1. Hierarchy is common in nature and engineering systems as a way to organize complex systems and achieve cooperation between subsystems. 2. General principles of hierarchy formation include order increasing over time through multiplication, centralization, differentiation and stronger interactions between levels. 3. Hierarchical systems evolve through self-organization and by developing simple systems into more complex ones over long periods, as seen in the evolution of organisms, societies, neural networks, genetic algorithms and other AI systems.

7. General Hierarchy Formation System is in the inner development of one level, for example, form ape to human. System search for favorable position on “niche” space, and the moving progress is called “Evolution”. In this progress, system tends to be more ordered because only more ordered system can have higher energy-consuming efficiency and win in the competition. When the structure of system block in the way to higher order, hierarchy will be appeared. In this stage, a new high-level system “bursts out”, such as society organized by human. Under the new organization, the system can have higher energy-consuming efficiency or energy-occupation ability, to further increase its order.

14. Hierarchy in AI: simulate the nature AI system Immune system Molecule Cell Multi-cell Society Hierarchy Evolution Gene neural network

15. The way to hierarchy(1): organism Mitosis and amitosis The evolution of neural system Differentiation of Tissue Organ Isolated specie becomes “living fossil” Species are generated quicker and quicker Growth of individual; the average body volume increase in evolution The physical freedom of Molecule and cell are decreasing ( less entropy) Organism Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

16. The way to in hierarchy(2): Society Culture split, language pedigree ； colonizztion Government and international organization More detailed social professional work From individual, group, tribe to nation and international society Open society are developed quicker than isolated society The acceleration in social development Growth of total social economy Organization degree are increasing Society Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

17. The way to in hierarchy(3): OS The replication of progress and virus. Central part controls all processes modules in OS are divided more detailedly The SDK of OS is composed by many application API Message and signal between progress Exponential growth of OS size Increase of OS size Process and operating system Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

18. The way to hierarchy(4): WAN ? Formation of Portal, manage center, service center More and more different kind of websites WAN, LAN, terminal Protocol and messages Rapid almost exponent growth The extend of network size From unrestricted to be controlled and managed Wide area network Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

19. The way to hierarchy(5): NN ? ? From less structured to complex structured, such as layer Group network with complex behavior by neurons Weights ? (evolutionary neural network) After training, input can converge to some attractors Neural Network Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

20. The way to hierarchy(6): GA Selection , crossover,mutation and new population From individuals to population Fitness Schema theorem Genetic Algorithm Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

21. The way to hierarchy(7): MAS Simple agent and complex agent society Agent Language Converge to equilibrium point Multi-agent system Multiplication Centralization Differentiation Hierarchy interaction Accelerate Growth Order increasing

25. Hierarchical AI System: Self-organization(2) Possible system state space in early stage Possible system state space in early stage

26. Hierarchical AI System: Self-organization(3) limited growth, stable or slow development. break through developing obstacle by hierarchy with higher order but less freedom degree. More efficient in energy using and can use more energy that lower-level system can’t utilize abundant resource stage , exponential growth Order