This study evaluated integrated Palmer amaranth management strategies in glufosinate-resistant cotton over three years, including the effects of soil inversion, cover crops, and herbicide regimes. The main plots compared fall soil inversion tillage to non-inversion tillage. Cover crop subplots included crimson clover, cereal rye, and winter fallow. Herbicide sub-subplots included preemergence, postemergence, pre+postemergence, and a no-herbicide check. Soil inversion and cover crops significantly reduced early-season Palmer amaranth densities. Preemergence and premix herbicides provided over 95% control of Palmer amaranth. Integrating soil inversion, cover crops,
This project aims to identify wheat traits and agricultural practices that improve soil quality and crop resilience to stress. The researchers will (1) determine the benefits of mycorrhizal wheat varieties for soil and yields under stress, (2) establish how mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting bacteria interact to increase disease resistance, and (3) evaluate combining wheat genetics with management changes like reduced tillage to restore soil communities and quality, increasing sustainability and yields.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 16 advanced rice varieties under different nitrogen fertilizer levels to determine phenotypic correlations and heritability estimates of quantitative traits. Field experiments were conducted in Malaysia over two seasons. Data was collected on plant height, tillers per hill, panicles per hill, filled grains per panicle, and unfilled grains per panicle. Significant variation was observed among genotypes and in response to nitrogen levels for most traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlations between yield components indicated the influence of traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot on yield. High heritability estimates suggested additive gene effects were more important than environmental effects
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Influence of vermicomposted soil amendments on plant growth and dry matter pa...Premier Publishers
The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different vermicompost substitutions for vlei soil in seedling nursery production. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds were planted in five treatment groups including without vermicompost, 25% vermicompost, 50% vermicompost, 75% vermicompost and 100% vermicompost. Vlei soils were incorporated into the experiment making up the different supplements. There was significant (P<0.05) influence of vermicompost amendments. Tallest seedlings were recorded from V50%(13.2cm) and V75%(12.6cm) and means from treatments V25%, V50% and V75% were significantly higher than treatment V0%. Treatment V100% recorded the highest number of leaves(5.88). Highest root fresh weight was recorded from V50%(2.16g). All treatments revealed a significant difference amongst the treatments with V50% having the highest shoot dry weight of 2.22g. The means for treatments V50% and V75% were significantly higher than the treatment V0%. The highest fresh weight (11.31g) was recorded from V50%. All means for plant dry weight with vermicompost amendments were significantly higher than no vermicompost treatment (V0%). A ratio of 1:1 vermicompost and vlei gave the best results. These finding indicate that instead of using vermicompost alone, its use in mixtures with vlei gives the same effect.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
The document summarizes research on the performance of eight winter wheat breeding lines under conditions in Peshawar, Pakistan. The lines were evaluated over two growing seasons for traits related to yield and adaptability. Significant differences were found among the lines for several traits including days to maturity, tillers per square meter, flag leaf area, plant height, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. Heritability estimates for the traits ranged from 0.60 to 0.89, indicating a strong genetic control of the traits. The results provide information on genetic variability and heritable traits that can be useful for the continued breeding and development of high-yielding winter wheat varieties suited to
This project aims to identify wheat traits and agricultural practices that improve soil quality and crop resilience to stress. The researchers will (1) determine the benefits of mycorrhizal wheat varieties for soil and yields under stress, (2) establish how mycorrhiza and plant growth promoting bacteria interact to increase disease resistance, and (3) evaluate combining wheat genetics with management changes like reduced tillage to restore soil communities and quality, increasing sustainability and yields.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 16 advanced rice varieties under different nitrogen fertilizer levels to determine phenotypic correlations and heritability estimates of quantitative traits. Field experiments were conducted in Malaysia over two seasons. Data was collected on plant height, tillers per hill, panicles per hill, filled grains per panicle, and unfilled grains per panicle. Significant variation was observed among genotypes and in response to nitrogen levels for most traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance, and positive correlations between yield components indicated the influence of traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot on yield. High heritability estimates suggested additive gene effects were more important than environmental effects
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Influence of vermicomposted soil amendments on plant growth and dry matter pa...Premier Publishers
The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different vermicompost substitutions for vlei soil in seedling nursery production. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds were planted in five treatment groups including without vermicompost, 25% vermicompost, 50% vermicompost, 75% vermicompost and 100% vermicompost. Vlei soils were incorporated into the experiment making up the different supplements. There was significant (P<0.05) influence of vermicompost amendments. Tallest seedlings were recorded from V50%(13.2cm) and V75%(12.6cm) and means from treatments V25%, V50% and V75% were significantly higher than treatment V0%. Treatment V100% recorded the highest number of leaves(5.88). Highest root fresh weight was recorded from V50%(2.16g). All treatments revealed a significant difference amongst the treatments with V50% having the highest shoot dry weight of 2.22g. The means for treatments V50% and V75% were significantly higher than the treatment V0%. The highest fresh weight (11.31g) was recorded from V50%. All means for plant dry weight with vermicompost amendments were significantly higher than no vermicompost treatment (V0%). A ratio of 1:1 vermicompost and vlei gave the best results. These finding indicate that instead of using vermicompost alone, its use in mixtures with vlei gives the same effect.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
Poultry manure application and fallow improves peanut production in a sandy s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
To meet our food security demands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) needs to improve smallholder subsistence agriculture by promoting the production of cash crops that mature early and have a high market value. Peanut is a typical example of a cash crop which potentially has a high market value, but pod yields are low due to declinein soil quality. A field experiment was conducted under 4 different land use systems (LUS) to evaluate the effects of continuous peanut cultivation on peanut pod yield and on selected soil properties. Peanut pod yield declined significantly under the continuous peanut and peanut/corn rotation systems; while the poultry manure and land fallow systems significantly increased pod yield. Over the 3 cropping seasons, significant changes in organic carbon; extractable potassium and CEC in all cropping systems occurred, while changes in total N was significant in the peanut/corn rotation and poultry manure cropping systems only. No significant changes in bulk density; field capacity; electrical conductivity; soil pH and available phosphorus were observed in all the 4 LUS over the 3 cropping seasons. We suggest that adequate fallow periods of more than 1 year and poultry manures are applied to enhance soil quality and improve peanut productivity and/or sustain peanut production in marginal lands under continuous cultivation
The document summarizes research on the performance of eight winter wheat breeding lines under conditions in Peshawar, Pakistan. The lines were evaluated over two growing seasons for traits related to yield and adaptability. Significant differences were found among the lines for several traits including days to maturity, tillers per square meter, flag leaf area, plant height, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. Heritability estimates for the traits ranged from 0.60 to 0.89, indicating a strong genetic control of the traits. The results provide information on genetic variability and heritable traits that can be useful for the continued breeding and development of high-yielding winter wheat varieties suited to
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
Genetic Variability and Heritability of Agronomic Traits in Faba Bean (Vicia ...Premier Publishers
This document reports on a study that evaluated genetic variability and heritability of agronomic traits in 50 faba bean genotypes under soil acidity stress, with and without lime application, across three locations in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Significant genetic variability was found among genotypes for all traits except seeds per pod under both lime conditions.
2) Yield was reduced by 32.34% without lime compared to with lime.
3) Variability components like GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance varied between traits and lime conditions, with generally higher values under lime indicating a more optimum environment.
4) Traits like 100 seed weight and pods per plant showed medium to high variability components
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
Poster31: Technology development to improve the sustainability of cassava pro...CIAT
1) The document discusses technology development to improve the sustainability of cassava production systems in Laos. It aims to improve productivity and farmer livelihoods.
2) On-farm trials of improved cassava varieties and agricultural practices showed promising results. Introduced high-yielding varieties from CIAT produced significantly higher yields than local varieties.
3) Balanced fertilizer application and soil erosion control measures like contour hedgerows increased cassava yields and farm income while reducing soil loss.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Integrating striga resistant maize and spatial arrangement of intercropped co...Innspub Net
Infestation of maize fields by Striga asiatica in coastal Kenya is increasing due to continuous mono-cropping of cereals without replenishment of soil nutrients, hence reducing land productivity. This may therefore lead to food insecurity if a viable solution is not found. A study was conducted to determine if integrating striga resistant maize and cowpea spatial arrangement could offer an effective solution to the striga problem. The study was conducted at KALRO Matuga in 2012 and 2013. A randomized complete block design, with three replications, was used. Maize varieties differed significantly in their stover yield in 2013 LR seasons but the varieties did not show any significant effect on striga stand counts in both seasons. Spatial arrangement of intercropped cowpea significantly influenced maize grain and stover yields in 2013 LR season. Maize variety V2 showed some tolerance
to striga weed. This variety is therefore recommended for multi-locational evaluation under the National Performance Trials (NPTs) to ascertain its superiority to the current commercial maize varieties (Coast Maize Composite, Pwani Hybrid 1 and Pwani Hybrid 4). Within row spatial arrangement of inter cropped cowpea gave higher maize yields than the between row arrangement. Farmers are therefore likely to realize improved maize yields by adopting the within row spatial arrangement of inter-cropped cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Field crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: achieveme...ICARDA
11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development
Presentation of Michael Baum, Director Biodiversity & Crop Improvement Program Jodhpur, India
" Resource use efficiency in crops: “Green super rice” to increase water and ...ExternalEvents
" Resource use efficiency in crops: “Green super rice” to
increase water and nitrogen use efficiency of rice" presentation by Sibin Yu, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Effect of root growth potential and spatial arrangement trials of gmelina arb...Onofre Corpuz
This study investigated the effect of root growth potential (RGP) trials of Gmelina arborea trees planted at different spacing on the growth and yield of intercropped maize. Maize was planted between rows of 6-month old Gmelina trees arranged in a strip-plot design with three replications. Results showed that maize growth and yield were significantly affected by tree spacing but not by RGP class. Mono-maize crops significantly outperformed maize intercropped with trees in all measured traits. Wider tree spacing of 2m x 4m resulted in maize growth and yield comparable to mono-cropping. Narrower spacing of 2m x 2m had the most negative impact on
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Review and prospect of transgenic rice researchFOODCROPS
This document reviews research on transgenic rice. It discusses the goal of developing "Green Super Rice" with traits like insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, yield and quality. Transgenic approaches are seen as important for achieving this goal. The document summarizes advances in rice transformation techniques and research progress on transgenic rice traits, including insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, quality, yield and herbicide tolerance. It views prospects for transgenic rice development positively.
Improved nursery management practices such as lower seeding densities, balanced nutrient application, and transplanting older seedlings can enhance the productivity of stress-tolerant rice varieties in coastal areas prone to flooding and salinity. On-station and on-farm trials showed that these improved nursery practices produced healthier seedlings that established better and yielded up to 36% higher than traditional practices. Applying a small amount of nutrients in the nursery was found to increase yields by up to 30%. These low-cost nursery management options have potential to improve yields for rice farmers in coastal rainfed environments.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Maize Hybrids Yield as Affected by Inter and Intra Row SpacingIJEAB
To study the effect of different, inter and intra-row on some new maize hybrids under on yield and its components. Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The results showed that highest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage, 100-grain weight and grain yield/fed. S.C 2055 hybrid was recorded the greatest value number of rows/ear. S.C 2066 hybrids recorded the highest number grains/row, the lowest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in width rows (70 cm) produced the highest number of ear/plant, number of rows/ear and number grains/row and ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in hills 30 cm apart produced the greatest numbers of ears/plant and thick ears, highest grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100- grain weight. However, sown maize plants at hill spacing of 25 cm apart produced tallest ears. It could be concluded that sown S.C. 3084 hybrid at 60 cm row width and hill spacing of 20 cm apart maximized maize productivity under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
La empresa DELCO CONSTRUCTORA CIA. LTDA. se dedica principalmente a la construcción de obras civiles. El documento establece políticas y procedimientos para el control de la cuenta de caja, incluyendo un máximo de $200 en efectivo antes de realizar depósitos, pagos máximos de $50 en efectivo, y arqueos de caja periódicos realizados por el contador y auxiliar contable con autorización de gerencia. También describe sanciones por sobrantes o faltantes de efectivo.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
— A field study was carried out to at Agriculture Research Institute, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to investigate the effect of various nitrogen levels on growth and yield contributing traits of two wheat varieties. Wheat varieties Benazir and TJ-83 were evaluated against four nitrogen levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1).The results revealed that the effect of nitrogen levels as well as varieties differed significantly for all the growth and yield contributing traits and N @ 150 kg ha-1 resulted in maximum values for plant height (87.66 cm), number of tillers m-2 (265.17), spike length (13.05 cm), number of spikelets spike-1 (22.02), number of grain spike-1 (68.21), seed index (48.80 g) and grain yield (4320 kg ha-1). In varieties, Benazir showed its superiority over its companion variety with 82.91 cm plant height, 224.17 tillers m-2 , 10.52 cm spike length, 18.21 spikelets spike-1 , 53.00 grains spike-1 , 45.29 g seed index and 3649.50 kg ha-1 grain yield. The commercial variety TJ-83 ranked 2 nd with 78.33 cm plant height, 207.75 tillers m-2 , 11.42 cm spike length, 19.82 spikelets spike-1 , 57.31 grains spike-1 , 40.98 g seed index and 3143.20 kg ha-1 grain yield. It was observed that treatment interaction N @150 kg × variety Benazir proved to be effective treatment and variety combination for achieving higher wheat yields; while, variety Benazir showed its genetic superiority yielding higher than its companion variety TJ-83.
Genetic Variability and Heritability of Agronomic Traits in Faba Bean (Vicia ...Premier Publishers
This document reports on a study that evaluated genetic variability and heritability of agronomic traits in 50 faba bean genotypes under soil acidity stress, with and without lime application, across three locations in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Significant genetic variability was found among genotypes for all traits except seeds per pod under both lime conditions.
2) Yield was reduced by 32.34% without lime compared to with lime.
3) Variability components like GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance varied between traits and lime conditions, with generally higher values under lime indicating a more optimum environment.
4) Traits like 100 seed weight and pods per plant showed medium to high variability components
Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene...FOODCROPS
FOODCROPS.VN. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances
in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large
backcross breeding program
Poster31: Technology development to improve the sustainability of cassava pro...CIAT
1) The document discusses technology development to improve the sustainability of cassava production systems in Laos. It aims to improve productivity and farmer livelihoods.
2) On-farm trials of improved cassava varieties and agricultural practices showed promising results. Introduced high-yielding varieties from CIAT produced significantly higher yields than local varieties.
3) Balanced fertilizer application and soil erosion control measures like contour hedgerows increased cassava yields and farm income while reducing soil loss.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Integrating striga resistant maize and spatial arrangement of intercropped co...Innspub Net
Infestation of maize fields by Striga asiatica in coastal Kenya is increasing due to continuous mono-cropping of cereals without replenishment of soil nutrients, hence reducing land productivity. This may therefore lead to food insecurity if a viable solution is not found. A study was conducted to determine if integrating striga resistant maize and cowpea spatial arrangement could offer an effective solution to the striga problem. The study was conducted at KALRO Matuga in 2012 and 2013. A randomized complete block design, with three replications, was used. Maize varieties differed significantly in their stover yield in 2013 LR seasons but the varieties did not show any significant effect on striga stand counts in both seasons. Spatial arrangement of intercropped cowpea significantly influenced maize grain and stover yields in 2013 LR season. Maize variety V2 showed some tolerance
to striga weed. This variety is therefore recommended for multi-locational evaluation under the National Performance Trials (NPTs) to ascertain its superiority to the current commercial maize varieties (Coast Maize Composite, Pwani Hybrid 1 and Pwani Hybrid 4). Within row spatial arrangement of inter cropped cowpea gave higher maize yields than the between row arrangement. Farmers are therefore likely to realize improved maize yields by adopting the within row spatial arrangement of inter-cropped cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-6-december-2015-ijaar/
Field crops breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses: achieveme...ICARDA
11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development
Presentation of Michael Baum, Director Biodiversity & Crop Improvement Program Jodhpur, India
" Resource use efficiency in crops: “Green super rice” to increase water and ...ExternalEvents
" Resource use efficiency in crops: “Green super rice” to
increase water and nitrogen use efficiency of rice" presentation by Sibin Yu, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Effect of root growth potential and spatial arrangement trials of gmelina arb...Onofre Corpuz
This study investigated the effect of root growth potential (RGP) trials of Gmelina arborea trees planted at different spacing on the growth and yield of intercropped maize. Maize was planted between rows of 6-month old Gmelina trees arranged in a strip-plot design with three replications. Results showed that maize growth and yield were significantly affected by tree spacing but not by RGP class. Mono-maize crops significantly outperformed maize intercropped with trees in all measured traits. Wider tree spacing of 2m x 4m resulted in maize growth and yield comparable to mono-cropping. Narrower spacing of 2m x 2m had the most negative impact on
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Review and prospect of transgenic rice researchFOODCROPS
This document reviews research on transgenic rice. It discusses the goal of developing "Green Super Rice" with traits like insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, yield and quality. Transgenic approaches are seen as important for achieving this goal. The document summarizes advances in rice transformation techniques and research progress on transgenic rice traits, including insect/disease resistance, drought tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, quality, yield and herbicide tolerance. It views prospects for transgenic rice development positively.
Improved nursery management practices such as lower seeding densities, balanced nutrient application, and transplanting older seedlings can enhance the productivity of stress-tolerant rice varieties in coastal areas prone to flooding and salinity. On-station and on-farm trials showed that these improved nursery practices produced healthier seedlings that established better and yielded up to 36% higher than traditional practices. Applying a small amount of nutrients in the nursery was found to increase yields by up to 30%. These low-cost nursery management options have potential to improve yields for rice farmers in coastal rainfed environments.
This document compares seven methods for assessing stored cereal losses to insects. It conducted experiments infesting wheat and barley grains with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) under controlled conditions. It then applied seven assessment methods to the infested grains: 1) visual inspection, 2) uncorrected weight loss, 3) modified standard volume/weight ratio, 4) grain count and weight, 5) percentage of damaged grains converted to weight loss, 6) one thousand grain mass, and 7) one thousand grain mass including dust. The results showed wide variation in estimated grain mass losses depending on the method used, from 9.3-25.8% for barley and 2.2-12.5
This document discusses grain processing and storage. It covers several topics:
1. The importance of grain processing to improve palatability, nutrition, and shelf life through operations like preservation, removal of inedible parts, and subdivision into ingredients.
2. Common unit operations in grain processing like grinding, which reduces particle size, and their benefits such as increasing surface area.
3. Details of rice and corn processing, including steps like cleaning, grading, dehusking, polishing, and milling to transform grains into edible forms.
4. Methods for parboiling rice to improve nutrition and milling recovery.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Maize Hybrids Yield as Affected by Inter and Intra Row SpacingIJEAB
To study the effect of different, inter and intra-row on some new maize hybrids under on yield and its components. Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015. The results showed that highest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage, 100-grain weight and grain yield/fed. S.C 2055 hybrid was recorded the greatest value number of rows/ear. S.C 2066 hybrids recorded the highest number grains/row, the lowest ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in width rows (70 cm) produced the highest number of ear/plant, number of rows/ear and number grains/row and ear length, ear diameter, grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100-grain weight. Sown maize plants in hills 30 cm apart produced the greatest numbers of ears/plant and thick ears, highest grains weight/ear, shelling percentage and 100- grain weight. However, sown maize plants at hill spacing of 25 cm apart produced tallest ears. It could be concluded that sown S.C. 3084 hybrid at 60 cm row width and hill spacing of 20 cm apart maximized maize productivity under the environmental conditions of Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
La empresa DELCO CONSTRUCTORA CIA. LTDA. se dedica principalmente a la construcción de obras civiles. El documento establece políticas y procedimientos para el control de la cuenta de caja, incluyendo un máximo de $200 en efectivo antes de realizar depósitos, pagos máximos de $50 en efectivo, y arqueos de caja periódicos realizados por el contador y auxiliar contable con autorización de gerencia. También describe sanciones por sobrantes o faltantes de efectivo.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
This document summarizes interviews with experts on the marketing automation industry. It finds that while standalone marketing automation tools like Marketo still have value for some customers, integrated platforms are preferred by larger enterprises that need more sophisticated functionality. Experts noted Marketo and other vendors will face challenges moving "upstream" to larger clients and retaining customers against more specialized or comprehensive competitors. Overall the marketing automation market remains in flux as the boundary between sales and marketing functions evolves.
This document summarizes Magnetic's targeted digital advertising platform. Magnetic gathers data from over 1 billion active devices and 450,000 websites to build profiles on 250 million shoppers with over 2 years of purchase history. It uses this data and predictive algorithms to deliver relevant ads, offers, and recommendations to people across devices in real-time. The platform can trigger personalized emails and on-site recommendations based on people's behaviors and interests to engage customers.
The document provides information about the six states of Australia: Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia, and New South Wales. It discusses the geography, population, history, industries/economy, and landmarks of each state. The states vary significantly in size, population, economic activities, and famous attractions. Queensland, for example, is known for the Great Barrier Reef and various rainforests, while South Australia is a major wine producer.
O documento descreve que o autor foi designado para lecionar quatro horas semanais de Língua Portuguesa para a turma C do 8o ano em 22 de setembro de 2010, e fornece instruções sobre como ler horas em um relógio analógico.
pranay praveen dave - resume - 20.12.14Pranay Dave
Pranay Praveen Dave is a project manager with 7 years of experience in the construction industry. He has a degree in architecture and a master's degree in project management. Currently he works as a project manager at Sphere Concept Pte Ltd in Singapore, managing projects, clients, and project teams. Some of the residential and commercial projects he has worked on include renovations, additions and alterations works, and fit outs. He is proficient in AutoCAD and Microsoft Office and knowledgeable about other design software.
The document discusses conventions used in film posters and magazines. It analyzes several real-life examples to identify typical conventions, such as including the film title, release date, credits, and taglines on posters. It also discusses conventions for magazines, like the masthead, issue date, price, and headers. The response describes how the media product follows several conventions, like including the main image and credits, but also challenges and develops some conventions, such as moving the price and redesigning the headers. The goal is to design the poster and magazine cover to look professional while putting its own spin on standard conventions.
Some people are locked into the belief that technology is destroying creativity, especially under marketing field. This probably goes back some way; However, the question is, does marketing Automation kill creativity? if not, what it does instead? Let's get in detail in this presentation.
Content Marketing | Data Mining | Predictive Analytics | Data Analytics | Digital Marketing
The document discusses how the creator attracted and addressed their audience for their magazine. They used specific fonts for different sections that were clear and coordinated. They used a three color scheme of black, red and white to make the magazine stand out. For the cover article, they included a formal piece of journalism summarizing the cover star's life story to interest readers. Social media was included to engage younger readers and allow distribution. Competitions were added around rock music to further attract the target audience.
Laurent Chassepot has extensive experience as an international CFO and board member, having worked in over 15 countries across multiple industries. He has successfully completed 4 leveraged buyouts, 3 turnarounds, and 3 start-ups. Most recently, he served as CFO of Pretend LLC, a movie industry software developer, where he helped develop strategies for revenue growth, business model, and raising $3 million in investment. Prior to that, he was CFO of Permaswage Group, an aerospace company, where he orchestrated its acquisition through an LBO and doubling of revenues to $181 million, preparing it for acquisition by Precision CastParts. He has a track record of developing corporate strategies, financial operations
GMR Strategic Management is a consulting firm located in East London, South Africa that offers strategic management and business consulting services. It works with public and private sector clients across a wide range of industries. The firm specializes in areas like strategy development, leadership development, human resources, and turnaround strategy implementation. It prides itself on taking an innovative approach and ensuring high-quality, timely work from its experienced consultants and network partners.
This document is a resume for Kimberly Tristin Hall outlining her experience and qualifications. Over her career, she has worked in administrative and configuration management roles for both government contractors and private companies, supporting classified programs. She has over 20 years of experience providing administrative support, facilitating meetings, preparing presentations and documentation, and coordinating travel. Her skills include proficiency with Microsoft Office applications, classified materials handling, and customer service.
Este documento lista diferentes aplicaciones de comunicación como Facebook, Skype, WhatsApp y Sonic, así como servicios de correo electrónico como Hotmail, Gmail y Yahoo.
Inheritance of soybean resistance to soybean rust in Uganda’s soybean germplasmInnspub Net
Understanding the genetic mechanisms of soybean rust resistance is important for effective selection and breeding procedures. This study was hence conducted to determine the combining ability and gene action controlling soybean rust using a 10×10 half diallel mating design. The F2 segregating populations along with their parents were evaluated for rust severity and sporulation level at two reproductive stages (R4 and R6) in screen house and field conditions during the second season of 2016 and first season of 2017 at MUARIK using an alpha lattice design replicated thrice. Significant differences were observed among the parents and F2 generations for both disease severity and sporulation level. General and specific combining abilities were highly significant. The GCA/SCA ratio (1.50-2.30) and the Baker’s ratio (0.75-0.82) showed the predominance of additive gene action in the inheritance of soybean rust resistance. The broad-sense (0.94-0.99) and narrow-sense (0.73-0.82) heritability estimates indicated the possibility of improving resistance to soybean rust through selection in the early generations. UG 5, Maksoy 3N, Maksoy 4N and Maksoy 5N had negative GCA effects. The F2 populations derived from these parents crossed with Wonder soya and Nam 2 had also negative SCA effects. The use of these parents and F2 populations can, therefore, increase the response to selection for improving resistance to soybean rust.
Weed management in conservation agricultural systemspujithasudhakar
This document discusses weed management strategies in conservation agriculture systems. It outlines the principles of conservation agriculture including minimal soil disturbance, crop rotation, and maintaining crop residues on the soil surface. Preventive weed management focuses on reducing new weed populations and propagation through quality seed and clean equipment. Tillage can stimulate weed germination. Cover crops and crop residues suppress weeds physically and chemically. Crop rotation alters weed selection pressures. Adjusting crop planting dates can give crops competitive advantages over weeds. Higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing increase crop competitiveness. Herbicides, herbicide-resistant crops, and integrated weed management are also discussed.
A total of 59 converted sorghum lines and 6 checks were evaluated for resistance to two foliar fungal diseases, anthracnose and downy mildew (SDM) in 2008 and 2009 growing seasons at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Farm, College Station, Texas. In 2008, 23 lines exhibited resistance (35%), 29 susceptible (45%) and 13 variable responses (20%) while 15 lines showed resistance (28%), 31 susceptible (57%), and 8 variable responses to anthracnose in 2009. Nine lines SC748, PI534101, PI534073, PI533950, PI534155, PI533802, PI533776, PI533911 and PI533759 exhibited anthracnose resistance response in both years. Significantly a wide range of 8 to 89% SDM incidence was observed in the study. None of the lines recorded SDM resistance reaction in both years. However, 15 lines PI534119, PI533983, PI597970, PI534160, PI570726, PI534161, PI534112, PI576374, PI533753, SC748, PI533991, PI569998, PI534050, PI534155 and PI533898 recorded moderate resistance to SDM incidence and recommended for use in further breeding programs. There was a positive significant correlation (P = 0.0392) between anthracnose and SDM, indicating that the lines showing higher SDM incidence favors higher anthracnose infection. Significant correlation between precipitation and SDM was also noted. SC748 and PI534155 exhibited resistance to anthracnose and downy mildew diseases and hold promise for utilization in breeding programs as potential checks.
— Labisia pumila or commonly known as kacip fatimah is one of the popular medicinal plant in Malaysia. The constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anti cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. The growth and production of L. pumila is greatly influenced by the environmental condition such as shade, humidity and growing media. In this study, the survivality of L. pumila var. alata (KFeFRIM01) plantlets derived from tissue culture technique using temporary immersion system were analyzed during pre and post acclimatization process. The plantlets were pre acclimatize in different potting media namely 100% sand and 100% jiffy and grown in plastic growth chamber with different percentage of shade (0%, 50% and 70%). After a month, the plants were transferred to the nursery for post acclimatization. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the survivality of plants placed under different percentage of shade (70% and 50%), suitable growing media and watering requirement per day. The growth of the plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width were recorded during the acclimatization process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the survivality and growth of this plant during the acclimatization process. KFeFRIM01 was found to grow better in 0% shade compared to 50% shade and 70% shade. However, there were no significant difference recorded in the usage of two potting medium (100% sand and 100% jiffy) on the growth of KFeFRIM01 during pre acclimatization process. While in post acclimatization, KFeFRIM01 placed under 50% shade produce better growth in term of leaves number (8.44a ± 0.20), leaf length (6.13a ± 0.14) and leaf width (3.17a ± 0.06) compared to 70% shade. KFeFRIM01 plants planted in treatment 1-top soil: leaf compost: sand (2:3:1) gave the highest growth performance in all parameter measured. Whereas, KFeFRIM01 plants that watered twice per day (9AM & 4PM) have greater plant height (8.83a ± 0.34) and leaves number (7.53a ± 0.39) compared to plants watered once per day. The findings from this study are essential for mass production of L. pumila using tissue culture technology in future as a successful protocol for acclimatization of this plants obtained.
This document summarizes a study on the toxicity of pesticides used for storing cereal, legumes, and oilseeds in Ganye, southern Adamawa State, Nigeria. Poor storage structures have led farmers to use banned, overdosed, and improperly approved pesticides. The study found that long-term exposure to pesticides used during storage has resulted in 164 cases of illness, 103 poisonings, 101 hospitalizations, and 28 deaths among farmers and grain merchants in the study area. Consumption of grains treated with these pesticides poses health risks to humans and livestock. The study concludes that alternative storage methods and structures are needed to reduce pesticide contamination of grains and protect public health.
MESOTRIONE TO CONTROL TRIAZINE- AND ALS-RESISTANT AMARANTHUS IN GRAIN SORGHUMnacaa
The document discusses research on using mesotrione to control triazine- and ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth in grain sorghum. Field trials in Kansas found that a preemergence application of mesotrione plus S-metolachlor plus atrazine (Lumax) provided better early-season control of Palmer amaranth than other herbicide treatments or the untreated check. However, late-season control declined with increasing weed biomass. Yields were higher in Lumax plots compared to the untreated check. The research suggests Lumax may be useful for Palmer amaranth control in grain sorghum but integrated weed management is needed for high weed populations.
This study evaluated the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains on the growth of maize plants in saline soils in Libya. A greenhouse experiment tested 7 AMF strains isolated from Libyan forests at different phosphate fertilization levels. Results showed the Rhizophagus intraradices strain had the highest root infection rate at 92%. Scutellospora sp. and Claroideoglomus etunicatum significantly improved shoot weight. Mycorrhizal inoculation generally increased plant growth measures more than the non-inoculated or phosphate fertilizer treatments. The interaction between AMF inoculation and phosphate levels significantly affected various plant growth characteristics.
An efficient irrigation system for plasticulture of strawberry in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that developed an efficient and low-cost irrigation system for strawberry cultivation using plasticulture techniques in Bangladesh. The researchers tested a micro-drip irrigation system compared to conventional irrigation. Statistical analysis showed the plasticulture system with micro-drip irrigation significantly improved plant growth parameters and reduced production costs compared to conventional techniques, making it a viable option for rural farmers in Bangladesh.
This document discusses good agricultural practices for weed management using glyphosate. It provides background on glyphosate's benefits such as its broad-spectrum weed control. It discusses legal and practical considerations for good agricultural practice, and best practices for weed control to minimize risks and maximize efficacy. These include knowing the weed population, using a variety of control methods, following label recommendations, and optimizing application factors like weather, growth stage, and application method.
This document describes a study that evaluated the use of winter cover crops and vinegar for early-season weed control in sustainable cotton production. Black oats and hairy vetch winter cover crops were planted and then tilled prior to cotton planting. The cover crops effectively controlled winter weeds compared to no cover. In the spring, total weed cover was lower in former black oats plots, but cotton yield did not differ between cover crop treatments. All sustainable plots had higher spring weed cover than conventional plots treated with herbicides. Vinegar effectively controlled young weeds but caused damage to cotton and mature weeds. Overall, winter cover crops showed potential for spring weed control with continued use in this system.
The Push-pull technology is an innovation from ICIPE. It’s a pest management approach that uses repellent intercrops and an attractive trap plant. Pests are repelled from the food crop and attracted to a trap crop, simultaneously. It is mostly used to control Stemborer and Striga.
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC APPROACHES TOWARDS THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AN U...Faraz Khan
With the world population estimated to be nine billion by 2050, the need to exploit plant genetic diversity in order to increase and diversify global food supply, and minimise the over-reliance for food on a few staple crops is of the utmost importance. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc.), is underutilised legume indigenous to Africa, rich in carbohydrates, with reasonable amounts of protein. It is known to be drought tolerant, able to
grow on marginal lands where other major crops cannot with minimal rainfall (<700 mm) and chemical inputs. Crop improvement for abiotic stress tolerance and increasing/stabilising yield have been difficult to achieve due to the complex nature of these stresses, and the genotype x environment interaction (GxE). This review paper highlights how a number of recent technologies and approaches used for major crop research, can be translated
into use in research of minor crops, using bambara groundnut as an exemplar species. Using drought tolerance as a trait of interest in this crop, we will demonstrate how limitations can affect genomic approaches for understanding traits in bambara groundnut, and, how genomic and transcriptomic methodologies developed for major crops can be applied to underutilised crops for better understanding of the genetics governing important agronomic traits. Furthermore, such approaches will allow for cross species comparison between major and minor crops, exemplified by bambara groundnut leading to improved research in such crops. This will lead to a better understanding of the
role of stress-responsive genes and drought adaptation in this underutilised legume.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
It focuses on the breeding objectives in blackgram (Vigna mungo) to enhance its genetic potential for improved yield and quality. The presentation covers key objectives such as increasing yield through traits like pod number and length, developing resistance against diseases and abiotic stresses, enhancing nutritional quality, and improving agronomic traits. By incorporating advanced breeding techniques and genetic markers, breeders aim to develop high-yielding blackgram varieties that are resilient, disease-resistant, and nutritionally rich, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and improved food security.
Stress resistance in crops can be improved through conventional breeding approaches like selection, backcrossing, and shuttle breeding. New molecular breeding approaches like QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection allow for more precise introgression of stress resistance genes. QTLs controlling traits like submergence tolerance, salinity tolerance, and bacterial blight resistance have been identified in rice. Marker-assisted breeding has successfully transferred submergence tolerance and bacterial blight resistance into rice varieties. Similar efforts have mapped drought tolerance QTLs in wheat and introduced stress resistance genes into crops using molecular markers. These approaches help breed climate-resilient crop varieties faster than conventional breeding alone.
Join a lively conversation about tapping the power of one of our chief assets in the climate struggle: the soil. The panel will discuss the role of farming in adapting to climate change: how vineyards and working lands can contribute to the recovery of resilient landscapes in the face of increasing climatic instability, how mycorrhizal networks regulate nutrient and energy flows, and how those networks are affected by farming practices. The group will also share practical experience on implementing practices on-farm to build soil, increase organic matter and improve the overall health of the landscape on your own property.
This document discusses weed control and management in wheat crops. It identifies the two main types of weeds as broadleaf and narrowleaf weeds. Several common wheat weeds are named. Weed infestation can reduce wheat yields by 10-70% as weeds compete for nutrients, water, space and sunlight in the first 30-60 days after planting. Effective weed control methods discussed include proper seedbed preparation, use of pure seed, hand weeding, stale seedbed technique, sowing methods, fertilizer application, hoeing, tillage, pre-emergence and post-emergence chemical applications, and integrated weed management practices like crop rotation and soil solarization. Trial results show highest weed control of 92
Scope of organic and natural farming of vegetable crops under protected condi...MANISH CHAUHAN
Organic farming is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems, and people.
It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects.
Effectiveness of practiced management options to control sheath blight diseas...Open Access Research Paper
Severity of the infection of sheath blight disease can be very devastating problem to the farmer for rice cultivation. Some of these consequences are major yield losses. The objective to identify sustainable management options for sheath blight disease. Field experiments were conducted with cultivated variety Swarna during three consecutive kharif seasons belong to the area of Rajshahi zone at three locations (Paba, Baraigram, Patnitala). Two management systems viz. Floating debris with Folicur and Folicur with ½ MOP were used in three locations to compare their effectiveness against rice sheath blight disease. The highest fertile tiller hill-1 was recorded at Paba location using Floating debris with Folicur. Maximum disease incidence was recorded at Patnitala location and minimum disease incidence was found at Baraigram. Between two management Floating debris with Folicur was better than Folicur with ½ MOP to reduces the disease incidence at all locations. The highest yield was found at Paba location using Floating debris with Folicur. Between two management systems, Floating debris with Folicur was better than Folicur with ½ MOP (Muriate of potash) to increase yield. Considering the efficiency and eco-friendly it would be considered that Floating debris with Folicur was effective management for sheath blight disease of rice.
Effectiveness of practiced management options to control sheath blight diseas...
herb_paper-JSA
1. Agronomy 2012, 2, 295-311; doi:10.3390/agronomy2040295
agronomy
ISSN 2073-4395
www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy
Article
Integrated Palmer Amaranth Management in
Glufosinate-Resistant Cotton: I. Soil-Inversion,
High-Residue Cover Crops and Herbicide Regimes
Jatinder S. Aulakh 1
, Andrew J. Price 2,
*, Stephen F. Enloe 1
, Edzard van Santen 1
,
Glenn Wehtje 1
and Michael G. Patterson 1
1
Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
E-Mails: jsa0005@auburn.edu (J.S.A.); sfe0001@auburn.edu (S.F.E.);
vanedza@auburn.edu (E.S.); wehtjgr@auburn.edu (G.W.); pattemg@auburn.edu (M.G.P.)
2
National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, 411 South Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36852, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: andrew.price@ars.usda.gov;
Tel.: +1-334-887-8596 (ext. 2742); Fax: +1-334-887-8597.
Received: 29 August 2012; in revised form: 23 October 2012 / Accepted: 24 October 2012 /
Published: 5 November 2012
Abstract: A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of
soil-inversion, cover crops and herbicide regimes for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR)
and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton. The main plots were two
soil-inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT). The
subplots were three cover crop treatments: crimson clover, cereal rye and winter fallow;
and sub subplots were four herbicide regimes: preemergence (PRE) alone, postemergence
(POST) alone, PRE + POST and a no herbicide check (None). The PRE herbicide regime
consisted of a single application of pendimethalin at 0.84 kg ae ha−1
plus fomesafen at
0.28 kg ai ha−1
. The POST herbicide regime consisted of a single application of glufosinate
at 0.60 kg ai ha−1
plus S-metolachlor at 0.54 kg ai ha−1
and the PRE + POST regime
combined the prior two components. At 2 weeks after planting (WAP) cotton, Palmer
amaranth densities, both BR and WR, were reduced ≥90% following all cover crop
treatments in the IT. In the NIT, crimson clover reduced Palmer amaranth densities >65%
and 50% compared to winter fallow and cereal rye covers, respectively. At 6 WAP, the
PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes in both IT and NIT reduced BR and WR Palmer
amaranth densities >96% over the three years. Additionally, the BR density was reduced
OPEN ACCESS
2. Agronomy 2012, 2 296
≥59% in no-herbicide (None) following either cereal rye or crimson clover when compared
to no-herbicide in the winter fallow. In IT, PRE, POST and PRE + POST herbicide regimes
controlled Palmer amaranth >95% 6 WAP. In NIT, Palmer amaranth was controlled ≥79%
in PRE and ≥95% in PRE + POST herbicide regimes over three years. POST herbicide
regime following NIT was not very consistent. Averaged across three years, Palmer
amaranth controlled ≥94% in PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes regardless of cover
crop. Herbicide regime effect on cotton yield was highly significant; the maximum cotton
yield was produced by the PRE + POST herbicide regime. Averaged over three years, the
PRE, POST and PRE + POST cotton yields were about three times higher than no
herbicide regime. In a conservation tillage production system, a PRE + glufosinate POST
herbicide based regime coupled with a cereal rye cover crop may effectively control
Palmer amaranth and maximize cotton yields.
Keywords: cover crops; glufosinate-tolerant cotton; herbicide regimes; soil-inversion
1. Introduction
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats) is a highly aggressive dioecious row crop weed in
the Southeastern US [1]. It has several unique weedy characteristics including rapid growth of
>5 inches a day during peak growth and can attain a final height of ≥2 m [2]. It is a prolific seed
producer; a single female plant can produce more than 600,000 seeds, which have an average diameter
of 1.0 mm [3]. In addition, Palmer amaranth has exceptional drought–tolerance and can endure
moisture stress very well [4–7].
Palmer amaranth is highly problematic and interferes with the production of crops such as cotton,
corn (Zea mays L.), cucurbits, grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), peanut (Arachis hypogea
L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) and
several vegetable crops [8–21].
The occurrence of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth has challenged cotton-weed managers
in the Southeaster US. Until 2005, glyphosate had been very efficacious on Palmer amaranth [22–24].
However, the extensive adoption of glyphosate-resistant technology virtually replaced the conventional
weed control technology consisting of preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE),
postemergence (POST) and post-directed (PDS) applied herbicides [25]. The sole reliance on
glyphosate has resulted in selection for resistant biotypes of Palmer amaranth. Glyphosate resistant in
Palmer amaranth was first documented in Macon County Georgia, in 2006 [26,27]. As of 2010,
glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth populations have been confirmed in 10 states [28]. Additionally,
the Palmer amaranth populations resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides have been also reported [28,29].
Historically, cotton was grown in conventional tillage utilizing primary and secondary tillage
including moldboard plowing, disking and cultivation. However, increasing input costs, low
commodity prices, and concerns for declining soil organic quality, and in some regions subsoil
compaction, necessitated the adoption of alternative tillage options such as strip-tillage production
systems that utilize a within row subsoiler to disrupt soil compaction under the crop row and
3. Agronomy 2012, 2 297
minimizes surface residue disturbance [30,31]. Consequently, inadequate weed control has been
reported in some conservation-tillage cotton production [32]. The infestation of small-seeded annual
weeds such as Palmer amaranth has often been attributed to conservation tillage systems that preclude
burial of weed seed. Moldboard plowing with soil inversion to the depth of 30 cm (12 in) has been
shown to reduce glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth emergence 46% to 60% because many of the
weed seeds are placed at depths which prevent emergence [33,34]. However, the return to conventional
tillage to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth threatens to reduce conservation tillage
practices. Some researchers [35,36] advocate the integration of traditional and alternative weed control
strategies, such as the utilization of crop and herbicide rotation and integration of high residue cereal
cover crops in order to sustain conservation tillage practices.
Over the last decade, the inclusion of cover crops in conservation-tillage systems has been
researched due to the ability of some cover crops to suppress early-season weed density and growth
either through direct competition from cover crop biomass [37–41] or through allelopathy [42–47].
Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been well documented for both high biomass potential and
allelopathic properties by several researchers [42,43,48–52]. Several studies on cover crops have
reported excellent early-season weed control that can preclude the use of preemergence herbicides in
crops [39,41,52–59]. However, the success of a cover crop in early-season weed suppression is
determined by the biomass production potential which varies with year, location and management
practices [37,48,53,56,60]. It has been observed that cereal rye residue alone was effective in reducing
the glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth emergence by 94% in the row middle and 50% within the
row [34]. The use of high residue cover crops in conjunction with chemical and cultural weed control
tactics could provide effective Palmer amaranth control in established glyphosate-resistant populations
as well as help prevent the development of resistance in the remaining glyphosate-susceptible
populations [61]. Thus, the inclusion of cover crops in conservation tillage system may provide weed
control benefits similar to those realized from inversion tillage in conventional tillage system.
With the widespread appearance of glyphosate–resistant Palmer amaranth, cotton producers are
considering other weed management options such as inversion tillage, surface tillage, and increased
integration of soil active herbicides, cover crops and adoption of alternative GMO herbicide-crop
systems such as glufosinate resistant cotton technology. Although inversion tillage can improve control
of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, increased input costs and potential soil erosion are significant
challenges. However the integration of cover crops and glufosinate-resistant cotton technology
are possible viable alternatives. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the role
of soil inversion, cover crops and herbicide regimes for Palmer amaranth management in
glufosinate-resistant cotton.
2. Materials and Methods
A three year field experiment was conducted from fall 2008 through 2011 at the E.V. Smith
Research Center, Field Crops Unit near Shorter, AL on a Compass sandy loam soil (coarse-loamy,
siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults) with 1.9% to 2.1% organic matter and pH 6.2 to 6.4.
The experiment occupied a site that had been in continuous strip-tillage for the previous six years prior
to experiment establishment, infested with a mixed population of resistant and susceptible Palmer
4. Agronomy 2012, 2 298
amaranth, and subsequent treatments remained in the same location for three years without
re-randomization of treatments. The experimental design consisted of a split-split plot treatment
restriction in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The main plots (43.9 by 9.1 m)
were two soil-inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT). After
establishment, all IT plots reverted to NIT in future years. The subplots (14.6 by 9.1 m) were three
different cover crops: crimson clover, cereal rye and winter fallow. The sub subplots (3.6 by 9.1 m)
were four different herbicide regimes: preemergence (PRE) alone, postemergence (POST) alone, PRE
+ POST, and a no-herbicide check (None). A schedule of operations performed each year is given in
Table 1.
Table 1. Schedule of operations performed during the experiment.
Operations
Experiment years
2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011
Broadcasting Palmer amaranth seed 19 Nov – –
Fall inversion tillage 19 Nov – –
Planting of cover crops 20 Nov 6 Jan 2 Dec
Rolling and termination of cover crops 22 Apr 18 May 19 Apr
Subsoiling 23 Apr 24 May 26 Apr
Cotton planting 1 Jun 27 May 5 May
Fertilization (16-16-16) 1 Jun 27 May 5 May
PRE application 3 Jun 27 May 6 May
POST application 16 Jun 16 Jun 24 May
Graminicide application (Poast Plus®
+ COC) 13 July 8 July 6 July
LAYBY application 14 Aug 16 Aug 19 July
Cotton defoliation 26 Oct 14 Oct 13 Sep
Cotton harvesting 9 Nov 20 Oct 30 Sep
2.1. Soil-Inversion, Cover Crops, and Cover Crop Management
In the fall 2008, approximately 28 million native glyphosate susceptible Palmer amaranth seeds
were broadcast per hectare to ensure a sizeable seedbank. Half of each replicate was subjected to fall
inversion tillage (IT) by moldboard plowing (30 cm) immediately fb one pass each of a disk and field
cultivator, and half was under non-inversion tillage (NIT) using a within-row subsoiler equipped
with pneumatic tires only to close the subsoiling slot. Subsequently each year in the fall, cereal rye
(var. “Elbon” in 2009 and 2010 and “Wrens Abruzzi” in 2011) and crimson clover (Trifolium
incarnatum L.) var. ‘Dixie‘ cover crops were planted using 101 and 28 kg ha−1
seed, respectively in
both the IT and NIT. Different cereal rye varieties were planted due to seed availability; Wrens
Abruzzi has been shown to be more allelopathic [62]. In 2009 and 2010, frequent rain delayed both the
harvesting of cotton and subsequent planting of cover crops [36]. Cereal rye cover was fertilized using
34 kg·ha−1
of a 33-0-0 fertilizer. A winter fallow control was also included as check.
Cover crops were rolled with a three section straight bar roller/crimper (Bigham Brothers, Inc.,
Lubbock, TX, USA) in late April or early May using a JD 7730 equipped with an AutoSteer GPS.
Cover crop rolling was immediately followed by an application of glyphosate (Roundup Weathermax®
,
5. Agronomy 2012, 2 299
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 0.84 kg ae ha−1
plus glufosinate (Ignite®
, Bayer Crop
Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) at 0.49 kg ae ha−1
. The mixture was needed to enhance
crimson clover termination. Cover crop biomass samples were taken prior to desiccation and oven dry
biomass was recorded. The entire experimental area was sub-soiled in May using the previously
described equipment to remove hardpan induced interactions; thus, no hardpans existed throughout the
experimental area which could likely bias the yield results. Subsoiling was followed by planting of
glufosinate-resistant cotton (FM 1845 LLB2 in 2009, and FM 1735 LL, in 2010 and 2011, Bayer
Crops Science, Research Triangle Park, NC). Each year, cotton was fertilized using 211 kg·ha−1
of
16-16-16 fertilizer at the time of planting.
2.2. Herbicide Regimes
Four herbicide regimes constituted the sub-sub plot treatments. The PRE herbicide regime consisted
of a single application of pendimethalin (Prowl®
, BASF Ag. Products, Research Triangle Park, NC,
USA) at 0.84 kg ae ha−1
plus fomesafen (Reflex®
, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, NC,
USA) at 0.28 kg ai ha−1
. The POST herbicide regime consisted of a single application of glufosinate at
0.60 kg ai ha−1
plus S-metolachlor (Dual II Magnum®
, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro,
NC, USA) at 0.54 kg ai ha−1
and the PRE + POST regime consisted of both the aforementioned PRE
and POST regimes. PRE herbicides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated
to deliver 145 L ha−1
with 8002 flat-fan nozzles. POST herbicides were applied to 3 to 4 lf Palmer
amaranth between 15 and 20 days after planting cotton with an ATV-mounted sprayer delivering
145 L ha−1
with 8002 flat-fan spray nozzles. A last application (LAYBY) directed spray
consisting of a prometryn (Caporal®
, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., Greensboro, NC, USA) at
0.84 kg ai ha−1
+ MSMA (Drexel Chemical Company, Memphis, TN) at 1.4 kg ai ha−1
was applied.
Sethoxydim (Poast Plus®
, Bayer AG. Products, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA) was applied at
0.28 kg ai ha−1
as needed to maintain grass control.
2.3. Palmer Amaranth Sampling and Control Ratings
Palmer amaranth density was recorded once before the application of POST and again before the
LAYBY application. Between-row (BR) Palmer amaranth densities were recorded as number of plants
in a quadrat (0.25 m−2
) randomly placed at 4 different positions between the 2nd and 3rd row of a
four-row cotton plot. Similarly, the within-row (WR) Palmer densities were recorded from a quadrant
(0.25 m−2
) randomly placed at 4 different positions within the 2nd and 3rd rows. Palmer amaranth
control was assessed visually at weekly intervals, starting a week after application of PRE until
LAYBY application. A 0–100 scale was used where 0 and 100 indicate no control and complete
control, respectively. Each year, the Palmer amaranth was hand removed from all the plots before
application of LAYBY to facilitate harvest. Therefore, Palmer amaranth was 100% controlled in each
plot after LAYBY until cotton harvest. Cotton yields were recorded by mechanically harvesting two
center 9 m rows within each four-row plot with a spindle picker.
6. Agronomy 2012, 2 300
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Three years data were subjected to combined ANOVA using Proc GLIMMIX in SAS (version 9.2,
SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Year, soil-inversion, cover crop, herbicide regime and
their interactions were treated as fixed effects, while replications, replication × soil-inversion,
replication × soil-inversion × cover crop were treated as random effects. When year and its interaction
with other factors were significant, data were analyzed and presented by year. Palmer amaranth visual
control data were arcsine-transformed and Palmer amaranth density data were square root transformed.
However, the original and transformed data analyses gave similar results, thus non-transformed data
are presented. Multiple mean comparisons were made using the “adj = simulate” option in the
statistical analysis system at the 5% significance level.
3. Results
3.1. Cover Crop Biomass
Analysis of the three year data revealed significant effect of type of cover crop only. Averaged over
three years, the maximum cover crop biomass was produced by cereal rye (4047 kg·ha−1
) fb crimson
clover (3570 kg·ha−1
) that was significantly more than and winter fallow (1253 kg·ha−1
).
3.2. Palmer Amaranth Density
Palmer amaranth densities at 2 WAP revealed significant year by treatment interactions. Therefore
data are presented by year. A soil-inversion by cover crop interaction was observed for both BR and
WR densities at 2 WAP in 2008–2009 and 2010–2011 while only the IT main effect was significant in
2009–2010. The highest BR and WR densities of 49 and 35 plants m−2
, respectively, occurred in
winter fallow following NIT in 2009–2010 (Table 2).
Table 2. Influence of soil-inversion and cover crop on Palmer amaranth density at 2 WAP
over three production years.
Experimental variable Palmer amaranth density (plants m−2
)
Soil-inversion Cover crop
2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011
BR * WR BR WR BR WR
Non-inversion
(NIT)
Winter fallow 10 a ** 11 a 49 a 35 a 22a 17 a
Crimson clover 3 b 2 c 29 ab 26 a 1 c 6 c
Cereal rye 9.0 a 7 b 18 b 31 a 10 b 12 b
Mean 7.3 A 6.7 A 32.0 A 30.7 A 11.0 A 11.7 A
Fall-inversion
(IT)
Winter fallow 1 c 0 c 2 c 2 c 2 c 1 d
Crimson clover 0 c 0 c 2 c 0 c 0 c 0 d
Cereal rye 1 c 1 c 3 c 2 c 0 c 1 d
Mean 0.7 B 0.3 B 3.7 B 1.3 B 0.7 B 0.7 B
* Abbreviations: WAP, weeks after cotton planting; BR, between row; WR, within row; ** Means within a
column followed by the same letter are not significant (P = 0.05).
7. Agronomy 2012, 2 301
In 2008–2009 and 2010–2011, crimson clover reduced Palmer amaranth density by as much as 96%
BR and 82% WR in NIT. Similar reductions in Palmer amaranth and other weed densities by cover
crop residues have been reported [63,64–66]. Both BR and WR densities were reduced >90%
following all cover crops in the IT. Each year with IT both BR and WR densities of Palmer amaranth,
were ≥90% lower than with NIT (Table 2). Furthermore each year at 2 WAP, Palmer amaranth was
100% controlled by the PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes that received a PRE application
within two days of planting (data not shown).
At 6 WAP, the effect of year and its interactions with other factors were not significant. However,
both the BR and WR densities demonstrated strong interaction of soil-inversion by herbicide
regime. Additionally, a cover crop by herbicide regime interaction (P < 0.0001) was detected, for BR
densities only. The BR and WR densities were markedly reduced (≤1 plant m−2
) under PRE, POST and
PRE + POST herbicide regimes following IT and PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes following
NIT (Table 3).
Table 3. Influence of soil–inversion and herbicide regime on Palmer amaranth density at
6 WAP * and cotton yield with cover crop and three production years’ data combined.
Experimental variable Palmer amaranth density (plants m−2
)
Cotton yield (kg·ha−1
)
Soil–inversion Herbicide regime BR * WR
Non-inversion
(NIT)
None 26 a ** 23 a 105 c
PRE * 1 b 1 b 1520 a
POST 4 b 3 b 1423 a
PRE + POST 1.0 b 1 b 1716 a
Mean 8.0 A 7.0 A 1191 B
Fall-inversion
(IT)
None 6 b 4 b 976 b
PRE 1 b 0 b 1544 a
POST 1 b 1 b 1893 a
PRE + POST 0 b 0 b 2041 a
Mean 2.0 B 1.3 B 1613 A
* Abbreviations: WAP, weeks after cotton planting; BR, between row; WR, within row; PRE, only
preemergence; POST, only postemergence; PRE + POST, both preemergence and postemergence; ** Means
within a column followed by same letter are not significant (P = 0.05).
The Palmer amaranth density, both BR and WR, was reduced ≥77% in no-herbicide regime (None)
following IT when compared to no–herbicide regime following NIT. The PRE and PRE + POST
herbicide regimes in both IT and NIT reduced BR and WR densities ≥96%. With the cover crop by
herbicide regime interaction, the BR density was reduced ≥55% in no-herbicide (None) following
either cereal rye or crimson clover when compared to no-herbicide in the winter fallow (Table 4).
8. Agronomy 2012, 2 302
Table 4. Influence of cover crop and herbicide regime on BR * Palmer amaranth density at
6 WAP and cotton yield with soil-inversion and three production years’ data combined.
Experimental variable Palmer amaranth density
(plants m−2
)
Cotton yield
(kg·ha−1
)Cover crop Herbicide regime
Winter fallow
None 27 a ** 141 b
PRE * 1 c 1506 a
POST 4 c 1449 a
PRE + POST 1c 1869 a
Mean 11.0 A 1242 A
Crimson clover
None 10 b 711 b
PRE 1 c 1544 a
POST 1 c 1918 a
PRE + POST 1 c 2047 a
Mean 4.0 B 1555 A
Cereal rye
None 11 b 768 b
PRE 1 c 1546 a
POST 3 c 1606 a
PRE + POST 0 c 1720 a
Mean 5. 0 B 1410 A
* Abbreviations: BR, between row; WAP, weeks after cotton planting; PRE, only preemergence; POST, only
postemergence; PRE + POST, both preemergence and postemergence; ** Means within a column followed
by same letter are not significant (P = 0.05).
PRE, POST and PRE + POST herbicide regimes’ Palmer amaranth densities were similar but lower
than the no herbicide (None) regime following any cover crop. However, the PRE and PRE + POST
herbicide regimes were very consistent in reducing Palmer amaranth density (>95%) following all the
cover crops. Earlier research also indicated the need of either a PRE or PRE + POST herbicide regime
to supplement partial weed control obtained following different cover crops in a conservation tillage
system [63]. Previous researchers also reported similar cover crop by herbicide interaction effect [67].
Excellent control of Palmer amaranth with a combination of pendimethalin and fomesafen has been
reported [68].
3.3. Palmer Amaranth Visual Control
Palmer amaranth visual percent control at 6 WAP reflected significant year by treatment
interactions. Analysis by year also indicated significant two way interactions between soil-inversion
and herbicide regime and cover crop by herbicide regime each year. Additionally, a soil-inversion by
cover crop interaction was highly significant in 2010–2011 (P = 0.0007). All main effects were also
highly significant each year (P < 0.0001). In 2008–2009, Palmer amaranth was controlled 38%, 79%
and 95% in POST, PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes, respectively, following NIT while all
herbicide regimes following IT provided ≥91% control (Table 5).
9. Agronomy 2012, 2 303
Table 5. Influence of soil-inversion by herbicide regime on Palmer amaranth control at
6 WAP * with cover crop data combined in three production years.
Experimental variable Year (% control)
Soil-inversion Herbicide regime 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011
Non-inversion
(NIT)
None 27 c ** 15 c 9 c
PRE * 79 b 93 a 100 a
POST 38 c 84 b 100 a
PRE + POST 95 a 98 a 100 a
Mean 60.0 B 72.0 B 77.0 B
Fall-inversion
(IT)
None 91 a 77 b 81 b
PRE 99 a 98 a 100 a
POST 95 a 97 a 100 a
PRE + POST 100 a 100 a 100 a
Mean 96.0 A 93.0 A 95.0 A
* Abbreviations: WAP, weeks after cotton planting; PRE, only preemergence; POST, only postemergence;
PRE + POST, both preemergence and postemergence; ** Means within a column followed by same letter are
not significant (P = 0.05).
In 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, both PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes controlled Palmer
amaranth ≥93% regardless of the soil–inversion treatment. In 2009–2010, the POST herbicide regime
controlled Palmer amaranth 84 and 97% in NIT and IT, respectively. However in 2010–2011, POST
herbicide regime controlled Palmer amaranth 100% in both soil–inversion treatments. The reason for
poor performance of the POST herbicide regime in NIT in 2008–2009 is likely attributed to the
oversized (>10 cm) Palmer amaranth plants at the time of application.
Cover crop by herbicide regime interaction over years revealed ≥94% control of Palmer amaranth in
PRE and PRE + POST herbicide regimes regardless of type of cover crop (Table 6).
The POST herbicide regime following both winter fallow and cereal rye provided 83% control of
Palmer amaranth and was similar to the POST following crimson clover. However, Palmer amaranth
control varied from 36% to 63% in no-herbicide (None) regime following different cover crops.
Analysis revealed a soil–inversion by cover crop interaction in 2010–2011; Palmer amaranth control
following different cover crops varied from 75% to 82% in NIT and 89% to 100% in IT, respectively
(Figure 1).
Both cereal rye and crimson clover in IT gave significantly higher Palmer amaranth control (≥97%)
than winter fallow in both IT and NIT and crimson clover and cereal rye in NIT. Previous research
indicates the need to utilize residual herbicides throughout the season to aid in management of
glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth [69–72].
10. Agronomy 2012, 2 304
Table 6. Cover crop by herbicide regime interaction effect on Palmer amaranth control at
6 WAP * with soil-inversion and three production years’ data combined.
Experimental variable Palmer amaranth control
(%)
Cotton yield
(kg·ha−1
)Cover crop Herbicide regime
Winter fallow
None 36 d ** 141 b
PRE * 95 ab 1506 a
POST 83 b 1449 a
PRE + POST 98 ab 1869 a
Mean 78 B 1242 A
Crimson clover
None 63 c 711 b
PRE 96 ab 1544 a
POST 91 ab 1918 a
PRE + POST 99 a 2047 a
Mean 87 A 1555 A
Cereal rye
None 52 c 768 b
PRE 94 ab 1546 a
POST 83 b 1606 a
PRE + POST 99 a 1720 a
Mean 82 AB 1410 A
* Abbreviations: WAP, weeks after cotton planting; PRE, only preemergence; POST, only postemergence;
PRE + POST, both preemergence and postemergence; ** Means within a column followed by same letter are
not significant (P = 0.05).
Figure 1. Soil-inversion by cover crop interaction on Palmer amaranth control in 2011.
Different letters indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.
*Abbreviations: IT, fall-inversion tillage; NIT, non-inversion tillage.
c bc c
b
a a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Winter
fallow
Crimson
clover
Cereal rye Winter
fallow
Crimson
clover
Cereal rye
NIT IT
%Control
11. Agronomy 2012, 2 305
3.4. Cotton Yield
Analysis of the yield data revealed significant effect of herbicide regimes only. Although the cotton
yield differences were not significant between PRE, POST and PRE + POST herbicide regimes, the
maximum cotton yield was produced by the PRE + POST herbicide regime (1878 kg·ha−1
) followed by
POST (1658 kg·ha−1
) and PRE (1532 kg·ha−1
) alone regimes. PRE, POST and PRE + POST herbicide
regimes’ cotton yields were ≥2.7 times higher than no-herbicide (None) regime (Table 7).
Table 7. Influence of herbicide regimes on cotton yield with cover crop, soil-inversion, and
three production years’ data combined.
Herbicide regime Herbicides Cotton yield (kg·ha−1
)
None LAYBY consisting of prometryn + MSMA 560 b **
PRE * Pendimethalin + fomesafen fb LAYBY 1532 a
POST Glufosinate + S-metolachlor fb LAYBY 1658 a
PRE + POST
Pendimethalin + fomesafen (PRE) fb Glufosinate
+ S-metolachlor (POST) fb LAYBY
1878 a
* Abbreviations: PRE, only preemergence, POST; only postemergence; PRE + POST, both preemergence
and postemergence; fb, followed by; ** Means followed by same letter are not significant (P = 0.05).
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Recent evolution of herbicide resistance in Palmer amaranth has revealed that an urgent
restructuring of weed management tactics is needed. Consequently, integration of various weed
management approaches such as IT, cover crops, crop rotations, competitive cultivars, herbicide
rotation, soil residual chemistries and tank mixture of herbicides with different modes of action could
diversify the weed control practices and thereby preclude the selection pressure for herbicide resistance.
Furthermore, the longevity of herbicide resistant technology itself necessitates the inclusion of multiple
tactics in weed management systems.
Fall–inversion tillage offers improved Palmer amaranth control by allowing the deep burial of seed.
Considering the rapid loss of Palmer amaranth seed viability with time, IT would help reduce the
amount of viable seed near the surface [73]. However, IT is well known to deplete soil quality
parameters such as soil organic matter while simultaneously increasing soil erosion. An occasional
rotation with IT immediately followed by a cover crop conservation-tillage system could diversify
weed management systems and prevent soil erosion. There is a great need of practical weed
management solutions on farms severely impacted by glyphosate resistant Palmer amaranth [74].
Our research evaluated soil–inversion, cover crops and alternative herbicide regimes as an
integrated approach to managing Palmer amaranth. Results indicate that IT alone resulted in ≥77%
control of Palmer amaranth 6 WAP due to Palmer amaranth seed burial; addition of winter cover crops
further increased Palmer amaranth control. Cover crops alone in NIT provided ≤50% control of Palmer
amaranth; thus indicating the need in both IT and NIT to integrate other effective weed management
practices to protect cotton yields. In an IT-cereal rye cover crop situation, a PRE or POST alone
herbicide regime was as effective as a PRE + POST regime due to lower Palmer amaranth densities.
However, with NIT, an effective and timely PRE + POST herbicide regime was necessary to control
12. Agronomy 2012, 2 306
the higher Palmer amaranth densities present in this situation. Overall, the PRE + POST herbicide
regime resulted in the maximum Palmer amaranth control and higher cotton yields in both
soil-inversion treatments (Table 8).
Table 8. Palmer amaranth density and visual percent control at 6 WAP * and cotton yield
from selected treatments with data combined over three production years.
Experimental variable
Palmer amaranth
density (plants m−2
)
Palmer
amaranth
Control (%)
Cotton
yield
(kg·ha−1
)Soil-inversion
Cover
crop
Herbicide
regime
BR * WR
Non-inversion
(NIT)
Crimson
clover
PRE + POST * 1 <1 98 1931
PRE 2 <1 92 1439
POST 2 1 82 1652
Cereal
rye
PRE + POST 1 <1 98 1620
PRE 2 <1 90 1433
POST 3 1 68 1425
Winter
fallow
PRE + POST 2 1 96 1699
PRE 1 1 90 1597
POST 5 4 72 1185
Fall-inversion
(IT)
Crimson
clover
PRE + POST 0 0 100 2163
PRE <1 <1 99 1650
POST <1 <1 99 2185
Cereal
rye
PRE + POST 0 0 100 1820
PRE <1 0 99 1667
POST 2 <1 97 1780
Winter
fallow
PRE + POST 0 0 100 2139
PRE <1 <1 99 1315
POST 1 1 95 1713
The following treatments were the best in terms of both Palmer amaranth control and cotton yield.
Non-inversion
(NIT)
Crimson
clover
PRE + POST 1 0 98 1931
Cereal
rye
PRE + POST 1 <1 98 1620
Winter
fallow
PRE + POST 2 1 96 1699
Fall-inversion
(IT)
Crimson
clover
PRE + POST 0 0 100 2163
Cereal
rye
PRE + POST 0 0 100 1820
Winter
fallow
PRE + POST 0 0 100 2139
* Abbreviations: WAP, weeks after cotton planting; PRE, only preemergence; POST, only postemergence;
PRE + POST, both preemergence and postemergence.
13. Agronomy 2012, 2 307
The highest Palmer amaranth densities, regardless of soil-inversion treatment and herbicide regime,
were consistently recorded in the winter fallow situation. Therefore, in a conservation tillage
production system, a PRE + glufosinate POST herbicide based regime coupled with a cover crop may
effectively control Palmer amaranth and maximize cotton yields (Table 8).
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank Trent Morton, USDA ARS NSDL, and the station personnel at the E. V. Smith
and Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Centers for their technical assistance in this study. This
work was partially supported by the Alabama Famer’s Federation Cotton Commission.
Conflict of Interest
Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee
or warranty by the USDA or Auburn Univ. and does not imply endorsement of a product to the
exclusion of others that may be suitable.
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