiency than conventional solar cells. The document also briefly mentions an all-carbon solar cell developed at Stanford University as an alternative to expensive materials traditionally used in photovoltaics.
This document discusses research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization. It summarizes the major developments and remaining challenges for three approaches: solar electricity, solar thermal, and solar fuels technologies. For solar electricity, the costs of silicon-based solar panels have declined rapidly but efficiency improvements are still needed. Grid-scale energy storage is also a major challenge to address intermittency. For solar thermal, improved thermal storage and thermoelectric conversion systems without moving parts could increase capabilities. New thermochemical processes may enable efficient fuel production from solar heat. Solar fuels research aims to directly produce fuels like hydrogen from sunlight but requires further development of efficient, robust, and cost-effective materials and systems. Overall, the document argues that both evolutionary and revolutionary technology
Effect of morphology on the photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructure...Pawan Kumar
This document discusses the effect of morphology on the photoelectrochemical performance of nanostructured Cu2O photocathodes. It summarizes that:
1) Different deposition methods including electroreduction, anodization, thermal oxidation, and chemical oxidation were used to deposit planar and 1D nanostructured Cu2O thin films on copper foil with varying morphologies.
2) Mesoscopic and planar Cu2O morphologies exhibited large differences in carrier density and charge transfer resistance, but these differences did not strongly influence their photoelectrochemical performance.
3) Planar Cu2O deposited via electroreduction provided the highest photocurrent density of 5.0 mA cm−2 at 0 V vs RHE,
Fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about using fuzzy logic to interpret absorption in solar cells. It discusses how fuzzy logic can be used to analyze the various factors that affect current density generation in solar cells, including absorption rate. The factors of different solar cell designs are "fuzzyfied" and analyzed in relation to absorption rate to predict current density output. It also provides background information on photovoltaic technology and the three main steps of converting light to electricity in solar cells: light absorption, charge separation, and charge extraction.
11.fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cellsAlexander Decker
This document discusses solar cell technology and fuzzy interpretation of absorption in solar cells. It provides background on different generations of solar cell technology and how they absorb solar energy. It then describes using fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption and current density generation based on various cut factors in solar cell production. Tables and graphs apply fuzzy interpretation to analyze absorption for first, second, and third generation solar cells. It finds that third generation solar cells provide maximum absorption and current density over a wide range of optimal fuzzy values.
This document summarizes a presentation on using carbon nanotubes in solar panel technology. It discusses how carbon nanotubes can improve the efficiency of solar cells compared to traditional organic solar cells. Carbon nanotubes are classified as single-walled or multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes and a polymer called MEH-PPV-CN are used as materials in constructing a carbon solar cell. The cell works by generating electrons when exposed to light, which are transferred between energy bands and build up voltage. Adding carbon nanotubes can increase the cell's efficiency by improving light absorption and electron transport. Potential applications include using carbon nanotubes in the photoactive layer or as transparent electrodes.
This document discusses the design of quantum dot probes for bioimaging, detection, and drug delivery. It outlines the major design principles for engineering quantum dot probes, including controlling the optical and chemical properties of the quantum dot core and coating. Precise control over the quantum dot size, composition, and surface chemistry allows for tuning of the optical properties while coating and functionalizing the quantum dots enables interactions with biological systems. The document reviews how advances in quantum dot synthesis have improved control over size, uniformity and photophysical properties. Careful engineering of quantum dot probes according to application-specific criteria can enable successful translation to clinical applications.
Multifunctional carbon nitride nanoarchitectures for catalysisPawan Kumar
Catalysis is at the heart of modern-day chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and there is an urgent demand to develop metal-free, high surface area, and efficient catalysts in a scalable, reproducible and economic manner. Amongst the ever-expanding two-dimensional materials family, carbon nitride (CN) has emerged as the most researched material for catalytic applications due to its unique molecular structure with tunable visible range band gap, surface defects, basic sites, and nitrogen functionalities. These properties also endow it with anchoring capability with a large number of catalytically active sites and provide opportunities for doping, hybridization, sensitization, etc. To make considerable progress in the use of CN as a highly effective catalyst for various applications, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding of its synthesis, structure and surface sites. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances in synthetic approaches of CN, its physicochemical properties, and band gap engineering, with a focus on its exclusive usage in a variety of catalytic reactions, including hydrogen evolution reactions, overall water splitting, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, nitrogen reduction reactions, pollutant degradation, and organocatalysis. While the structural design and band gap engineering of catalysts are elaborated, the surface chemistry is dealt with in detail to demonstrate efficient catalytic performances. Burning challenges in catalytic design and future outlook are elucidated.
Current state and Prospects of Materials Science Research - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
Materials is a vast and critical area of expertise and techniques that is an integral cornerstone of contemporary technical societies, not a particular discipline. In this way, materials parallel other broad fields like energy, electronics, and medical science, where each spans several disciplines and is marked by scientific ferment and societal influence. If materials science is conducted on a small, moderate, or large scale, the people’s quality is directly related to the researcher doing it.
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Design and Implementation of a Solar Power Systemijtsrd
Energy is a very important variable that its conservation is of paramount interest to engineers of our time. As we know, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. This helps in sustainable use and protection of natural resources. This research work the Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System focuses on a technique of power generation from solar source. It provides simple basic theoretical studies of solar cell and its modelling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. Solar Photovoltaic PV power generation system is comprising several elements like solar cells, inverter, Battery charge controller and single phase inverter for AC loads are implemented in hardware in simple manner. Sylvester Emeka Abonyi | Kingsley Chibueze Obute | Anthony Amaechi Okafor "Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49926.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49926/design-and-implementation-of-a-solar-power-system/sylvester-emeka-abonyi
An integrated approach to realizing high performance liquid-junction quantum ...Emerson Kohlrausch
This study demonstrates a liquid-junction quantum dot sensitized solar cell with certified power conversion efficiencies exceeding 5%, a record for this type of solar cell. The solar cells utilize low-cost, low-toxicity CuInSexS2−x quantum dots synthesized via solution processing. Surface treatment of the quantum dots with zinc or cadmium ions is shown to reduce surface trap states and increase open circuit voltage and short circuit current. Optimization of the methanol-based polysulfide electrolyte and use of a mesoporous cuprous sulfide cathode further improve performance by reducing series resistance. The resulting solar cells demonstrate high stability over several months under ambient conditions, offering potential for low-cost and robust photovoltaics.
Recent progress on reduced graphene oxide....suresh kannan
The document summarizes recent progress on using reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based materials as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a cost-effective alternative to platinum. It discusses how rGO on its own is not effective as a counter electrode but that adding metal nanoparticles to rGO composites improves their catalytic activity and performance in DSSCs. The document reviews various rGO composites that have been studied, including those with silver, nickel, tungsten and platinum nanoparticles, as well as metal oxides and dichalcogenides. It compares the photovoltaic parameters of DSSCs using these rGO composite counter electrodes to those using conventional platinum counter electrodes
Quantum Dot-sensitized Solar Cells: A ReviewjournalBEEI
Quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) has an analogous structure and working principle to the dye sensitizer solar cell (DSSC). It has drawn great attention due to its unique features, like multiple exciton generation (MEG), simple fabrication and low cost. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSSC is lower than that of DSSC. To increase the PCE of QDSSC, it is required to develop new types of working electrodes, sensitizers, counter electrodes and electrolytes. This review highlights recent developments in QDSSCs and their key components, including the photoanode, sensitizer, electrolyte and counter electrode.
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
In this article, we are introducing some technique of growth Nanowire for Nanostructures for physics, A Nanowire considered as a Nanostructure which is build blocks for the generation of electrons protons neutrons positions and the sensor and also the energy applications. In this project, we are to synthesis and growth of semiconductor nanowire made by metallic both of the axial and radial structure and their properties discuss here. In one-dimensional nanostructure of control, density States turned into the electronic and optic properties. There is a new technique of growth metallic and semiconducting material develop in the International Science. A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9 meters) and an unconstrained length. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are important — which coined the term "quantum wires.” Quantum confinement produces new material behaviour/phenomena. Based on the degree of confinement different Structures arise.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Since an invention of piezoelectric nanogenerator in 2006 by Zhong Lin Wang a Chinese American physicist, materials scientist and engineer specialized in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has made it possible for devices to work without external power supply. This is a crucial step forward in the quest solving the worlds energy problems and create a sustainable future. We are always pushing the boundaries of whats possible in energy generation and storage. The development of nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation is no exception. Nanotechnology has become a rapidly growing field in recent years, offering new and innovative solutions to a wide range of challenges facing humanity. One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is the development of nanoscale piezoelectric energy generators which have the ability and capability to harvest energy from several sources and convert it to usable electricity. This technology is based on piezoelectric effect which produces quantity of electric charge in response to mechanical stress. . By fabricating piezoelectric materials at the nanoscale, it is possible to create devices that are highly efficient and capable of converting even small amounts of mechanical energy into usable electricity. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation, including the materials and techniques used to create these devices, as well as their performance and potential applications. More so, the challenges facing the widespread adoption of nanoscale piezoelectric energy generators are also discussed, including issues related to cost, scalability, and durability. Despite these challenges, benefits of this technology are significant, and the continued development of nanotechnology piezoelectric energy generation has the potential to revolutionize the way we think about energy generation and storage in the future. Issa Lukman Oluwadare | Lambe Adesina Mutalub | Olalekan Ogunbiyi "Development of Nanotechnology-Piezoelectric Energy Generation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53831.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/53831/development-of-nanotechnologypiezoelectric-energy-generation/issa-lukman-oluwadare
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Materials is a vast and critical area of expertise and techniques that is an integral cornerstone of contemporary technical societies, not a particular discipline. In this way, materials parallel other broad fields like energy, electronics, and medical science, where each spans several disciplines and is marked by scientific ferment and societal influence. If materials science is conducted on a small, moderate, or large scale, the people’s quality is directly related to the researcher doing it.
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Design and Implementation of a Solar Power Systemijtsrd
Energy is a very important variable that its conservation is of paramount interest to engineers of our time. As we know, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. This helps in sustainable use and protection of natural resources. This research work the Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System focuses on a technique of power generation from solar source. It provides simple basic theoretical studies of solar cell and its modelling techniques using equivalent electric circuits. Solar Photovoltaic PV power generation system is comprising several elements like solar cells, inverter, Battery charge controller and single phase inverter for AC loads are implemented in hardware in simple manner. Sylvester Emeka Abonyi | Kingsley Chibueze Obute | Anthony Amaechi Okafor "Design and Implementation of a Solar Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49926.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49926/design-and-implementation-of-a-solar-power-system/sylvester-emeka-abonyi
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Quantum Dot-sensitized Solar Cells: A ReviewjournalBEEI
Quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) has an analogous structure and working principle to the dye sensitizer solar cell (DSSC). It has drawn great attention due to its unique features, like multiple exciton generation (MEG), simple fabrication and low cost. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSSC is lower than that of DSSC. To increase the PCE of QDSSC, it is required to develop new types of working electrodes, sensitizers, counter electrodes and electrolytes. This review highlights recent developments in QDSSCs and their key components, including the photoanode, sensitizer, electrolyte and counter electrode.
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD52468 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 1 | January-February 2023 Page 692
perovskite crystals is ABX3, where A is a large
organic or inorganic cation (CH3NH3
+
or
NH2CH3NH2
+
). Cation alloys are being proposed to
improve the stability of perovskite absorbers at this
point of advanced progress in perovskite materials.
B is a divalent inorganic metal cation that is smaller
than A; like (Cu2+
, Mg2+
, Ge2+
, Sn2+
, Pb2+
, Eu2+
,
Yb2+
), where X3 is a halogen group monovalent
anion (such as Cl-
, Br-
and I-
) that can attach to both
cations A and B [11]. The atoms are arranged in a
cubic lattice as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: Cubic structure of perovskites [12].
The Organic-Inorganic halide perovskite otherwise
called hybrid perovskite is one of the two main
categories of perovskite crystal structures which
consist of a structure where the octahedral network
is composed by an inorganic compound, while the
central A-cation is a small organic molecule, usually
an amine. Alternatively, this class of compounds
can be named organometal trihalide perovskites or
metallo-organic perovskites. The general chemical
formula for these compounds is ABX3. The most
studied organic groups A at the center of the cage
are Methyl Ammonium (MA:CH3 N+
H3) and
Formamidinium (FA:H3N CH N+
H3), with the
most common metals in the B-site being Lead and
Tin; but other compounds with isovalent metals
could also be used; the anion could be a halide
chosen between Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine.
1. Literature Review
Perovskite solar cells have been touted as the next
big thing in the photovoltaic space and have been
intensively studied over time due to their unique
properties that include: Having excellent
optoelectronic behavior, which enables them
function well as the absorber layer for photovoltaic
application; Low band gap, which lets more light be
absorbed leading to light harvesting from a broad
spectrum of incident solar radiation; High charge
carrier mobility (hole and electron mobility), which
lets the created electrons and holes to move through
the material with less resistance; Easy fabricating
procedure; Long charge diffusion, etc. In addition,
the efficiency of perovskites in recent years have
sky-rocketed from meager 2.6% in 2006 [13], to
over 22% in 2017 [14] and has more room to
improve significantly in the coming years. It is
really mind blowing juxtaposing this record with
Silicon-based Solar Cells (SSCs) which took more
than 40 years for single crystal SSCs to reach the
current record of 26%. By and large, this
comparison makes perovskite a promising lead in
quest for solar cell efficiency improvement. Putting
things into perspective, 2017 alone recorded over
3,000 academic journal publications on the subject
matter [15]. This goes to show the indefatigable
efforts invested by many researchers in perovskite
PV and the related areas in a bid to improve device
efficiency and stability.
Notable milestones of perovskite solar cells are
discussed briefly. Perovskites were first used as
light absorbers in solid-state dye-sensitized cells
with record efficiency of 2.6% [13]. It further
metamorphosed through various stages- quantum
dots achieving an increase in efficiency of 6.5%
[16], the use of polymers HTM with an efficiency
of 9.7% [17]. Persistent efforts by researchers saw
the use of polymer HTM + Al2O3 scaffold yield an
efficiency of 10.9% [18]. Other developmental
processes over time made for the significant
increase in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells
up to 22% [19], [20], [21], [22], [23].
Figure 2: PCE evolution of perovskite solar cells
[24]
However in present times, perovskites are solely
studied as absorbers in solid state, thin film-like
solar cell structures with various cell types
spanning a variety of device architectures. Further
innovations have given an avenue for developing
high performance devices. Such include, but are not
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limited to Band gap Engineering, Compositional
Engineering and Contact Engineering.
The Band gap Engineering allows for the tunability
of perovskites‘ band gap over a wide range of the
solar spectrum. This engineering cuts across
various modifications like tandem perovskite cells
[25], mixed halides [26] [27]; [28]; [29] [30],
hybrid components like the absorber (double or
triple absorbers) [31], hybrid charge-transport
layers (double HTL or ETL), ETL/HTL-Free cells
[32], etc.
Compositional Engineering gives room for the
total/partial replacement of constituent materials, be
it of inorganic or organic nature. For instance,
Compositional engineering of the MAPbI3
perovskite can be achieved by exchanging the
organic Methylammonium with Formamidinium
(FA); Lead (Pb) metal with Tin (Sn), or Iodine
halide with Bromine or Chlorine (Br or Cl).
Achieving stable and reproducible high efficiency
results is a major concern towards perovskite solar
cells‘ industrialization. Some of the record best
perovskite solar cells use mixed organic cations
[Methylammonium (MA) and Formamidinium
(FA)] and mixed halides [21]. Unfortunately,
MA/FA compositions are sensitive to processing
conditions because of their intrinsic structural and
thermal instability, brought about by impurities
domiciled in their films which tend to make them
less crystalline. To improve the crystalline property,
additional modification has to be introduced.
Michael and colleagues introduced small amounts
of inorganic cation Cesium (Cs) to a mixed organic
cations of Methylammonium and Formamidinium,
thus forming a ―triple cation‖ (Cs/MA/FA)
configuration which yielded even purer perovskite
than the (MA/FA) standalone [22]. This approach is
a novel compositional strategy en route to the
industrialization of perovskite solar cells with better
stabilities and repeatable high efficiencies.
Efforts at making lead-free perovskites by totally
replacing lead with other group IVA elements such
as Germanium (Ge) and Tin (Sn) have been
attempted. Germanium-based perovskites such as
CsGeCl3 (Cesium Germanium Chloride) and
MAGeCl3 (Methylammonium Germanium
Chloride) have be synthesized [33]. More so, a
mixed-(Tin & Lead) perovskite has been proven
possible and achievable [34].
Contact Engineering takes center stage while
studying the properties of the electron and hole
collecting electrodes and their interfaces, as they
are also critical for improving perovskite device
performance. They add to the controlling and
modifying of the optoelectronic and structural
properties of the absorber[35]; [36]; [37]; [38].
All of these efforts are geared towards significantly
improving/increasing the efficiency of perovskite
solar cells so that they can compete favorably with
the dominant silicon-based solar cells as well as
other established thin film solar cells. While the
power conversion efficiency of perovskites has
rapidly achieved remarkable values, same cannot be
said of its stability. Despite numerous strides at
overcoming this hurdle, plans of commercialization
of perovskites remains bedeviled majorly by
thermal instability and low efficiency of the solar
cells. Various schools of thought exist as to what
the principal encumbrances to the
commercialization of perovskites could be.
The first tends to be more/less inclined to business
technicalities other than the device technologies.
This school of thought has it that one of the most
significant hurdles to overcome on the path to
commercial success is the issue of raising finance.
Scaling up from very promising research results to
a technology ready for manufacturing requires an
order of magnitude increase in investment. Many
venture firms have remained circumspect in
investing in PV technology, with the benefit of hind
sight into the inrush of PV investments in the mid
2000‘s, where the likes of TSMC Solar (2015),
Helio Volt (2014), Honda Soltec (2013), Nanosolar
(2013), Avancis (2013), Solarion (2013), and AQT
(2012) either filed for bankruptcy or sold for a
fraction of the investment that had attracted.
According to Green et al., (2014), ―a key
prerequisite for commercialization of perovskite
solar-cell technology is a compelling market
advantage over incumbent technologies‖. In terms
of cost, the closest commercial technology aside
mainstream Silicon-based module that perovskites
must compete with is CdTe, (the photovoltaic thin-
film technology with the lowest production cost).
Aside the draw backs of containing heavy metal,
the low material cost of Tellurium (Te) makes it
cost effective. Also, fabrication of CdTe is by
simple vapour-phase deposition onto FTO-coated
glass with a ‗glass in‘ to ‗module out‘ time of 2.5 h
[21]. Though perovskite modules could arguably be
processed more simply than CdTe modules, the
material cost of constituent materials as well as
encapsulating materials remains an encumbrance to
achieving a lower overall cost. More so, matching
the projected efficiencies of CdTe modules in order
to gain a competitive advantage will be a workover
for perovskite tandem cells, but at a price of
increased overall cost. However, with single cells, it
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may just be possible for efficiencies of over 20%
with extra work, but will contribute to significantly
lowering the overall cost.
There is huge reliance on environmentally
hazardous heavy metals for high efficiency
perovskite solar cells and this is a major obstacle to
commercialization, especially with the possibility
of large-scale production. However, with lead being
at the fore front of for high efficiency perovskite
solar cells, its comparison with other lead emission
sources such as mining and the manufacture of
common products like batteries, plumbing,
soldering, and electronic materials, etc., reveals that
lead has a very small impact on the overall
environmental impact during the manufacturing
according to an environmental impact assessment
of perovskite solar cells [39]. The main concern
here is that, as regulation gets more restrictive,
technology that relies on hazardous materials may
become progressively marginalized. Lead-based
perovskite solar cells, on the other hand, may prove
to be a problem sink rather than a problem source
by allowing for the reuse of lead from other
applications, therefore reducing the quantity of lead
pollution in the environment. Chen et al., (2014)
described the fabrication of lead-based perovskite
photovoltaic systems with lead supplies recovered
from used vehicle batteries.
Owing to various milestones achieved in the area of
perovskites, one might imperatively say that the
commercialization of this technology is lurking
around the corner. However, thermal instability
continues to rear its ugly head; and to address this
issue, it is expedient to investigate the effect of
temperature effects of the performance of
perovskite solar cells. From previous knowledge
about the effects of high temperature on materials,
we can make deductions on its effect on perovskite
solar cells, which of course will not be far-fetched.
Conventionally, increased temperature pivotally
targets the bonds that hold the atoms of elements
together. It continuously and consistently causes a
mild vibrational motion that builds up the entropy
level in such material, thus causing the weakening
and consequent dissociation of the bonds. In the
case of perovskite solar cells which are
predominantly hybrid in nature and possessing
heterojuction qualities, thermal instability is its
albatross as high temperatures target the multi-
layered junctions, causing them to act like
independent materials. As such, high resistance is
built up at each layer causing an obstruction to
electron and hole movements. This is preceded by
high rates of recombination at the interfaces, as
well as the bulk of the materials. Photovoltaic cells,
like all semiconductor devices, are extremely
temperature sensitive. When the temperature of a
solar cell rises, the efficiency and power output
decreases. This is mostly owing to greater internal
carrier recombination rates as a result of higher
carrier concentrations. The significance of solar cell
module temperature on the behavior of photovoltaic
systems cannot be overstated, as it determines the
system's efficiency and output energy. The
chemical/structural implication is that for materials
like CH3NH3PbI3, when temperature exceeds the
phase transition temperature of the material, it
changes from tetragonal to cubic structure in a
linear fashion at temperatures between 54˚C and
56˚C [41]; [42].
Figure 3: Graphical illustration of the change in
the cell structures due to increased temperature
[41]
Use of polymers with single-walled Carbon
Nanotubes CNTs as a HTL has been reported to
increase the thermal stability and retard moisture
sensitivity of the perovskite solar cells [43]. Also,
sealing of the device has been tried. Even though
this technique protects the device against moisture,
but it could also cause internal decomposition in the
case of an over-sealed situation [44].
The interaction of constituent members of the solar
cell with one another at the interface is accounted
for by interface engineering. This is crucial to the
device's performance since it affects not only
exciton generation, dissociation, and recombination,
but also the device's deterioration [45]. This further
emphasizes the need of interface engineering in
achieving high-performance and high-stability
PSCs. Interface engineering makes for the control of
material behavior by employing different strategies
either in material processing or configuration. Tan
and co-workers as well as Wang and colleagues
have reported various efficiencies by employing
different schemes. Efficiencies of 20.1% [46] and
20.3% [47] were respectively reported. Correa-
Baena et al. provided some theoretical guidance by
investigating in depth the recombination at the
different interfaces in a PSC, including the charge-
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selective contacts and the effect of grain boundaries
[48].
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Modeling of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Modeling is the process of creating a design or
representation for the implementation of a physical
system using mathematical formulae. Starting a
project involving the design of a solar cell without
simulation work is a complete waste of time and
money. It not only reduces hazards, but also saves
time and money. These three (3) major differential
equations form the theoretical model of a Perovskite
Solar Cell:
A. Poisson‘s equation.
B. Transport equation, and
C. Continuity equation.
Poisson's equation and continuity equations may be
used to explain the performance of a perovskite
solar cell in one-dimension. The connection
between electric potential and space charges is
explained by Poisson's equation. It describes the
electric field (E) in delocalized states, traps, and
recombination centers, which is a function of the
current flowing and the charge. It is written as
follows:
( ) * ( )- ( ) ( )- -
( )- ( )
( )+ (1)
The effects of defect density and ionized doping are
ignored in a basic model. As a result, the Poisson's
equation becomes:
( ) [ ( ) ( )] (2)
However, when the effects of defect density and
ionized doping are taken into account in this model,
the Poisson's equation may be recast as:
( ) ( )
(3)
Where;
is electrostatic potential
ε is permittivity
ε0 is dielectric constant
q is elementary charge.
P and n are free charge carriers per volume,
and are ionized donor and acceptor-like
dopants
and are trapped hole and electron density
n and p are density of free electron and hole
respectively
ρdef is defect charge density
The conservation of free electrons and free holes in
a solar device is defined using continuity equations.
The current density of a free electron or hole at any
point in the solar cell device must be equal to that at
another location in the device at steady state and in
the absence of illumination and recombination.
These are expressed as
(4a)
(4b)
Where;
is electron current density
is hole current density
Gs are optical generation rates
Us are recombination rates in the device.
n and p subscripts are for electron and hole
respectively
and are trapped hole and electron density
The electron and hole concentrations do not vary
with time under a stead state situation, therefore the
continuity equations may be reduced to:
(5a)
(5b)
The output current of a perovskite solar cell includes
diffusion current and drift current caused by
electron and hole mobility. These describe the
mobility of free electrons and holes in connection to
electron and hole current quasi-Fermi level location
data. They are given thus:
(6a)
(6b)
Where;
is electron current density
is hole current density
μn is electron mobility and
μp is hole mobility
n and p are free electrons and holes density, EFn and
EFp are electron and hole quasi-Fermi level
respectively.
and are diffusion coefficient of electrons and
holes
All of the charge carriers in the device when it is
illuminated will migrate to their associated
electrodes, and electrons and holes will strive to
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recombine as they move. Three types of
recombination processes can be introduced in the
bulk of the layer: Defects/Shockley-Read-Hall
(SRH), Band-to-Band/Radiative, and Auger
recombinations.
Due to intrinsic flaws or impurities in the materials,
the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination, also
known as trap-assisted recombination, occurs. The
rate of SRH recombination is calculated as follows:
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
(7)
Where;
σn and σp are capture cross-sections for electrons and
holes,
v is electron thermal velocity,
NT is number of gap states per volume
ni and pi are intrinsic carrier concentrations of
electrons and holes,
The phrase "Radiative recombination" or "Band-to-
Band recombination" is used to describe the process
of photon absorption in reverse. Electrons in the
conduction band return to the empty valence band,
where they recombine with holes. Radiative
recombination rate is expressed as:
( ) (8)
Where;
( )
Where;
K = recombination coefficient
v = electron thermal velocity,
NC = conduction band effective density of states
ni = intrinsic carrier concentration,
= the actual band gap of the material
= the number of electrons in conduction band
and holes in valence band generated per unit time
per unit volume
Auger recombination is a term that describes the
recombination of electron and hole pairs when they
transition from a high to a low energy state, with the
energy transferred to the third carrier. It can be
described as follows:
( )( ) (9)
Where;
ni is intrinsic carrier concentration,
and are constants
Temperature affects the densities of states in the
conduction and valence bands, as well as the
diffusion coefficient and the thermal velocities of
electrons and holes. The influence of temperature on
the modeled perovskite solar cell, on the other hand,
was given temperature dependency to all other
parameters (which is the desired temperature
levels).
( ) * + (10)
( ) * + (11)
Where;
Nc is conduction band densities of state
Nv is valence band densities of state
T is desired temperature
T0 = default temperature = 300K
2.2. Numerical Simulation of the Modeled
System Using SCAPS-1D
During device simulation, all of the main input
parameters must be carefully specified in order to
produce a model that acts like an actual equivalent.
The simulation software takes the physical
parameters of materials as input and converts them
into practical or real devices, while expressing the
electrical (power conversion efficiency, fill factor,
open circuit voltage, and short circuit current) and
optical (capacitance and spectral responses/
quantum efficiency) characteristics of the solar cell.
SCAPS-1D examines the layer characteristics and
functions in order to improve the solar cell's
performance. Layer thickness, electron and hole
mobility, electron affinity, band gap, doping density,
valence band effective density of state, conduction
band effective density of state, electron and hole
concentrations, dielectric permittivity, and electron
and hole thermal conductivity are the physical
parameters used in SCAPS-1D software for
numerical analysis.
2.3. Architectural Structure for Model
Implementation by SCAPS-1D Modeling of
the Perovskite Solar Cell
Figure 4 shows the block design of architecture used
in the simulator's simulation of the perovskite solar
cell. It depicts a four-layer planar heterojunction
structure in its most basic form. Glass + Transparent
Conducting Oxide (SnO2:F), n-type Electron
Transportation Layer (TiO2), Absorber
layer/Perovskite Material (CH3NH3PbI3), p-type
Hole Transportation Layer (Spiro-OMETAD), and
Back Contact (Gold) are the device designs that
follow the direction of incident light.
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Figure 4: Block diagram of architecture employed in the modeling
On the Solar cell definition panel, the software presents the model of the perovskite solar cell created by
SCAPS-1D software, as shown in Figures 5 below. The structure's discretization reveals that red signifies a p-
type material and blue denotes an n-type material.
Figure 5: The block diagram as built by SCAPS-1D software
2.4. Baseline Parameters for the Simulation
Table 1 lists the baseline material parameters for each layer employed in this study, which are experimental
data from the literature. The donor and acceptor concentrations are denoted by ND and NA, respectively. εr
stands for relative permittivity; Eg stands for bandgap; μn and μp stand for electron and hole mobilities; Nt
stands for defect density; χ denotes electron affinity; CB and VB stand for effective density of states in the
conduction band and valence band, respectively. The thermal velocity of electrons and holes, as well as the
capture cross section of electrons and holes, are other modeling parameters.
SCAPS have been applied to model the solar cell with charge carrier loss mechanisms in PSCs with Bulk
defect densities of 1X1015
for each layer except for the absorber layer with 2.5X1013
and interface trap defect
densities implemented by Adhikari et al., (2016). In modeling the physical processes, deep insights have been
obtained, which helps in determining the characteristic of the solar cell at high temperature.
Table 1: Baseline Parameters for Simulation
Characteristics SnO2: F TiO2 CH3NH3PbI3 Spiro-OMeTAD
Thickness (μm) 0.5 0.05 0.5 0.4
Band gap (eV) Eg 3.5 3.2 1.55 2.91
Electron affinity (eV) χ 4.0 4.0 3.9 2.2
Dielectric permittivity ϵr 9.0 100 30 3
CB effective density of states (1/cm3
) 2.20X1017
2.0X1018
2.2X1015
2.5X1018
VB effective density of states (1/cm3
) 2.20X1016
1.0X1019
2.2X1017
1.8X1019
Electron thermal velocity (cm/s) 1X107
1.0X107
1.0X107
1.0X107
Hole thermal velocity (cm/s) 1X107
1.0X107
1.0X107
1.0X107
Electron mobility (cm2
/Vs) 20 2.0X104
2 2.0X10-4
Hole mobility (cm2
/Vs) 10 1.0X103
2 2.0X10-4
Shallow uniform donor density ND (1/cm3
) 1X1019
5.0X1019
0 0
Shallow uniform acceptor density NA (1/cm3
) 0 0 1.0X1013
3.0X1018
Total Defect Density NT (cm-3
) 1X1015
1X1015
2.5X1013
1X1015
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3. RESULTS
In this work, we identified areas of primary loss mechanism due to high temperature to be high bulk
radiative recombination and surface recombination at the interfaces/junctions. While the latter is caused by
the collection of minority carriers together with the majority at the perovskite/absorbing layer, the ETL and
back contact, the former is endemic. Mitigating the effects of surface recombination can be achieved by
employing Electron Selective Layer and Hole Selective Layer at the Perovskite layer‘s junctions. These
layers would inhibit the minority charges moving towards the electrodes, thus making the surface
recombination have a negligible effect. The introduction of these materials however connotes more materials
and increased cost of production. To this effect, it was not considered in this work.
The influence of temperature on the modeled perovskite solar cell was given temperature dependency to all
other parameters (which is the desired temperature levels). The temperature (K) was defined as a batch
parameter in the Batch Set-up to achieve this. Simulations were run at different temperatures (measured in
Kelvin, K), T = 275K - 450K, with a step increase of 25K, to better understand and assess the influence of
temperature on the performance of the perovskite solar cell.
3.1. Result of Reference Model
Device features were examined in both dark and light environments. The RED line in figure 6 depicts the
dark current, while the BLUE trace depicts the current under illumination. The solar cell acted like a giant
flat diode in the absence of illumination (dark), producing a very little current and little or no produced
charges. When the solar cell is illuminated, current flows due to charges created by light photons, and the
solar cell begins to work. The Blue curve displayed the J-V curve of the simulated model with all of the pre-
set parameters, with the following values: maximum power conversion efficiency is 29.31% and
FF=82.63%, Jsc= 23.55mA/cm2
, Voc=1.51V.
Figure 6: The Dark and Illuminated J-V Characteristics of the PSC model
3.2. Quantum Efficiency of the Perovskite Solar Cell Model
The spectral response in Quantum efficiency of a solar cell offers crucial information about the amount of
current generated by the cell when irradiated by photons of a specific wavelength, as well as the absorber
layer's recombination and diffusion mechanisms. Figure 7 demonstrates that the photon-to-electron
conversion ratio, or Quantum Efficiency, is within the wavelength range of 300 to 900 nm at 1 sun, AM1.5G
spectrum. This shows the reaction of a typical Methylammonium Lead Iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) Perovskite
solar cell, which is consistent with previous researches of Eli et al., (2019); Chaudhary & Mehra, (2019);
Husainat et al., (2019); Husainat et al., (2020). Below 300 and above 900 nm, light absorption is negligible
for this model. The figure shows that between 300 nm and 360 nm, the loss mechanism in quantum
efficiency are contributed by SnO2:F/TiO2 photon absorption. Thus, higher penetration of light through these
layers lowers the quantum efficiency losses. The overall QE of this solar cell indicates that it can absorb
photons and effectively convert them into electrons in both Ultraviolet and visible region, which is a very
important quality of high performance perovskite solar cells. The optical response of the Perovskite solar
cell is demonstrated in figure 7.
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Figure 7: Plot of quantum efficiency with wavelength of PSC model.
3.3. Effect of Temperature on Performance of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Typically, 300K is used as the working temperature in simulation studies and fabrications, where it is
considered as the room temperature, although this is not necessarily the case in the open field. Solar cells
often operate at temperatures higher than 300K. As a result, the operating temperature domain in this study
is set from 275K to 450K with a 25K step increase to better understand the effects of operating temperature
on cell performance.
Table 2 Dependence of solar cell performance on the Operating Temperature
T (K) Jsc (mA/cm2
) Voc (V) FF (%) PCE (%)
275 23.553393 1.4973 82.8975 29.2360
300 23.553674 1.5060 82.6322 29.3119
325 23.553964 1.5102 82.5961 29.3445
350 23.554255 1.5105 82.3365 29.2942
375 23.554491 1.5078 82.1643 29.1803
400 23.554631 1.5027 81.8109 28.9570
425 23.554926 1.4957 81.4477 28.6954
450 23.555224 1.4874 80.9585 28.3637
Figure 8 plots the J-V characteristics of the PSC model with respect to temperature. It was observed that
while the JSC consistently increased, VOC, FF and PCE decreased. This gets to show that the solar model
performance deteriorated as the operating temperature increased. This is because the solar cell's carrier
concentration, band gaps, electron, and hole mobilities are impacted at higher temperatures, resulting in
reduced conversion efficiency. Because short circuit current is temperature dependent, VOC decreased as
temperature increased. This drop in VOC is mostly due to an increase in short circuit current. This is because
the greater operating temperature gives electrons more energy. At greater temperatures, electrons obtain
more energy and have a higher level of entropy. They become extremely unstable and are more likely to
recombine with the holes before they reach the electrode contacts. These findings are in line with Devi et al.,
(2018), who found that at high temperatures, electron and hole mobility, carrier concentration, and bandgap
will be altered. As a result, the ambient temperature, which has a direct influence on the device temperature,
has a significant impact on cell performance, as has been verified by the results in this simulation.
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Figure 8: Variation in JSC of PSC model with
operating temperature.
Figure 9: Variation in VOC of PSC model with
operating temperature.
Figure 10: Variation in FF of PSC model with
operating temperature.
Figure 11: Variation in Efficiency of PSC model
with operating temperature.
This model exhibited an excellent character as seen
in figure above. In contrast to the nominal trend
where the cell efficiency capitulates and takes a
downward trend or in the best case scenario
remains constant for a very short interval before
decreasing, it was observed that VOC and PCE in
this model appreciated to a certain point (325K and
355K) above 300K before decreasing. This is a
clear indication that this model possesses within it,
the propensity to withstand thermal disturbances
within these temperature ranges above the standard
level of operating temperature. This is a
breakthrough in the photovoltaic research space that
it is not only thinkable to have stand-alone
perovskite solar modules operating efficiently
within temperature ranges above 300K and up to
355K, but also feasible and achievable.
4. Conclusion
In this paper, numerical modeling of a lead-based
perovskite solar cell was used to investigate the
impact of high temperature on the performance of
the solar cell. Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator
(SCAPS) was used to model, simulate and analyze
the device model. Results of the device model gave:
a short-circuit current density (Jsc) 23.55 mA/cm2
,
an open circuit voltage (Voc) 1.51 V, a Power
Conversion Efficiency of 29.31%, and a Fill Factor
(FF) of 82.63%. Temperature analysis revealed that
VOC and PCE of the model appreciated between
325K and 355K; above 300K standard point before
decreasing. This clearly shows that the model has
an appreciable ability to withstand thermal
disturbances within these high temperature ranges.
The findings will be crucial in determining how to
fabricate thermally stable and high-efficiency
perovskite solar cells.
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Data availability
The authors declare that the main data supporting
the findings of this study are available within the
article. Extra data are available from the
corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgement
This work is (partially) supported through the
Africa Centers of Excellence for Development
Impact (ACE Impact) project.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Marc
Burgelman and his team at the Department of
Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS),
University of Gent, Belgium for providing the
SCAPS-1D simulation program.
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