HEWS
Placing wind energy in consumers’ hands
HEWS is the next generationbladeless,high-efficiency wind poweredgenerator for your home, businessand community
E : H E W S @ H E W S T E C H . C O M
M E D I A :
W W W . H E W S T E C H . C O M
W W W . C R O W D F U N D E R . C O M / H E W S - T E C H N O L O G I E S - I N C -
W W W . L I N K E D I N . C O M / C O M P A N Y / H E W S - T E C H N O L O G I E S
W W W . F A C E B O O K . C O M / H E W S T E C H
Business Overview
Sustainable Technology Advantage: Unique process and design, Patent pending
Verifiable: Expert evaluation, built and tested prototypes (Proof of Concept + three
performance trials completed)
Strong Team: Deep integration, technology and execution experience + global network
opportunity
Market Opportunity: underperforming 1GW distributed (on-site) wind energy market for
micro and small wind power plants (below 150KW), and medium plants (150-750KW)
Seeking $275,000 Bridge Funding to achieve intermediate scaling with HEWS Beta
(12KW), basis of design for 50-150KW capacity, $25K in-kind committed
2
Industry Problem/Opportunity
3
• Problem: Conventional distributed (on-site) wind energy doesn’t yet effectively compete with
utility electricity rates in terms of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE):
• Opportunity: the right balance of sustainable cost, safety and efficiency can offer consumers a
real chance to access and utilize on-site wind energy.
a. Consumers can effectively off-set their electricity bill today and hedge against rising utility rates in the future.
b. Consumers can reduce reliance on utility electricity.
c. Opportunity Drivers:
 Consumer Awareness – people are more aware of the environment today than ever before.
 Consumer Interest – people are interested in reducing their energy cost.
 General Consensus – consumers, businesses and governments agree that green technologies offer
viable energy alternatives for the future i.e. wind, solar, hydro-power.
 Technology – strong demand for technologies/products that resolve deployment barriers commonly
associated with distributed wind project economics, such as higher capacity cost, lower
operating efficiency and less than perfect wind regimes that yield unsustainable cost of energy.
 New Financing mechanisms – equipment leasing can support deployment to consumers
Value Proposition
4
HEWS outperforms conventional wind systems in distributed wind environments.
1. High-Efficiency at a Sustainable Cost: HEWS engages both potential and kinetic energy of the wind through a
proprietary dual intake system and integrated components to deliver robust power performance at a
sustainably competitive cost of energy.
2. Targeted Product: Designed for optimal operating efficiency within on-site (distributed) micro, small and
medium scale plants (below 1MW capacity), HEWS effectively places wind energy in the hands of the
consumer.
3. Demonstrated performance: HEWS’ ergonomic design characteristics and demonstrated performance in
turbulent wind regimes makes HEWS ideally suited for deployment in urban and rural environments,
including rooftop installation, for Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Public Facility and Community projects.
Technology Highlights
5
 High-efficiency
 up to 75% mechanical efficiency attained in prototyping
 delivers 1.8x wind power boost and laminar airflow to the turbine to yield
stable power output in turbulent wind regimes
 yields more than 38% effective wind-to-electrical power efficiency.
 Mechanical and Electrical components at ground level
 easier to operator with lower O&M cost, comparable to micro/small scale
wind turbines
 Light construction and installation
 lighter, more readily components yields lower initial investment and
continued maintenance cost
Easier logistics, reduced siting limits, better accessibility to wind resource
 Sustainably scalable
 competitive economies of scale at smaller capacities
Utility Scale Capacity cost ($1,700 /KW) attainable at 150KW HEWS Capacity
30%+
Reduction
to LCOE
How it Works
PotentialAirEnergytoKineticWindEnergy
6
V1
-
ΔP
F
+
P
P
Prototyping Progression
7
4 Prototype Trial Completed according to baselined parameters:
Concept proven + negative operating pressure achieved + power density boost achieved + energy produced.
System Process Output Comparison
8
Ref: 1.225 Air Density VAWT Venturi HAWT HEWS
Intake 1 Wind Speed (m/s) 11 11 11 11
Wind Power Density 1 (W/m²) 815 815 815 815
Friction Losses N/A 7% N/A 7%
Wind (Airflow) Power After Losses (W/m²) 815 758 815 758
Airfoil Contribution N/A N/A N/A 10%
Net Wind Power Density (W/m²) 815 758 815 834
Intake 2 Wind Speed (m/s) N/A N/A N/A 7
Wind Power Density 2 (W/m²) N/A N/A N/A 210
Pull Force (ΔP) Power Boost (W/m²) N/A N/A N/A 425
Net Convertible Wind/Airlfow Power Density (W/m²) 815 758 815 1,469
Airflow Power Density Boost (comp. to conventional HAWT) 1x .93x 1x 1.8x
Energy Conversion Efficiency (%) 22% 33% 42% 38%
Effective System Energy Ouput (W/m ² ) 179 250 342 558
Energy Output Factor (comp. to conventional HAWT) .52x .73x 1x 1.6x
HEWS proprietary process yields a 1.8 x airflow power density boost to the turbine and, with
an integrated Francis-type turbine, adds 1.6x energy output over conventional HAWT
Competitive Analysis
9
Against the backdrop of average utility rates ranging between 12.1¢/kWh and 10.4¢/kwh with
conventional distributed wind segment offering LCOE of 28 ¢/kwh and 10 ¢/kw, respectively (before
subsidies).
HEWS’ competitive advantage is derived from:
1. HEWS is capable of delivering energy at 4- 6 ¢/kWh for sites with rated average annual wind
speeds between 5 m/s and 7 m/s (common wind regime for the segment).
2. HEWS ergonomic design and low noise factor conforms with rural and urban user based
environments and facades.
3. The system provides a rapidly deployable network of intrinsically safe, highly efficient wind
power generators requiring minimal maintenance.
Market
US
Distributed
Wind
60MW/a
CWAC
$6,230/KW
Avg.
LCOE
11 ¢/kWh
Market Niche: Distributed Wind
Market Segment: local loads and on-
site load (behind meter, remote net-
metered or off-grid)
Market Drivers: technology, Capacity
–Weighted Average Cost (CWAC) and
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
HEWS Target for <1MW Capacity:
CWAC $3,5000/kW
LCOE 4-6 ¢/kWh
10
Business Model
Revenue Stream
• Direct Sales: Capacity Cost starting at $1,700/kW
• Licensing Contracts: starting $50K/C + 1.5% Royalty
Cost Structure
• R&D/Product Development/Innovation Center
• Buyer/Seller Education; Marketing and Promotion
Key Partners
• National Labs
• Licensed Engineers
& Architects
• 3rd Party
Developers
• Wind Asset Management
companies
• Leasing Companiess
Customer
Segments
Distributed Wind
(<1MW):
• Mobile/Military (5-
25KW)
• Residential/Urban (5-
15KW)
• Commercial (15-150kW)
• Municipal (50-150KW)
• Industrial(100-750KW)
Key Activities
• Product
Development
• Direct Sales
• IP Licensing
Value
Proposition
• Sustainable
Technology
Advanatge
• LCOE competes
with utility rates
• Scalable with
smaller footprint
• Easy to operate
Key Resources
• IP
• Prototypes
• Strategic Loacal
and Global
Network
Channels
• Partner Program
• Media
• Trade shows
• Word of mouth
Customer
Relationships
• Educational
• Sales drive
• Maintenance
11
Rollout Plan – Build Phase to Market
Computational
Development
(completed)
A1 Prototype
Proof of Concept
ΔP 170Pa /
60RPM at
125V
(completed)
A1/2/3/4-
Modified
ΔP 210Pa /
240RPM at
250V
(completed)
Beta 12KW
Build, test, validate,
certify, optimize design
to market
9-12 months lead
To-Market
Target:
12-150KW
capacity:
Residential,
Commercial,
Industrial,
Community,
Municipal
24 months lead
Our next milestone is
Intermediate Scaling with Beta:
Build + Test + Validate + Certify
12
Forecast
13
Investment Y0 Y 1 Y 2 Y3 Y4 Y5
Concept Development $15,000
HEWS Prototype Alpha 1 $35,000
HEWS Prototype A2, A3, A4 $100,000
HEWS Beta $275,000
Commericalization $1,000,000
Other $75,000
Net Investment (pre-market) $1,500,000
Direct Sales Y 1 Y 2 Y3 Y4 Y5
Growth rate (%) 0.00% 1.85% 3.00% 3.00% 2.50%
Capacity Price ($/kW) $3,500 3,500 3,565 3,672 3,782 3,876
Capacity Sales as % of Total (Diect and Licensed) Sales 80% 70% 50% 40% 35%
Capacity Sales (kW) 50 250 500 750 1,000
Revenue From Direct Sales ('000$) $ 175 891 1,836 2,836 3,876
COGS as % of Revenue for Direct Sales 62% 65% 65% 65% 65% 60%
COGS ('000$) 114 579 1,193 1,844 2,326
Gross Profit ('000$) 61 312 643 993 1,551
R&D as % of Gross Profit) 7% 12% 12% 10% 7% 7%
R&D ('000$) 7 37 64 69 109
Marketing and Promotion as % of Gross Profit 7% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0%
Marketing and Promotion ('000$) 4 22 45 69 109
EBITDA from Direct Sales ('000$) 50 253 533 854 1,333
Licensing
Price per License ($) $50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000
Licenses Sales (units) 3 8 10 12 17
Cumulative License Contracts 3 11 21 33 50
License Contract Revenue. ('000$) 150 400 500 1,200 1,700
Royalty Commission as % of Licensed Sale 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.75% 1.75%
Licenced Royalty Capacity Sales as % from total Yearly Direct Sale 20.00% 30.00% 50.00% 60.00% 65.00%
Royalty Revenue ('000$) 1 19 463 1,622 4,409
Capacity Sales from Licensed Contracts (KW) 13 107 500 1,125 1,857
# of Units sold per Weighted-average size - Licensed Contracts 0 2 7 11 15
Marketing and Promotion as % of License Rev. ($) 3% 0 1 14 49 132
EBITDA from Licensed Constracts and Direct Sales ('000$) 151 419 963 2,822 6,109
The Team
◦ .
14
Investors & Advisors
Eric Darmstaedter – Management Consulting
Victor Timofeev – CIS Business Integration Consultant
Alexander Pichugin – Development Engineering Consultant
Strategic Partners & Vendors
Industrial Air Products (IAP)
Innotech Machining
•process theory, concept, product and business development
Alexander G. Kogan (Co-Founder, CTO and CEO)
•Financing, marketing, promotion and fundraising
Filipp Kogan (Co-Founder, CFO and Marketing Director)
•power island design, quality assurance, component sourcing and procurement
Genrikh Kleynerman (Co-Founder, Technical - Electrical Engineering)
25 + years
of deep Integration ,
technology and
execution experience
Rewards and Growth Strategy
Rewards
• Beta Investors: $275K Convertible Preferred Note
• Exit/Conversion at Series-A Priced Round or Maturity: 4% p.a./ 20% Discount Rate
• Series-A Priced Round: $1M Preferred Stock (Target close by Q2 2018)
• Rewards from Growth Strategy
Growth STRATEGY
• Strategic Partnerships: with large wind energy development companies through licensing, joint
development and promotion (GE Power, Vestas, Siemens)
• Government (military) contracts: mobile and off-grid application
• Licensing/Franchising: commercial and residential (Urbanization of Wind Energy)
• Global Product Positioning/Sales and Distribution: leverage 25 years experience, personal and
business network
15
Thank You!
Supplemental Slides follow…
APPENDIX SECTION
16
Appendix 1: HEWS 12KW Budget Allocation
HEWS12KW Budget
(March–Dec2017)
 HEWS12KWEngineering,Production,Delivery,Installation,Commissioning 70K
 3rd Party(Intertek)Evaluation,Testing,Validation 25K
 Travel/Other 20K
Marketing/Promotion 10K
LegalandFinancingSupport 10K
TotalHEWS12KWEvaluationCost: 135K
ComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)
DesignEvaluationandTurbineOptimization 40– 60 K
 Certification(Intertek) 70-100K
 MarketingandPromotion 10-60K
 IP ReviewandInternationalPatentFiling 10-20K
 LegalandFinancingSupport 10-25K
Developmentand PromotionCost 140K– 265K
TotalBeta,Developmentand PromotionCost $ 275-400K
3rd PartyCo-op.,
 Intertek,Inc(internationallyaccreditedperformanceevaluationandcertificationbody)
17

HEWS Technologies pitch deck

  • 1.
    HEWS Placing wind energyin consumers’ hands HEWS is the next generationbladeless,high-efficiency wind poweredgenerator for your home, businessand community E : H E W S @ H E W S T E C H . C O M M E D I A : W W W . H E W S T E C H . C O M W W W . C R O W D F U N D E R . C O M / H E W S - T E C H N O L O G I E S - I N C - W W W . L I N K E D I N . C O M / C O M P A N Y / H E W S - T E C H N O L O G I E S W W W . F A C E B O O K . C O M / H E W S T E C H
  • 2.
    Business Overview Sustainable TechnologyAdvantage: Unique process and design, Patent pending Verifiable: Expert evaluation, built and tested prototypes (Proof of Concept + three performance trials completed) Strong Team: Deep integration, technology and execution experience + global network opportunity Market Opportunity: underperforming 1GW distributed (on-site) wind energy market for micro and small wind power plants (below 150KW), and medium plants (150-750KW) Seeking $275,000 Bridge Funding to achieve intermediate scaling with HEWS Beta (12KW), basis of design for 50-150KW capacity, $25K in-kind committed 2
  • 3.
    Industry Problem/Opportunity 3 • Problem:Conventional distributed (on-site) wind energy doesn’t yet effectively compete with utility electricity rates in terms of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE): • Opportunity: the right balance of sustainable cost, safety and efficiency can offer consumers a real chance to access and utilize on-site wind energy. a. Consumers can effectively off-set their electricity bill today and hedge against rising utility rates in the future. b. Consumers can reduce reliance on utility electricity. c. Opportunity Drivers:  Consumer Awareness – people are more aware of the environment today than ever before.  Consumer Interest – people are interested in reducing their energy cost.  General Consensus – consumers, businesses and governments agree that green technologies offer viable energy alternatives for the future i.e. wind, solar, hydro-power.  Technology – strong demand for technologies/products that resolve deployment barriers commonly associated with distributed wind project economics, such as higher capacity cost, lower operating efficiency and less than perfect wind regimes that yield unsustainable cost of energy.  New Financing mechanisms – equipment leasing can support deployment to consumers
  • 4.
    Value Proposition 4 HEWS outperformsconventional wind systems in distributed wind environments. 1. High-Efficiency at a Sustainable Cost: HEWS engages both potential and kinetic energy of the wind through a proprietary dual intake system and integrated components to deliver robust power performance at a sustainably competitive cost of energy. 2. Targeted Product: Designed for optimal operating efficiency within on-site (distributed) micro, small and medium scale plants (below 1MW capacity), HEWS effectively places wind energy in the hands of the consumer. 3. Demonstrated performance: HEWS’ ergonomic design characteristics and demonstrated performance in turbulent wind regimes makes HEWS ideally suited for deployment in urban and rural environments, including rooftop installation, for Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Public Facility and Community projects.
  • 5.
    Technology Highlights 5  High-efficiency up to 75% mechanical efficiency attained in prototyping  delivers 1.8x wind power boost and laminar airflow to the turbine to yield stable power output in turbulent wind regimes  yields more than 38% effective wind-to-electrical power efficiency.  Mechanical and Electrical components at ground level  easier to operator with lower O&M cost, comparable to micro/small scale wind turbines  Light construction and installation  lighter, more readily components yields lower initial investment and continued maintenance cost Easier logistics, reduced siting limits, better accessibility to wind resource  Sustainably scalable  competitive economies of scale at smaller capacities Utility Scale Capacity cost ($1,700 /KW) attainable at 150KW HEWS Capacity 30%+ Reduction to LCOE
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Prototyping Progression 7 4 PrototypeTrial Completed according to baselined parameters: Concept proven + negative operating pressure achieved + power density boost achieved + energy produced.
  • 8.
    System Process OutputComparison 8 Ref: 1.225 Air Density VAWT Venturi HAWT HEWS Intake 1 Wind Speed (m/s) 11 11 11 11 Wind Power Density 1 (W/m²) 815 815 815 815 Friction Losses N/A 7% N/A 7% Wind (Airflow) Power After Losses (W/m²) 815 758 815 758 Airfoil Contribution N/A N/A N/A 10% Net Wind Power Density (W/m²) 815 758 815 834 Intake 2 Wind Speed (m/s) N/A N/A N/A 7 Wind Power Density 2 (W/m²) N/A N/A N/A 210 Pull Force (ΔP) Power Boost (W/m²) N/A N/A N/A 425 Net Convertible Wind/Airlfow Power Density (W/m²) 815 758 815 1,469 Airflow Power Density Boost (comp. to conventional HAWT) 1x .93x 1x 1.8x Energy Conversion Efficiency (%) 22% 33% 42% 38% Effective System Energy Ouput (W/m ² ) 179 250 342 558 Energy Output Factor (comp. to conventional HAWT) .52x .73x 1x 1.6x HEWS proprietary process yields a 1.8 x airflow power density boost to the turbine and, with an integrated Francis-type turbine, adds 1.6x energy output over conventional HAWT
  • 9.
    Competitive Analysis 9 Against thebackdrop of average utility rates ranging between 12.1¢/kWh and 10.4¢/kwh with conventional distributed wind segment offering LCOE of 28 ¢/kwh and 10 ¢/kw, respectively (before subsidies). HEWS’ competitive advantage is derived from: 1. HEWS is capable of delivering energy at 4- 6 ¢/kWh for sites with rated average annual wind speeds between 5 m/s and 7 m/s (common wind regime for the segment). 2. HEWS ergonomic design and low noise factor conforms with rural and urban user based environments and facades. 3. The system provides a rapidly deployable network of intrinsically safe, highly efficient wind power generators requiring minimal maintenance.
  • 10.
    Market US Distributed Wind 60MW/a CWAC $6,230/KW Avg. LCOE 11 ¢/kWh Market Niche:Distributed Wind Market Segment: local loads and on- site load (behind meter, remote net- metered or off-grid) Market Drivers: technology, Capacity –Weighted Average Cost (CWAC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) HEWS Target for <1MW Capacity: CWAC $3,5000/kW LCOE 4-6 ¢/kWh 10
  • 11.
    Business Model Revenue Stream •Direct Sales: Capacity Cost starting at $1,700/kW • Licensing Contracts: starting $50K/C + 1.5% Royalty Cost Structure • R&D/Product Development/Innovation Center • Buyer/Seller Education; Marketing and Promotion Key Partners • National Labs • Licensed Engineers & Architects • 3rd Party Developers • Wind Asset Management companies • Leasing Companiess Customer Segments Distributed Wind (<1MW): • Mobile/Military (5- 25KW) • Residential/Urban (5- 15KW) • Commercial (15-150kW) • Municipal (50-150KW) • Industrial(100-750KW) Key Activities • Product Development • Direct Sales • IP Licensing Value Proposition • Sustainable Technology Advanatge • LCOE competes with utility rates • Scalable with smaller footprint • Easy to operate Key Resources • IP • Prototypes • Strategic Loacal and Global Network Channels • Partner Program • Media • Trade shows • Word of mouth Customer Relationships • Educational • Sales drive • Maintenance 11
  • 12.
    Rollout Plan –Build Phase to Market Computational Development (completed) A1 Prototype Proof of Concept ΔP 170Pa / 60RPM at 125V (completed) A1/2/3/4- Modified ΔP 210Pa / 240RPM at 250V (completed) Beta 12KW Build, test, validate, certify, optimize design to market 9-12 months lead To-Market Target: 12-150KW capacity: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Community, Municipal 24 months lead Our next milestone is Intermediate Scaling with Beta: Build + Test + Validate + Certify 12
  • 13.
    Forecast 13 Investment Y0 Y1 Y 2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Concept Development $15,000 HEWS Prototype Alpha 1 $35,000 HEWS Prototype A2, A3, A4 $100,000 HEWS Beta $275,000 Commericalization $1,000,000 Other $75,000 Net Investment (pre-market) $1,500,000 Direct Sales Y 1 Y 2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Growth rate (%) 0.00% 1.85% 3.00% 3.00% 2.50% Capacity Price ($/kW) $3,500 3,500 3,565 3,672 3,782 3,876 Capacity Sales as % of Total (Diect and Licensed) Sales 80% 70% 50% 40% 35% Capacity Sales (kW) 50 250 500 750 1,000 Revenue From Direct Sales ('000$) $ 175 891 1,836 2,836 3,876 COGS as % of Revenue for Direct Sales 62% 65% 65% 65% 65% 60% COGS ('000$) 114 579 1,193 1,844 2,326 Gross Profit ('000$) 61 312 643 993 1,551 R&D as % of Gross Profit) 7% 12% 12% 10% 7% 7% R&D ('000$) 7 37 64 69 109 Marketing and Promotion as % of Gross Profit 7% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% 7.0% Marketing and Promotion ('000$) 4 22 45 69 109 EBITDA from Direct Sales ('000$) 50 253 533 854 1,333 Licensing Price per License ($) $50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 Licenses Sales (units) 3 8 10 12 17 Cumulative License Contracts 3 11 21 33 50 License Contract Revenue. ('000$) 150 400 500 1,200 1,700 Royalty Commission as % of Licensed Sale 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.75% 1.75% Licenced Royalty Capacity Sales as % from total Yearly Direct Sale 20.00% 30.00% 50.00% 60.00% 65.00% Royalty Revenue ('000$) 1 19 463 1,622 4,409 Capacity Sales from Licensed Contracts (KW) 13 107 500 1,125 1,857 # of Units sold per Weighted-average size - Licensed Contracts 0 2 7 11 15 Marketing and Promotion as % of License Rev. ($) 3% 0 1 14 49 132 EBITDA from Licensed Constracts and Direct Sales ('000$) 151 419 963 2,822 6,109
  • 14.
    The Team ◦ . 14 Investors& Advisors Eric Darmstaedter – Management Consulting Victor Timofeev – CIS Business Integration Consultant Alexander Pichugin – Development Engineering Consultant Strategic Partners & Vendors Industrial Air Products (IAP) Innotech Machining •process theory, concept, product and business development Alexander G. Kogan (Co-Founder, CTO and CEO) •Financing, marketing, promotion and fundraising Filipp Kogan (Co-Founder, CFO and Marketing Director) •power island design, quality assurance, component sourcing and procurement Genrikh Kleynerman (Co-Founder, Technical - Electrical Engineering) 25 + years of deep Integration , technology and execution experience
  • 15.
    Rewards and GrowthStrategy Rewards • Beta Investors: $275K Convertible Preferred Note • Exit/Conversion at Series-A Priced Round or Maturity: 4% p.a./ 20% Discount Rate • Series-A Priced Round: $1M Preferred Stock (Target close by Q2 2018) • Rewards from Growth Strategy Growth STRATEGY • Strategic Partnerships: with large wind energy development companies through licensing, joint development and promotion (GE Power, Vestas, Siemens) • Government (military) contracts: mobile and off-grid application • Licensing/Franchising: commercial and residential (Urbanization of Wind Energy) • Global Product Positioning/Sales and Distribution: leverage 25 years experience, personal and business network 15
  • 16.
    Thank You! Supplemental Slidesfollow… APPENDIX SECTION 16
  • 17.
    Appendix 1: HEWS12KW Budget Allocation HEWS12KW Budget (March–Dec2017)  HEWS12KWEngineering,Production,Delivery,Installation,Commissioning 70K  3rd Party(Intertek)Evaluation,Testing,Validation 25K  Travel/Other 20K Marketing/Promotion 10K LegalandFinancingSupport 10K TotalHEWS12KWEvaluationCost: 135K ComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD) DesignEvaluationandTurbineOptimization 40– 60 K  Certification(Intertek) 70-100K  MarketingandPromotion 10-60K  IP ReviewandInternationalPatentFiling 10-20K  LegalandFinancingSupport 10-25K Developmentand PromotionCost 140K– 265K TotalBeta,Developmentand PromotionCost $ 275-400K 3rd PartyCo-op.,  Intertek,Inc(internationallyaccreditedperformanceevaluationandcertificationbody) 17