Herpes viruses ppt prepared by DR. PRINCE C P
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PPT prepared by DR.PRINCE C P Associate Professor Department of Microbiology Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution) Herpes viruses HSV type 1 HSV type 2 Varicella - Zoster virus EB viruses Cytomegalovirus
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Polio viruses and polio immunisation ppt by Dr Prince C P
The causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), is a human Enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.
Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.
Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses.
A breakthrough came in 1948 when the virus was successfully cultivated in human tissue in the laboratory by John Enders.
Enders, Weller and Robins, passaged the same strain in non neuronal cell culture.
Vaccines against poliomyelitis: the formalin-inactivated vaccine (IPV) by Jonas Salk(1953) and the live-attenuated vaccines (OPV) by Albert Sabin (1956)
Botulism/ Clostridium botulinum.ppt prepared by Dr PRINCE C P.
Botulism has been used as a weapon of terror in the past. During World War II, the infamous Unit 731, the Japanese biological warfare group, fed cultures of Clostridium botulinum to prisoners during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, killing them.
It was suspected that Germany had weaponized botulism as well, and several other countries were suspected to have done research into the use of botulism as a weapon.
More recently, between 1990 and 1995, aerosols were dispersed on at least three occasions by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, who would later go on to release sarin gas in the Tokyo subway, to disastrous effect. These releases of botulism failed for various reasons, but the ease with which Aum Shinrikyo was able to culture Clostridium botulinum from the soil is one reason that this toxin would make an excellent bioweapon.
Higher education for Science students by Dr. PRINCE C P
Higher Education opportunities and career pathways for Science students.Paramedical courses refer to educational programs that prepare individuals to work in various healthcare settings alongside medical professionals, providing essential support services. Paramedical courses equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to assist in patient care, diagnostics, rehabilitation, and other healthcare-related tasks. The graduates of Paramedical courses play a crucial role in the healthcare industry by complementing the work of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.
Spauldings classification ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
Disinfection of medical instruments is important for preventing the spread of disease. Cleaning and disinfecting reusable equipment after it comes into contact with patients can be expensive, both in the cost of the disinfection procedure, but also in terms of time away from the patients themselves.
Not all medical instruments can be fully sterilized after each use. Thankfully, not all reusable instruments need the highest level of disinfection. But how to determine the minimum level of disinfection in a given situation?
Earle H. Spaulding devised a rational approach to disinfection and sterilization of patient-care items and equipment
Spaulding believed the nature of disinfection could be understood readily if instruments and items for patient care were categorized as critical, semi-critical, and non-critical according to the degree of risk for infection involved in use of the items.
Spaulding recognized that the need for disinfection of equipment in medical settings ranged from non-critical to semi-critical to critical, depending on the likelihood of spreading disease.
For example, sterilization is necessary for equipment that comes into contact with a patient’s bloodstream or sterile tissue. This category of equipment, such as surgical knives, is designated “critical” because it presents a high risk of disease transmission from patient to patient.
Equipment that only touches healthy, unbroken skin presents a low risk of contamination because intact skin acts as an effective barrier to most microorganisms. Examples in this “non-critical” category include bedpans, blood-pressure cuffs, and bedrails.
In between those two scenarios, a “semi-critical” level of disinfection presents a medium risk of contamination. This would include equipment such as endoscopes used on mucous membranes or areas of broken skin.
Emergence of Drug resistant microbes PPT By DR.C.P.Prince
Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it.
Resistant microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs, such as antibacterial drugs (e.g. antibiotics), antifungals, antivirals, and antimalarials, so that standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist, increasing the risk of spread to others.
Biomarkers for early diagnosis ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
A biomarker is a characteristic ‘substance’, analyte, or otherwise a ‘thing’ that can be objectively measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or a pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. These are used for many purposes including disease diagnosis and prognosis, prediction and assessment of treatment response.
Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body.
Biomarkers can be specific cells, molecules, or genes, gene products, enzymes, or hormones.
VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P
Small size (20-300 nm) / bacteria (size measured in μm)
Viral genome – single type of nucleic acid:
DNA – dezoxyriboviruses
RNA - riboviruses
Totally dependant on living cells for all metabolic processes
May infect humans, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects
Virion = viral corpuscle = elementary, infectious unit.
Only visible by electron microscopy.
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Methods:
• Cytology
• Electron microscopy
• Cultivation
• Detection of viral proteins
• Serology
• Molecular diagnosis (detection of
genetic material i.e. nucleic acids)
PPT prepared by Dr. Prince C P
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
Recommended
Polio viruses and polio immunisation ppt by Dr Prince C P
The causative agent of poliomyelitis (commonly known as polio), is a human Enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.
Poliovirus was first isolated in 1909 by Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.
Poliovirus is one of the most well-characterized viruses, and has become a useful model system for understanding the biology of RNA viruses.
A breakthrough came in 1948 when the virus was successfully cultivated in human tissue in the laboratory by John Enders.
Enders, Weller and Robins, passaged the same strain in non neuronal cell culture.
Vaccines against poliomyelitis: the formalin-inactivated vaccine (IPV) by Jonas Salk(1953) and the live-attenuated vaccines (OPV) by Albert Sabin (1956)
Botulism/ Clostridium botulinum.ppt prepared by Dr PRINCE C P.
Botulism has been used as a weapon of terror in the past. During World War II, the infamous Unit 731, the Japanese biological warfare group, fed cultures of Clostridium botulinum to prisoners during the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, killing them.
It was suspected that Germany had weaponized botulism as well, and several other countries were suspected to have done research into the use of botulism as a weapon.
More recently, between 1990 and 1995, aerosols were dispersed on at least three occasions by the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, who would later go on to release sarin gas in the Tokyo subway, to disastrous effect. These releases of botulism failed for various reasons, but the ease with which Aum Shinrikyo was able to culture Clostridium botulinum from the soil is one reason that this toxin would make an excellent bioweapon.
Higher education for Science students by Dr. PRINCE C P
Higher Education opportunities and career pathways for Science students.Paramedical courses refer to educational programs that prepare individuals to work in various healthcare settings alongside medical professionals, providing essential support services. Paramedical courses equip students with the necessary knowledge and skills to assist in patient care, diagnostics, rehabilitation, and other healthcare-related tasks. The graduates of Paramedical courses play a crucial role in the healthcare industry by complementing the work of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals.
Spauldings classification ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
Disinfection of medical instruments is important for preventing the spread of disease. Cleaning and disinfecting reusable equipment after it comes into contact with patients can be expensive, both in the cost of the disinfection procedure, but also in terms of time away from the patients themselves.
Not all medical instruments can be fully sterilized after each use. Thankfully, not all reusable instruments need the highest level of disinfection. But how to determine the minimum level of disinfection in a given situation?
Earle H. Spaulding devised a rational approach to disinfection and sterilization of patient-care items and equipment
Spaulding believed the nature of disinfection could be understood readily if instruments and items for patient care were categorized as critical, semi-critical, and non-critical according to the degree of risk for infection involved in use of the items.
Spaulding recognized that the need for disinfection of equipment in medical settings ranged from non-critical to semi-critical to critical, depending on the likelihood of spreading disease.
For example, sterilization is necessary for equipment that comes into contact with a patient’s bloodstream or sterile tissue. This category of equipment, such as surgical knives, is designated “critical” because it presents a high risk of disease transmission from patient to patient.
Equipment that only touches healthy, unbroken skin presents a low risk of contamination because intact skin acts as an effective barrier to most microorganisms. Examples in this “non-critical” category include bedpans, blood-pressure cuffs, and bedrails.
In between those two scenarios, a “semi-critical” level of disinfection presents a medium risk of contamination. This would include equipment such as endoscopes used on mucous membranes or areas of broken skin.
Emergence of Drug resistant microbes PPT By DR.C.P.Prince
Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it.
Resistant microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs, such as antibacterial drugs (e.g. antibiotics), antifungals, antivirals, and antimalarials, so that standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist, increasing the risk of spread to others.
Biomarkers for early diagnosis ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
A biomarker is a characteristic ‘substance’, analyte, or otherwise a ‘thing’ that can be objectively measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or a pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. These are used for many purposes including disease diagnosis and prognosis, prediction and assessment of treatment response.
Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body.
Biomarkers can be specific cells, molecules, or genes, gene products, enzymes, or hormones.
VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P
Small size (20-300 nm) / bacteria (size measured in μm)
Viral genome – single type of nucleic acid:
DNA – dezoxyriboviruses
RNA - riboviruses
Totally dependant on living cells for all metabolic processes
May infect humans, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi,parasites, insects
Virion = viral corpuscle = elementary, infectious unit.
Only visible by electron microscopy.
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Methods:
• Cytology
• Electron microscopy
• Cultivation
• Detection of viral proteins
• Serology
• Molecular diagnosis (detection of
genetic material i.e. nucleic acids)
PPT prepared by Dr. Prince C P
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
Fungal Infections/ Mycoses ppt by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
PPT prepared by :
DR.PRINCE C P
Associate Professor &HOD
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
According to tissue involved, MYCOSES are classified into:
Superficial (Surface )
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Deep Cutaneous
Systemic (Primary )
Systemic ( Opportunistic)
Mycotic Poisoning
most of the fungal infections are opportunistic in nature.
candida albicans is the common Fungal pathogen.
CSSD- Central Sterile Supply Department ppt by DR.PRINCE.C.P
Sterile supplies to all departments , both to specialized units as well as general wards and OPDs.
To provide sterilized material from a central department where sterilizing process is carried out under properly controlled conditions
To alleviate the burden of work of the nursing personnel, there by enabling them to devote more of their time to patient care .
Assurance of adequate supply of sterile products immediately and constantly available for sometime as well as emergency use.
prepared by:
DR PRINCE C P
Associate Professor in Microbiology
Mother Teresa PG& RI of Health Sciences
Puducherry
Autoimmunity & disorders ppt by DR.C P. PRINCE
PPT prepared by :
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa
Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry.
An autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Addison’s disease
Myasthenia gravis
SLE
Diabetes mellitus type
Hypersensitivity/ Allergy ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies .
These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal.
ALLERGEN: non-parasite antigens that can stimulate a hypersensitivity response
Occurs in two stages : sensitization phase and shocking phase
Classified into Immediate and Delayed hypersensitivity based on time required to develop the symptoms
Type I hypersensitivity is also known as immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
The reaction may involve skin(urticaria and eczema), eyes(conjunctivitis), nasopharynx (rhinorrhea, rhinitis), bronchopulmonary tissues(asthma) and gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis).
Antigen ,Antibody and Ag-Ab reactions ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
An immunogen refers to a molecule that is capable of eliciting an immune response, whereas an antigen refers to a molecule that is capable of binding to the product of that immune response (Ab).
So, an immunogen is necessarily an antigen, but an antigen may not necessarily be an immunogen
The terms immunogen and antigen are often used interchangeably but the later is more common.
Antibodies are Globulin Protein (Immunoglobulin) that are synthesized in the Serum and Tissue fluids.
It reacts specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
There are two types serum proteins: albumin and globulin
There are Three types of globulins .
1. Alpha globulin
2. Beta globulin
3. Gamma globulin (Antibodies)
Gamma globulins are responsible for immunity. So they are called as Immunoglobulin (Ig)
The binding of an antibody with an antigen of the type that stimulated the formation of antibody that results in the following reaction
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation
Phagocytosis
Neutralization of an exotoxin
Opsonization
Tissue fixation
Chemotaxis
Activation of mast cells and basophils
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
Associate Professor , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Sterility Testing: done to detect if viable forms of micro-organisms are present or not on or in the pharmaceutical preparation.
The test is applied to substances or preparations which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. For example
✦ Injections
✦ Implants
✦ Syringes
✦ Bandages
✦ Dressings
✦ Surgical Instruments
✦ Needles
✦ Injectables
✦ Bulk Solids
✦ Ophthalmic Products..etc
If microorganisms are placed in a media that provides nutrients and water and kept at a favourable temperature the organism will grow and their growth can be indicated by turbidity in originally clear medium.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD &Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.Pince
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes. Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
Bacterial growth curve ppt by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Bacteria multiply by binary fission. The growth bacteria is measured in terms of the number of cells . total count and viable count.
osmotic environment can affect bacterial growth.
Bacteria can be grouped according to their energy source as phototrophs or chemotrophs.
Bacteria can be grouped according to their carbon source as autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Combining their nutritional patterns, all organisms in nature can be placed into one of four separate groups: photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
Bacteria also need a nitrogen source, various minerals, and water for growth.
Organisms having complex nutritional requirements and needing many growth factors are said to be fastidious.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
Culture media and Cultivation of Bacteria DR.C.P.PRINCE
Purpose of culturing are
Isolation of bacteria ( pure culture)
Diagnosis of infectious diseases
Properties of bacteria i.e. culturing bacteria is the initial step in studying its morphology and its identification.
Maintenance of stock cultures.
Estimate viable counts. Water , air, milk testing
To test for antibiotic sensitivity.
To create antigens for laboratory use.
Vaccine preparation
Sterility testing
Preparation of pharmaceutical products like antibiotics, enzymes, toxins etc
Certain genetic studies and manipulations of the cells also need that bacteria to be cultured in vitro.
Culturing on solid media is another convenient way of separating bacteria in mixture.
An artificial culture media must provide similar environmental and nutritional conditions that exist in the natural habitat of a bacterium.
A culture medium contains water, a source of carbon & energy, source of nitrogen, trace elements and some growth factors.
PPT prepared by:
DR.C. P. PRINCE
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
Classification and mechanism of action of ANTIMICROBIALS by DR.PRINCE.C.P
An antibiotic is a selective poison.
It has been chosen so that it will kill the desired bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways.
For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacteria's ability to turn glucose into energy, or the bacteria's ability to construct its cell wall.
Therefore the bacteria dies instead of reproducing.
this ppt on antimicrobials is a brief description of antimicrobials used for treatment .
by
Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Pondicherry
Bacterial cell structure & classification DR C P PRINCE
Any bacterial cell whether it is a coccus or a bacillus will have some structures common. These structures are cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the chromosome.
Other intra-cellular structures such as plasmid, inclusion bodies and extra-cellular structures such as capsule, fimbriae and flagella are possessed only by some bacteria.
Artificial Intelligence In Microbiology by Dr. Prince C P
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been defined as the study of algorithms that give machines the ability to reason and perform functions such as problem solving, object and word recognition, inference of world states, and decision-making.
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems can improve disease management, drug development, antibiotic resistance prediction, and epidemiological monitoring in the field of microbial diagnosis.
AI systems can quickly and accurately detect infections, including new and drug-resistant strains, and enable early detection of antibiotic resistance and improved diagnostic techniques.
The application of AI in bacterial diagnosis focuses on the speed, precision, and identification of pathogens and the ability to predict antibiotic resistance
Probiotics and Healthy life by Dr.C P Prince
This ppt of Dr Prince C P explains the importance of probiotics for healthy life. Probiotics were earlier defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms which when ingested, exert a positive influence on host’s health or physiology.
The latest definition put forward by FDA and WHO jointly is “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host”.
Sources of infection & types by Dr. Prince C P
Dr. C P Prince's ppt on sources of infection gives a brief and short introduction to infection and types of infectious diseases.
This will be useful for students who are preparing for medical microbiology examinations.
Biomedical waste management by DR. C P PRINCE
DR. PRINCE C P explains the importance of Biomedical waste management
Infection control by DR. C P PRINCE
Dr. Prince is an experienced Microbiology teacher with 24 years of experience in teaching various medical and paramedical students.
This ppt explains the types of hospital acquired infection and their control methods.
Sterilisation and Disinfection by DR C P PRINCE
This ppt explains about sterilisation and disinfection .
Dr. C P Prince is an eminent microbiology teacher with years of teaching practice.
Microscopes & staining by DR C P PRINCE
This ppt describes about the types and uses of Microscopes. it also gives a brief idea about staining techniques used in Microbiology.
Microscopes are the essential instrument used in microbiology lab to identify various microbes like Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa , helminths and viruses.
Staining techniques provide a colour contrast while observing under microscope and make us to identify the organisms with ease. Staining like Grams staining helps to differentiate microbes.
DR. C P Prince is an eminent Microbiology teacher with 24 years of teaching and research experience. He has written 4 text books in Microbiology for various degree courses.
This ppt will be useful for medical and paramedical students. Especially students of AHS ( allied health sciences)
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Fungal Infections/ Mycoses ppt by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
PPT prepared by :
DR.PRINCE C P
Associate Professor &HOD
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
According to tissue involved, MYCOSES are classified into:
Superficial (Surface )
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Deep Cutaneous
Systemic (Primary )
Systemic ( Opportunistic)
Mycotic Poisoning
most of the fungal infections are opportunistic in nature.
candida albicans is the common Fungal pathogen.
CSSD- Central Sterile Supply Department ppt by DR.PRINCE.C.P
Sterile supplies to all departments , both to specialized units as well as general wards and OPDs.
To provide sterilized material from a central department where sterilizing process is carried out under properly controlled conditions
To alleviate the burden of work of the nursing personnel, there by enabling them to devote more of their time to patient care .
Assurance of adequate supply of sterile products immediately and constantly available for sometime as well as emergency use.
prepared by:
DR PRINCE C P
Associate Professor in Microbiology
Mother Teresa PG& RI of Health Sciences
Puducherry
Autoimmunity & disorders ppt by DR.C P. PRINCE
PPT prepared by :
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa
Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry.
An autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
Graves’ disease
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Addison’s disease
Myasthenia gravis
SLE
Diabetes mellitus type
Hypersensitivity/ Allergy ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies .
These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal.
ALLERGEN: non-parasite antigens that can stimulate a hypersensitivity response
Occurs in two stages : sensitization phase and shocking phase
Classified into Immediate and Delayed hypersensitivity based on time required to develop the symptoms
Type I hypersensitivity is also known as immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
The reaction may involve skin(urticaria and eczema), eyes(conjunctivitis), nasopharynx (rhinorrhea, rhinitis), bronchopulmonary tissues(asthma) and gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis).
Antigen ,Antibody and Ag-Ab reactions ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
An immunogen refers to a molecule that is capable of eliciting an immune response, whereas an antigen refers to a molecule that is capable of binding to the product of that immune response (Ab).
So, an immunogen is necessarily an antigen, but an antigen may not necessarily be an immunogen
The terms immunogen and antigen are often used interchangeably but the later is more common.
Antibodies are Globulin Protein (Immunoglobulin) that are synthesized in the Serum and Tissue fluids.
It reacts specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
There are two types serum proteins: albumin and globulin
There are Three types of globulins .
1. Alpha globulin
2. Beta globulin
3. Gamma globulin (Antibodies)
Gamma globulins are responsible for immunity. So they are called as Immunoglobulin (Ig)
The binding of an antibody with an antigen of the type that stimulated the formation of antibody that results in the following reaction
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation
Phagocytosis
Neutralization of an exotoxin
Opsonization
Tissue fixation
Chemotaxis
Activation of mast cells and basophils
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
Associate Professor , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Immune system and immunity ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Immunity is the power to resist and overcome infection caused by particular organism.
RESISTANCE EXHIBITED BY THE HOST AGAINST MICROBES AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Innate immunity:“Innate” because shared by all animals (Pre-existing/ By birth) and Non-specific
Adaptive immunity (Acquired Immunity):Responsive and Specific
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body.
The Immune System includes all parts of the body that help in the recognition and destruction of foreign materials.
White blood cells, phagocytes and lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and your spleen are all part of the immune system.
prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
Sterility Testing: done to detect if viable forms of micro-organisms are present or not on or in the pharmaceutical preparation.
The test is applied to substances or preparations which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be sterile. For example
✦ Injections
✦ Implants
✦ Syringes
✦ Bandages
✦ Dressings
✦ Surgical Instruments
✦ Needles
✦ Injectables
✦ Bulk Solids
✦ Ophthalmic Products..etc
If microorganisms are placed in a media that provides nutrients and water and kept at a favourable temperature the organism will grow and their growth can be indicated by turbidity in originally clear medium.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD &Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Introduction to Microbiology & Microorganisms PPT by DR.C.P.Pince
Microorganisms are the minute living bodies not visible to the naked eyes. Example: Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba etc
Microbiology is the specific branch of ‘biology’ that deals with the elaborated investigation of ‘small organisms’ termed as microbes or Microorganisms.
In simple words, Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
Bacteria Example: Anthrax Bacilli, Esch. Coli
Fungi - .Example: Yeast, Mushrooms, Pencillium
Algae Example: Diatoms
Protozoan Example : Malaria parasite
Viruses - Example:HIV,Chicken pox
Worms – Example: Round worm, Pin worm
PPT prepared by :
DR.C.P.PRINCE
Bacterial growth curve ppt by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Bacteria multiply by binary fission. The growth bacteria is measured in terms of the number of cells . total count and viable count.
osmotic environment can affect bacterial growth.
Bacteria can be grouped according to their energy source as phototrophs or chemotrophs.
Bacteria can be grouped according to their carbon source as autotrophs or heterotrophs.
Combining their nutritional patterns, all organisms in nature can be placed into one of four separate groups: photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
Bacteria also need a nitrogen source, various minerals, and water for growth.
Organisms having complex nutritional requirements and needing many growth factors are said to be fastidious.
PPT prepared by:
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Pondicherry
Culture media and Cultivation of Bacteria DR.C.P.PRINCE
Purpose of culturing are
Isolation of bacteria ( pure culture)
Diagnosis of infectious diseases
Properties of bacteria i.e. culturing bacteria is the initial step in studying its morphology and its identification.
Maintenance of stock cultures.
Estimate viable counts. Water , air, milk testing
To test for antibiotic sensitivity.
To create antigens for laboratory use.
Vaccine preparation
Sterility testing
Preparation of pharmaceutical products like antibiotics, enzymes, toxins etc
Certain genetic studies and manipulations of the cells also need that bacteria to be cultured in vitro.
Culturing on solid media is another convenient way of separating bacteria in mixture.
An artificial culture media must provide similar environmental and nutritional conditions that exist in the natural habitat of a bacterium.
A culture medium contains water, a source of carbon & energy, source of nitrogen, trace elements and some growth factors.
PPT prepared by:
DR.C. P. PRINCE
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
Classification and mechanism of action of ANTIMICROBIALS by DR.PRINCE.C.P
An antibiotic is a selective poison.
It has been chosen so that it will kill the desired bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways.
For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacteria's ability to turn glucose into energy, or the bacteria's ability to construct its cell wall.
Therefore the bacteria dies instead of reproducing.
this ppt on antimicrobials is a brief description of antimicrobials used for treatment .
by
Dr.C.P.PRINCE
Pondicherry
Bacterial cell structure & classification DR C P PRINCE
Any bacterial cell whether it is a coccus or a bacillus will have some structures common. These structures are cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and the chromosome.
Other intra-cellular structures such as plasmid, inclusion bodies and extra-cellular structures such as capsule, fimbriae and flagella are possessed only by some bacteria.
Artificial Intelligence In Microbiology by Dr. Prince C P
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been defined as the study of algorithms that give machines the ability to reason and perform functions such as problem solving, object and word recognition, inference of world states, and decision-making.
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems can improve disease management, drug development, antibiotic resistance prediction, and epidemiological monitoring in the field of microbial diagnosis.
AI systems can quickly and accurately detect infections, including new and drug-resistant strains, and enable early detection of antibiotic resistance and improved diagnostic techniques.
The application of AI in bacterial diagnosis focuses on the speed, precision, and identification of pathogens and the ability to predict antibiotic resistance
Probiotics and Healthy life by Dr.C P Prince
This ppt of Dr Prince C P explains the importance of probiotics for healthy life. Probiotics were earlier defined as non-pathogenic microorganisms which when ingested, exert a positive influence on host’s health or physiology.
The latest definition put forward by FDA and WHO jointly is “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host”.
Sources of infection & types by Dr. Prince C P
Dr. C P Prince's ppt on sources of infection gives a brief and short introduction to infection and types of infectious diseases.
This will be useful for students who are preparing for medical microbiology examinations.
Biomedical waste management by DR. C P PRINCE
DR. PRINCE C P explains the importance of Biomedical waste management
Infection control by DR. C P PRINCE
Dr. Prince is an experienced Microbiology teacher with 24 years of experience in teaching various medical and paramedical students.
This ppt explains the types of hospital acquired infection and their control methods.
Sterilisation and Disinfection by DR C P PRINCE
This ppt explains about sterilisation and disinfection .
Dr. C P Prince is an eminent microbiology teacher with years of teaching practice.
Microscopes & staining by DR C P PRINCE
This ppt describes about the types and uses of Microscopes. it also gives a brief idea about staining techniques used in Microbiology.
Microscopes are the essential instrument used in microbiology lab to identify various microbes like Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa , helminths and viruses.
Staining techniques provide a colour contrast while observing under microscope and make us to identify the organisms with ease. Staining like Grams staining helps to differentiate microbes.
DR. C P Prince is an eminent Microbiology teacher with 24 years of teaching and research experience. He has written 4 text books in Microbiology for various degree courses.
This ppt will be useful for medical and paramedical students. Especially students of AHS ( allied health sciences)
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STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
STERILITY TESTING OF PHARMACEUTICALS ppt by DR.C.P.PRINCE
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Culture media and Cultivation of Bacteria DR.C.P.PRINCE
Classification and mechanism of action of ANTIMICROBIALS by DR.PRINCE.C.P
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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- 54. THANK YOU