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Herbals in Hair.pptx neem,amla used for hair care products
1. HAIR CARE
1. HENNA
Henna has been used cosmetically and medicinally for over 9,000 years. A
paste made henna leaves is used for coloring the skin, hair and fingernails.
Henna is the dried and powdered leaf of Lawsonia inermis, family
Lythraceae is a natural dye for hair, nails and skin for body arts in Islamic
and Hindu cultures.
Henna body art is presently popular as adornment for weddings and other
celebrations in India, South Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
2. For over five thousand years henna has been a symbol of good luck,
health, fertility and sensuality in the Arab world.
The plant has been associated with positive magic and provides a link
to an ancient age full of spirits.
Henna is a tradition that transcends time religion and region.
Ancient Indian brides adorned themselves with turmeric (yellow
pigment) and kumkum (red pigment), while Arab and Persian brides
decorated themselves with henna.
These traditions gradually merged and fused.
3. Nowadays, the Indian bride's feet and hands are decorated with beautiful,
intricate henna designs.
It is much branched, deciduous, glabrous, sometime spinescent shrub or
small tree with grayish brown bark, attaining a height of 2.4-5 m.
It is cultivated as a hedge plant throughout India, and as a commercial crop
in certain states of India for its dye.
Leaves are 1.3-3.2 by 0.6-1.6 cm, elliptic or broadly lanceolate, acute or
obtuse, often mucronulate, base tapering: petioles very short.
4. Flowers are numerous, less than 1.3 cm. across fragrant, white or
rose-colored, in large terminal pyramidal panicled cymes; pedicels
short, slender.
Calyx 5 mm, long broadly campanulate; lobes 2.5-3 mm, long,
suborbicular or subreniform, undulate.
Capsules are 6 mm, diameter, seed capsules are red, globose,
about the size of a pea, with numerous tiny pyramidal, brown
pitted seeds.
5. The leaf of Lawsonia inermis is short, smooth, compound, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, symmetrical, entire, pinnate, opposite.
sweet smelling, characteristics or bitter in taste and varies in length,
Lawsone is mainly present in the marginal vein or petiole in large
quantity.
Henna is reported do contain carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, tannins
and phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins,
flavonides and fatty acids.
Its core chemical components are 2-hydroxynapthoquinone (lawsone,
mannites , tannic acid, mucilage and gallic acid.
About 0.5-1.5% of henna comprises lawsone, a bioactive ingredient due
to its high protein binding capacity.
6. Henna dye is obtained from the dried leaves, which are powdered and mixed
with oil or water and acidic ingredients such as yoghurt or alkaline
ingredients such as lime.
Temporary henna "tattoos" are readily available worldwide, last on the skin
for several weeks and offer a self-limited, convenient alternative to a
permanent tattoo.
Henna flowers are fragrant and the perfume extracted was used in scents.
In addition, the flowers were used in topical applications to bruises and the
decoction as an emmenagogue that stimulates blood flow in the pelvic area
and uterus and stimulate menstruation in treating hormonal disorders or
conditions such as infrequent or light menses.
Powdered seeds with clarified butter are effective against dysentery.
7. Seeds in powered form are good medicine for liver disorders and associated
problems.
The bark is applied in the form of a decoction to burns and scalds.
It is given internally in a variety of affections, such as jaundice, enlargement
of the spleen, calculus, as an alternative in leprosy and obstinate skin
affections.
The root is considered as a medicine for boils, gonorrhea, herpes, and sore
eyes.
Cambodians drink a decoction made from henna root as a diuretic.
Decoction of the root generally in combination with indigo is considered an
abortifacient.
The root is supposed to be useful in treatment of hysteria and nervous
disorders.
8. Henna has been reported to have hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective,
immunostimulant, anti- inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial,
antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, antitrypanosomal, antidermatophytic,
antioxidant, antifertility, tuberculostatic, anti- Inflammatory, antipyretic,
and analgesic, and anticancer properties.
There are numerous research publications and more than 200 patents and
patent applications that have claimed henna for various uses.
9. BENEFITS OF HENNA
1. Improves scalp health
Henna helps improve and maintain scalp health with its cooling and
antimicrobial properties.
It helps soothe aggravated and itchy scalp.
2. Conditions your hair
While henna by itself helps remove excess grease and dirt from scalp,
when combined with hydrating ingredients like egg, it helps condition hair.
Using a henna hair pack to condition hair can leave it feeling smooth and
silky.
This is because henna helps seal the hair cuticle so that it can retain
moisture.
10. 3. Repairs damage and strengthens hair
Henna is extremely nourishing which helps repair damage in the hair
shaft.
It also improves hair elasticity and strength which keeps hair from
breaking off.
4. Balances pH and oil production
Henna is one of the best ingredients which could be use for oily hair.
It helps calm down overzealous sebaceous glands thereby controlling oil
production.
It also helps restore the pi of the scalp to its natural acid alkaline level.
This helps strengthen the hair follicles.
11. 5. Promotes hair growth and curbs hair loss
Henna's benefits for the scalp assist in improving follicle health.
This, in turn, curbs hair fall and boosts the rate at which hair grows.
The powder form of this ingredient can also be used to create an
essential oil that nourishes and promotes hair growth.
All of these benefits make henna an excellent hair care ingredient.
6. It can help prevent dandruff
Henna helps remove excess grease and dirt from your scalp, including
dandruff.
Using mehendi regularly on hair not only cures dandruff problems, it
also prevents them from coming back.
12. 7. It can control scalp itchiness
Henna has natural antifungal and antimicrobial properties that work
to cool and soothe your scalp, controlling scalp itchiness in the
process.
8. It is a natural hair dye
One of its most obvious uses, henna makes a fabulous hair dye.
Not only is it a great natural alternative to the otherwise chemical
options available readily in the markets, it is also healthier for your
hair and cost effective for your wallet
13. 9. It can help repair split ends
Dry and damaged hair is prone to split ends, which is why just cutting them
off is not enough.
You have to break the vicious cycle that causes split ends in the first place,
and using henna is a great way to do this.
Henna deeply conditions and nourishes hair, taking care of dry hair problem,
and consecutively, split ends issue.
It can make your hair thick and lustrous
The tannin present in henna actually binds with the hair to make it stronger,
and does not even penetrate the hair cortex, ensuring minimum damage.
This ensures thicker, lustrous hair with each application.
14. 2. AMLA
Amla also referred to as Indian gooseberry or even amalaki, is among the most
typical herbs which are employed in Indian homes.
Amla is known because of its health advantages as well as therapeutic qualities
since ages.
Amla is belongs to kingdom plantae and family Phyllanthaceae.
Amla has 5 out of 6 tastes recognized by Ayurveda.
It tastes fairly sweet, bitter, salty, sour, as well as astringent simultaneously.
There are actually 4 main types of amla viz., Banarasi, Francis (Hathijhool),
Wild Himalayan Amla and Chakaiya.
Amla is definitely the wealthiest way to obtain vitamin C accessible naturally.
It includes almost 445 mg of vitamin C per every 100 grams weight.
15. Amla is a medium size deciduous plant with height ranging from 1-8 m.
The trunk is slightly curved and the branches are scattered around.
The bark is gray with hard wood reddish in colour and the flowers are
greenish yellow.
The fruit is light greenish yellow. quite smooth and hard on appearance, with
six vertical stripes or furrows.
The leaves are lighter in weight and smell like lemon.
A ripened amla fruit is hard and weighs approximately between 60 and 70
grams.
It wraps and splits when exposed in the sun or in excessive heat.
Ripening in autumn, the berries are harvested by hand.
The Indian emblic tastes sour, bitter and astringent, and it is quite fibrous.
16. It is planted throughout the deciduous forests of tropical India and on the
hill slopes up to 2000 meters.
Commercially cultivated in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, it is also grown in Middle Eastern regions,
as the climate is perfect for cultivation.
The fruit contains high amounts of ascorbic acid or Vitamin C and high
density of ellagitannins such as emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%),
punigluconin (12%) and pedunculagin (14%).
It also contains punicafolin and phyllanemblinin A, phyllanemblin other
polyphenols: flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid and gallic acid.
17. Amla has been utilized to avoid illnesses just like osteoporosis, arthritis, as well
as Pancreatitis.
Additionally, it cures inflammation, age related renal illnesses, diabetic issues,
and high cholesterol.
Amla is used to revitalise potency and the digestive system, rejuvenate longevity,
cure stomach constipation, reduce fever, purify the blood, reduce cough and
asthmatic problems, strengthen the heart, improve eyesight, stimulate hair
growth, enliven the body, and enhance intellect.
The fruit has a diuretic, aperients and laxative effect.
It cures insomnia and is useful in hemorrhage, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea and
discharge of blood from uterus.
Amla powder improves immunity and gives physical strength.
18. It helps in improving complexion and removing wrinkles.
It is also used as a cooling agent to reduce chemopreventive the effects of
sun strokes and sun burns.
Pharmacological research reports on amla reveal the analgesic, anti-tussive,
anti-atherogenic, adaptogenic, cardio, protective and anticancer properties.
Amla is also reported to possess radio, chemo and immunomodulatory,
free radical scavenging, antioxidant, an inflammatory, anti-mutagenic
activities.
These properties are efficacious in the prevention and treatment of various
diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, peptic ulcer, anemia liver,
heart diseases and various other disorders.
19. BENEFITS OFAMLA FOR HAIR
1. Controlling hair loss and hair fall
One of the common reasons behind hair fall is iron deficiency.
This is why women are usually diagnosed with anemia.
The irony is; it's only the women who complain about hair break, the
most.
Amla does have iron in it and it is also full of Vitamin C that is
essential for absorbing iron into the body.
20. 2. Excellent hair conditioner
Amla is one of the world's oldest hair conditioners.
When used as a hair rinse, it nourishes conditions, and adds
amazing shine and texture to hair.
In addition, due to cleansing action of amla, this rinse works very
well in hard water and helps remove deposits or product build up,
leaving hair clean and healthy.
Amla oil is another great way to deep condition your hair.
Use it as a pre-wash conditioner, or post wash as a leave-in
conditioner.
21. 3. Reduces graying of hair
According to Ayurveda, premature graying usually occurs due
to excess pitta in the body.
Some of the signs of excess pitta include skin rashes, burning
sensations, peptic ulcers excessive body heat, and heartburn.
Amla, a natural coolant, is an excellent remedy for fixing the
pitta condition, which reduces graying.
22. 4. Remove the spots left by measles, chicken pox, smallpox
Take bath using the water having amla juice included in it.
Additionally, use the paste made from Amla as well as till in
equal quantity ground in cold milk additional with 3 or 4 drops
of rose water on spots and allow it to remain for some time
after which wash it off along with amla soaked water.
23. 5. Stimulating hair growth
Vitamin C of Amla produces collagen protein.
This helps in stimulating hair growth, both length and volume wise.
Collagens replace the dead cells of hair follicles with new hair cells.
No tree/plant has ever grown without seeds.
Hair follicles are like the seeds of our hair.
It then gives rise to our hair roots, hair shaft, hair tip and its other parts.
It is said that no plant/tree can grow if its seeds are unproductive.
Even a well watered plant may even die if termites eat its roots.
24. Hence, for looking after the underground hair follicles and hair roots, Almas
vitamin C can be of use because vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that
gets quickly absorbed by the body.
Hair Strengthening Vitamin C of Amla helps in avoiding hair thinning,
baldness, and hair weakness.
A fit hair is the one that has the strength to fight all the hair problems.
Hence, hair strengthening is a way to get an ideal hair.
Vitamin C is assisted by various minerals, nutrients, amino acids, and
antioxidants that helps Amla in fighting against all the hair weakening
factors.
25. 7.Thickening of hair
With its nutrients and other beneficial properties, drinking amla juice
regularly or simply applying it can make your hair thicker and bouncier.
Amla has vitamin C, which is assisted by various minerals, nutrients, amino
acids, and antioxidants that helps amla in fighting against all the hair
weakening factors and thickens hair.
8.Removing dandruff from scalp
It is a well known fact that vitamin C is found in lemon and other citrus
fruits.
Amla's vitamin Chas anti-inflammatory plus anti-bacterial properties which
can stop dandruff and also the itching caused by it on the scalp.
26. 9. Destroying split ends
Split ends are a result of peeling of opened cuticles.
Amla has enough moisture in it that can prevent cuticles from wearing off.
This way split ends problem can also be solved.
10. Banishing hair odor and germs
When we don't get to wash our hair timely, it starts smelling funny.
As all the sweat, sebum, dirt and dust form a team on scalp.
Amla and its anti-microbial properties, will not just banish hair edor but it
will also remove the germs sticking on hair.
27. 11. Prevention of hair damages
The antioxidants present in amla, shields hair from various hair damages,
caused due to it by dust, pollution, smoke, and hair styling tools.
Antioxidants are more like hair vaccines to prevent hair damages.
At the same time, they serve as an antibiotic of hair, to heal the hair damages
that have already taken place.
12. Scalp cleanser
Amla juice is great for cleansing the scalp.
It nourishes the scalp and makes the hair shiny.
The antioxidants present in amla, shields our hair from various hair damages,
caused due to it by dust, pollution, smoke, and hair styling tools, etc.
28. 13. Prevents frizzy hair
It prevents dryness and helps in restoring moisture.
It also removes the dead cells.
The essential fatty acids present in amla strengthen hair follicles and add
luster to the hair.
With regular use of amla, you may get ride of those unmanageable frizzy
hairs.
14. Enhances hair color
Amla is commonly used with henna in order to enhance the hair color
making it lo natural.
Amla can be use in various forms like in oil, juice, pickle and even in candy
form give back your hair, its natural colour.
29. NEEM
Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic
medicine and has become a wonder tree of modern medicine.
Neem is an omnipotent tree and a sacred gift of nature.
Neem tree is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.
Neem is a member of the mahogany family, Maliaceae.
Today it is known by the botanical name Azadirachta indica (A. indica) A.
Juss.
Neem has been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments
before the availability of written records which recorded the beginning of
history.
Since prehistoric times, neem has been used by humankind.
30. There are estimated 25 million tress growing all over India of which 5.5%
are found in Karnataka and it is in the third place next to Uttar Pradesh
(55.7%) and Tamil Nadu (17.83 occupying the first two places respectively.
The other states of India where neem tree is found growing includes Andhra
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujrat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, West
Bengal along with Andaman and Nicobar Island.
Neem is renowned for good growth on dry, infertile sites.
It performs better than most trees where soils are sterile, stony, and shallow,
or where there is a hardpan near the surface.
31. The tree also grows well on some acid soils.
Indeed, it is said that the fallen neem leaves, which are slightly alkaline (pH
8.2), are good for neutralizing acidity in the soil.
The Neem tree grows very quickly and tolerates harsh environments.
Neem tree is valuable for its extreme drought resistance.
It can grow in just about any kind of soil and requires very little water or any
quality.
It can thrive in conditions of up to 50 °C(120 degrees F) down to 5 °C(35
degrees F).
Prolonged cold spells below freezing temperatures will kill it.
32. Neem is a tree of 40-50 feet or higher, with a straight trunk and long
spreading branches forming a broad round crown; it has rough dark brown
bark with wide longitudinal fissures separated by flat ridges.
The leaves are compound and each comprising 5-15 leaflets.
The fruit is a smooth, ellipsoidal drupe, up to almost 2 cm long. When ripe,
it is yellow of greenish yellow and comprises a sweet pulp enclosing a seed.
The seed is composed of a shell and a kernel (sometimes two or three
kernels), each about half of the seed's weight.
33. It is the kernel that is used most in pest control.
The leaves also contain pesticidal ingredients but as a rule they
are much less effective than those of the seed.
A neem tree normally begins bearing fruit after 3-5 years,
becomes fully productive in 10 years, and from then on can
produce up to 50 kg of fruits annually.
It may live for more than two centuries.
34. Biologically active principles isolated from different parts of the plant
include: Azadirachtin, reliscin, gedunin, nimbidin, nimbolides, salanin,
nimbin, valassin, meliacin forms the bitter principles of Neem oil, the seed
also contain tignic acid responsible for the distinctive odour the oil.
Neem kernels contain 30-50% of oil mainly used by the soap, pesticide
and pharmaceutical industries and contain many active ingredients which
are together called miterpene or limnoids.
The four best limnoids compounds are: azadirachtin, salannin, melantriol,
and nimbin.
Limonoids contain insecticidal and pesticidal activity.
35. Neem Azadirachta indica is an important plant in plant kingdom, which
shows various applications for animal kingdom.
Neem is one of the most powerful blood purifiers, detoxifiers and immune
system boosters known.
Hundreds of diseases have been shown to nespond favorably to neem.
Neem leaf can be taken as tea or in capsules.
Neem oil can be applied externally or a few drops can be put in an empty
capsule and taken internally.
It is also helpful to enhance the soil fertility. Neem shows abortifacient,
analgesic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiyeast, antiulcer, antifertility,
antifilarial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral,
antimalarial, diuretic, antinematodal, antipyretic, antispasmodic, insecticidal,
antispermatogenic, antitumor, hypercholesteremic, hypoglycaemic activities.
Neem twigs are used as oral deodorant, toothache reliever and for cleaning of
teeth.
36. Neem bark possesses antibacterial and deodorant activity.
Neem has also been traditionally used as a skin moisturizer.
The leaves of the Neem tree contain high mounts of vitamin E, which has
healing properties for the skin.
Neem extracts are frequently used in shampoo, toothpaste, soap, cosmetics,
insect repellent, lotions and creams, and pet shampoo.
Its high vitamin E content makes it effective in treating skin editions such as
eczema, psoriasis, acne, and skin allergies.
Neem extracts are effective in luminating bacterial and fungal infections or
parasites while the antiviral properties treat warts and cold sores.
Applied in a paste, it soothes inflammation and reduces redness and can
lighten scars and pigmentation of skin.
37. Considering the versatile nature, uses and growing global importance of
neem the United Nations declared it as the Tree of the twenty first century".
Its large scale production Promises to help alleviate several global
environmental problems: deforestation, desertification, soil erosion and
perhaps even global warming (If planted on a truly large scale).
Its extensive, deep root seems to be remarkably effective at extracting
nutrients from poor soils.
Large scale neem plantations can help in rehabilitation of degraded forest
lands and vast tracts of wastelands and greening the environment.
38. DENTAL APPLICATIONS OF NEEM
1. Antibacterial activity
Neem is a natural antibacterial agent.
Various scientific studies have revealed its antibacterial activity.
The antimicrobial effects of neem have been reported against S. mutans
and S. faecalis.
Ethanolic extract of neem leaves and sticks and bark exhibited
significant antibacterial activity.
Dried chewing sticks of neem showed maximum antibacterial activity
against S. mutans compared to other dental caries-causing organisms, S.
salivarius, S. mitis, and S. sanguis.
39. 2. Anti-candidial activity
Ethanolic and aqueous extract of neem leaf showed significant
anti-candidial effect against C. albicans.
A clinical study demonstrated the effects of the leaf aqueous
extract from Azadirachta indica on adhesion, cell surface
hydrophobicity and biofilm formation, which may affect the
colonization by Candida albicans.
The results suggest that neem leaves have a potential anti-
adhesive effect on the sample studied in vitro.
40. 3. Anti-cariogenic activity
Neem extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, S. salivarius, S.
sanguis and S. mitis.
A combination of chewing sticks is found to be beneficial in eradicating the
dental caries-causing organism.
Chloroform extract of neem leaf inhibited Streptococcus mutans and
Streptococcus salivarius and provides an aid for treating dental caries.
Antimicrobial activity of commercially available
Himalaya herbal dental cream containing neem and fluoride-containing cheerio
gel toothpaste has been assessed in school children.
41. The study reported both the toothpastes showed a good antimicrobial
effect on caries producing salivary streptococcus mutans.
The toothpaste containing neem as well as fluoridated toothpaste
was equally efficacious against caries-producing bacteria.
Acetone extract from the bark of neem is bactericidal against S.
sobrinus hence indicates its anti-cariogenic activity.
42. 4. Anti-plaque activity
Aqueous extract of neem stick and the gallotannin enriched extract
from Melaphis
chinensis inhibited insoluble glucan synthesis and results in bacterial
aggregation. It reduces the ability of streptococci to colonize tooth
surfaces. Neem oil shows significant antibacterial activity and has
been suggested for use in treating dental plaque. Mucoadhesive
dental gel containing Azadirachta indica is found to be beneficial in
reducing the plaque index and salivary bacterial count comparatively
better than chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash.
Efficacy tien neem extract against acidogenic oral bacteria in fixed
orthodontic appliance patients
43. The primary acid tolerant bacteria associated with dental plaque
including Streptococcus madans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus
sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus solitarius,
Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sangui, Streptococcus intermedius,
and Streptococcus reginosus that surround orthodontic appliances are
a common problem in many patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
It has also been reported that presence of fixed orthodontic appliance
greatly inhibits oral hygiene and creates new retentive areas for plaque
and debris.
44. Ethanolic leaf extract of Azadirachta indica shows significant
antibacterial activity against selected acidogenic oral bacteria
causing dental plaque in fixed orthodontic appliance patients.
The study shows the anti-plaque activity of the extract against S.
mutans, S. sanguis, and 5. mitis. The extract did not inhibit 1..
acidophilus when tested.
45. 6. Efficacy against periodontal pathogens
Brushing with neem toothpaste after every meal and using a
mouthwash with neem extract is recommended treatment for
preventing gingivitis. In a study, neem based mouth rinse was
given to patients for assessing anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis
activity. The findings conclude that neem mouth rinse is as
effective as chlorhexidine in reducing periodontal indices.
Neem stick is found to be effective as a toothbrush in reducing
dental plaque and gingival inflammation.
46. Studies indicate that leaf extract of A. indica based mouth rinse
is highly efficacious and that
it may be used as an alternative therapy in the treatment of
periodontal disease. Gingivitis has been prevented or even
reversed with regular use of neem toothpaste and mouthwash. A
study was conducted on Soluneem (a water-soluble formulation
from the neem seed kernel from Azadirachta Indica containing
Azadirachtin) as an antimicrobial agent and the effective
concentration of Soluneem required to inhibit periodontopathic
bacteria and to compare it with a known antiplaque agent
chlorhexidine (0.2%)
47. in vitro. Study revealed that soluneem extract did not show
activity against the organisms (Bacteroids fragilis, B. distatonics,
Prevotella corporis, Prevotella melagingogenica, Pepto
streptococcus species) tested. It was found that azadirachta
indica is highly efficacious in the treatment of periodontal
disease thus exhibiting its biocompatibility with human
periodontal fibroblast.
48. 7. Neem as root canal irrigant
Sodium hypochlorite has been used as root canal irrigant for decades; it
causes potential weakening of the tooth structure by decreasing the
hardness and structural integrity of the dentin within the root canal. To
overcome this disadvantage herbal drugs are used effectively to inhibit E.
faecalis that causes root canal failure in patients undergoing
endodontic treatment.
49. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of neem leaf inhibits S. mutans
and E. faecalis which cause root canal failure in endodontic
procedure. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties makes it a
potential agent for root canal irrigation as an alternative to sodium
hypochlorite. Literature suggested that the neem (Azadirachta
indica) leaf extract has significant antimicrobial effect against E.
faecalis derived from infected root canal samples. The extract
was found to be efficacious compared with 2% sodium
hypochlorite.
50. 5. Neem in dental care industry
Various parts of the Neem tree possess astringent and antiseptic activity.
Leaf extracts have been widely used in both traditional and conventional
times to manufacture toothpaste and mouthwash in the oral care
dentistry. Its antibacterial properties due to the presence of nimbidin,
Azadirachtin, and nimbinin help to remove many oral aerobic and
anaerobic pathogens existing in the oral cavity.
51. Neem bark and leaf extract is most effectively used in preventing
cavities and gum disease. Mouthwash containing Neem is a remedy
for tooth decay, oral infections, prevents bleeding and sore gums.
Twigs of neem tree are used as chewing sticks by people all over
India.
52. 9. Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica in dentistry
Neem dental care products contains neem leaf or bark extract.
Neem leaf is rich in antioxidants and helps to boost the immune
response in gum and tissues of the mouth. Neem offers a good
remedy for curing mouth ulcers, tooth decay and acts as a pain
reliever in toothache problems.
53. CLOVE
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is a plant derived spice that has been
traditionally used as a natural medicine for the treatment for various
ailments including dental diseases. The aroma of the clove is
pleasant yet spicy and can be used to make drawers and closets
smell nice. Cloves has some medicinal purposes as well and it tastes
good in certain dishes like spice cake. Cloves like to grow in hot
tropical climates like the islands of Indonesia.
54. The clove plant is an evergreen tree that can reach a height of thirty
or forty feet high. The leaves of the clove are leathery textured and
are covered with many tiny depressions. The part of the clove that
is used is the flower buds of the clove. The aromatic oils of the
clove have a stimulant and irritant effect. Cloves can increase blood
circulation and raise a person's temperature slightly. The oils of the
cloves have been known to stimulate and disinfect a body as it
travels through the body. Clove can be used to promote the flow of
saliva and gastric juices.
55. Some Important components of clove are flavonoids,
hidroxibenzoic acid, hidroxicinamic acid, hidroxiphenyl
propens, eugenol, phenolic acids, gallic acid, kaempferol,
quercetin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, elagicacid, salicylic acids.
Clove represents one of the major vegetal sources of
phenolic compounds as flavonoids, hidroxibenzoic acids,
hidroxicinamic acids and hidroxiphenyl propens. Eugenol is
the main bioactive compound of clove, which is found in
concentrations ranging from 9 381.70 to 14 650.00 mg per
100 g of fresh plant material. Clove is a natural antiviral,
antimicrobial, antiseptic, and anti-fungal
56. agent. It also holds aphrodisiac and circulation stimulating
capacities. The oil of cloves has been used in a variety of health
conditions including indigestion, generalized stress, parasitic
infestations, cough, toothaches, headache, and blood impurities.
In fact, the expert panel German Commission recently approved
the use of its essential oil as a topical antiseptic and anesthetic.
Clove oil stimulates the circulatory system, clearing the mind and
reducing mental exhaustion and fatigue. It has also been used to
aid insomnia, memory loss, anxiety and depression. Clove oil
clears the respiratory passages, acting as an expectorant for
treating many upper-respiratory conditions including colds,
bronchitis, sinus conditions, cough and asthma.
57. Clove oil offers a powerful action against gas and bloating. It
reduces gas pressure in the
stomach, aiding in the proper elimination of food and toxins. It
also relieves the discomfort of peptic ulcers. Effective for stomach
related conditions including nausea, hiccups, motion sickness and
vomiting. The active essential oil in clove, eugenol, has been
shown to act as an effective platelet inhibitor, preventing blood
clots. Clove oil diluted in water has been used as a traditional
remedy to prevent and treat cholera.
58. Research studies show that bioactive compounds in clove oil can
help promote liver health. They can help prevent fatty liver disease
and reverse signs of liver cirrhosis. Due to its powerful aroma,
soothing effect and antiseptic properties, clove oil is often added
as an active ingredient in soaps and Perfumes. It is used as a
component in bug repellent and insect-repelling candles because
the vapor is very potent against insects.
59. EFFECTS OF CLOVE OIL ON ORAL HEALTH
1. Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens Clove oil has an
inhibitory action against various organisms like S. autern,
monocytogenes, and Aspergillus. Synergistic effects of clove oil
along with other is a higher level of inhibition on cilantro, dill
copoving that the synergism aggrevates the antimicrobial activity of
da Streptococcus mutans are the main causative organism for
dental caries.
60. Strepto mutans is the normal flora present in every individual's
oral cavity. They are coccus ship non motile bacteria S.
mutans are the predominant one found in dental plaque, vehi
the sugar contents present in our food particles and grow and
secretes ast polysaccharides which then leads to the plaque
formation in our teeth It produces engy which metabolises
sugars and releases lactic acids as their by products, the
acids will sloy corrode the enamel thereby leading to dental
caries.
61. If these dental caries are left untrand they enter the pulp
chamber and destroy it completely so the tooth becomes non-
vital. The principal constituent of distilled clove bud oil (60-
90%) is eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphena The oil also contains
about 10% acetyleugenol and small quantities of gallic
sesquiterpenes, furfural and vanillin and methyl-n-amyl ketone.
Other constituents include flavonoids, carbohydrates, lipids,
oleanolic acid, rhamnetin and vitamins. Compared to il other
oil extracts clove oil extract shows a strong inhibition at very
low concentration.
62. 2. Clove oil as an analgesic and local anesthetics
People visit the dentist only if there is a pain in their oral cavities,
which is caused dart
dental caries. But they experience a throbbing pain only during night
times, as immediately as a home remedy clove oil can be used.
Recent researches have been done on the use clove oil as a general
anesthesia in amphibians. Clove oil contains eugenol which effectives
relieves pain and serves as an analgesic and also removes all the
microbes present in fut region of the tooth.
63. 3. Clove oil as an antioxidants
Oral cavity is exposed constantly to food, alcohol, nicotine, dental
materials and procedure and tobacco product, since the oral cavity is
very delicate all these can cause damage by th of free by releasing
free radicals antioxidants are all these can cause damn the e pf free
radicals and the antioxidants acts by retarding the oxidative process.
Clove Fadicals presentatioxidant property and so retarding the
oxidative Ch
64. 4. Clove oil to treat halitosis
Halitosis is widespread and is believed to affect one quarter of
the population around the world and most people halitosis
(bad breath) is mainly due to the pathogens present in the
oral cavity, these pathogens will proteolyse the amino acid
and releases volatile sulphur.
Clove oil can be a short term remedy for halitosis since it is
anti-microbial, but cannot be used long term because it lacks
the pro-biotic activity. The Chinese used cloves to get rid of
bad breath over 2000 years ago.
65. 5. In treatment of periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental plaque. The
buildup of plaque below the gum line causes the gums to become
inflamed. As the gums swell, they detach from the tooth. This
process forms a space, or "pocket," between the tooth and gum.
Bacteria can grow rapidly in the pockets.
66. This encourages further plaque buildup. If left untreated, periodontal
disease may destroy the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone,
the structures that support teeth. Eugenol, an important constituent
of clove, has important anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory
properties which could be harnessed and designed for the control
and cure of periodontal disease. Clove exhibited antibacterial activity
against gram negative anaerobic periodontal pathogens, including
porphyromonas gingivalis and prevotella intermedia.
67. BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS (BIS) SPECIFICATION FOR
SHAMPOO
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the national standards
body of India working under the guidance of ministry of consumer
affairs, food and public distribution, Government of India. This
statutory organization has adequate autonomy as well as
flexibility in its operations to achieve harmonious development of
the activities of standardization, certification marking and
connected matters
68. . The Bureau of Indian Standards Act was passed by the Parliament in 1986 and BIS
came into being on 1 April 1987. The BIS has framed standards for cosmetic as well
as for some materials which are used in the manufacture of cosmetics. BIS give a
specific number and title to each standard and the standard is known by the number.
BIS standard are available either from its head office or zonal or regional office. BIS
has also framed standard for some commonly used raw
material.
69. The specifications for the shampoo according to the bureau of Indian standards are as follows.
1. Scope
This standard prescribes the requirements and methods of sampling and test for shampoo
based on surfactants.
2. References
The following standards contain provisions which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication the editions indicated were valid. All the
standards are subject to revision.
70. Table 3.3: Standards with reference
Title
321: 1964
Absolute alcohol (revised)
1070: 1992
Reagent grade water (third revision)
3958: 1984
Method of sampling cosmetics (first sampling)
4011:1997
4707
71. 3. Requirements
Description:
The shampoo shall be in the form of a liquid, emulsion or
paste. It may be coloured and perfumed.
Physical Characteristics:
The clear/transparent liquid shampoo, when examined
visually, shall be free from any sediment. If in the form of
an emulsion, it shall be homogenous and there shall be no
visible sign of the emulsion having broken. Shampoo in
the form of a paste shall be free from any agglomerated
particles.
72. Ingredients:
Unless specified otherwise, all the raw materials used in the manufacture of shampoo shall
conform to the requirement prescribed in the relevant Indian standards where such standards
exist.
Dyes:
The dyes used, if any, shall comply with the provisions of IS 4707(Part 1), subject to the
provision of schedule Q of the drug and cosmetic act, issued by Government of India.
Other Ingredients:
Other ingredients used, if any, shall comply with the provisions of IS 4707 (part2).
73. List of ingredients conventionally used in the formulation of shampoo is given below for the
guidance.
Table 3.4:List of raw material conventionally used in formulation of surfactant based
shampoo
Sodium or potassium or ethanolamine salts of lauryl sulphonic acid
Lauryl ether sulphates
Sulphated monoglycerides
Sodium alkyl sulpho acetate
Alkyl benzene polyoxyethyl sulphonates
81. General Requirements:
The product shall conform to the requirements for quality,
safety and performance. All the meredients that go into
formulation of cosmeties shall comply with the provisions
of IS 4707 part 1) and 15 4707 (part 2). The product shall
also meet specific requirements as given in the andard.
The product package shall display a list of key ingredients
in descending order of quantity present. The product shall
not be manufactured from any carcinogenic ingredients.
The manufacturer shall produce to BIS environmental
consent clearance from the concerned state pollution
control board as per the provision of the Water (prevention
and control of pollution) Cess Act, 1977 and the Air
(prevention and control of pollution) Act 1981 along with
authorization, if required under the Environment
(protection) Act, 1986 and the rules made there under,
while applying for ECO Mark. Additionally provisions of the
Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1940 and the rules there under
shall also be complied with.
82. Specific Requirement:
Product shall be dermatologically safe when tested as per
IS 4011. Biodegradable agents whenever used in
cosmetic formulations shall be as per their limit finalized
for synthetic detergents for ECO Marks by the technical
committee. Heavy metals calculated as lead (Pb) and
arsenic (AsO) shall not exceed 20 and 2 ppm, respectively
when tested by the respective method prescribed in
relevant Indian standard: The material for product
packaging shall meet the parameters evolved under the
scheme of labeling environment fhendly
packaging/packaging materials.
83. Packaging and Marking
Shampoo shall be packed in glass or plastic container or
any other suitable containers. The containers shall be
legibly marked with the following information:
Name of material.
b. Manufacturer's name and/or his recognized trade mark,
if any;
Net content in volume for liquids and emulsions and in
mass for pastes;
d. Month and year of manufacturing/ packaging:
84. e. Batch or lot number, in code or otherwise.
f. Best use before...." (month and year to be declared by
the manufacturer);
Notes- This requirement is exempted.
i- In case of pack sizes of 10g/25ml or less, and ii If the
shelf life of the product is more than 24 months.
g. List of key ingredients; and
Note- This is exempted in case of pack sizes of 30g/60 ml
or less.
h. Any other information required by statutory authorities.
85. BIS certification marking:
The containers may also be marked with the standard
mark. The use of the standard mark is governed by the
provision of the bureau of Indian standard act 1986 and
the rules and regulations made there under. The details of
the conditions under which the licence for the use of
standard mark may be granted to the manufacturers or
producers may be obtained from the bureau of Indian
standard.
If the product is covered under ECO mark (optional), it
shall be suitably marked with ECO mark logo besides
standard mark. The label may clearly specify that ECO
mark is applicable to the contents or the package or both,
as case may be. If the product package is not separately
covered under ECO mark scheme, it shall be clearly
mentioned on the product that ECO mark label is
applicable to the contents only.
86. 6. Sampling
Representative samples of the material shall be drawn as
prescribed in IS 3958. Test for all the requirement shall be
carried out on a composite sample. The shampoo shall be
taken to have conformed to this standard if the composite
sample passes all the tests.
7. Quality of Reagent
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals and distilled
water shall be employed in test.
Note- Pure chemicals shall mean chemicals that do not
contain impurities which affect the results of analysis.
87. ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR SHAMPOO
3.9.1 DETERMINATION OF NON VOLATILE ALCOHOL
SOLUBLE MATTER (METHOD OF
TEST A)
This method determines the amount of non volatile
alcohol soluble matter in the surfactant
based shampoo.
88. Reagents:
Ethyl alcohol-Neutral, conforming to 15 321
Methyl red indicator solution- Dissolve 0.1g of methyl red
in 300ml of ethyl alcohol and nl of water.
Potassium chromate solution-10% solution
Nitric acid dilute-1:4 (v/v)
Sher nitrate solution-0.1 M
89. Procedure:
Weigh accurately about 10g of the sample into a 150ml
beaker. Evaporate on a steam bath to almost complete
dryness. Digest with 50ml of 96% ethyl alcohol by heating
on steam bath for about 2 min. Filter the hot alcoholic
solution through a sintered glass filter funnel fitted to a
Bachner flask to which suction is applied. Wash the
beaker and the residue in the sintered class funnel 5 times
with 30ml proportions of hot ethyl alcohol.
Transfer the filtrate in the Buchner flask to a weighed wide
mouth flat bottomed flask. Fraporate nearly to dryness on
a water bath and drive off the remaining alcohol by
directing a gentle stream of dry air into the flask whilst
continuously rotating the latter in the water bath. Heat the
flask in an air oven at a temperature of 105°C until
constant mass. Calculate mass percent of residue
obtained.
90. Mass of residue (Y) = Mass of residue obtained×100 Mass in g of the material taken for
test
Dissolve the residue in 50ml of distilled water and add to it 2 drops of methyl red indicator
solution. If the solution is yellow in colour, neutralize it by adding dilute nitric acid drop by
drop to get pink colour. Titrate the solution with silver nitrate solution using 2.5ml of
potassium chromate solution as indicator, till a brown colour is obtained. Carry out a blank
determination using the same quantity of all reagents except the sample.
91. Calculate the chloride content in shampoo in terms of molecular mass of sodium chloride
(X) percent by the formula:
Vx 0.5844
Sodium chloride in percent (X) = M
Where,
Va volume in ml of standard silver nitrate solution required for the material minus volume,
in ml of standard silver nitrate solution required for the blank
Me Mass in g of the material taken for test.
92. Calculations :
To calculate percent non volatile alcohol soluble matter,
subtract the mass percent of sodium chloride as (X) from
the mass percent of residue (Y).
Percent non volatile alcohol soluble matter= Y-X
93. DETERMINATION OF PH (METHOD OF TEST B)
Apparatus:
A pH meter equipped with glass electrode.
Procedure:
Determine the pH at a temperature of 27± 2º C. In the
case of liquid shampoo, read the pH directly in the sample
in the pH meter. In the case of shampoo in the form of a
powder or paste, mix 1g of the sample with 9ml of water
and determine the pH of the resulting solution.
94. DETERMINATION OF FOAM HEIGHT (METHOD OF
TEST C)
In order to check the ability of a shampoo to produce
lather, the volume of foam obtained under specific
experimental conditions is determined.
Apparatus:
Pipette-The pipette shall be constructed from standard
wall chemically resistant glass tubing having the following
dimensions:
a) For the bulb, 45±1.5 mm outside diameter; and
b) For the lower stem, 7.0±0.5 mm outside diameter.
95. The upper stem shall be constructed to contain a solid
stopper, straight bore, No. 2, standard taper stopcock
having a 2mm bore and stems 8mm in outside diameter.
Both the upper and lower seals of the bulb to the stem
shall be hemispherical in shape. The lower stem shall be
60± 2mm in length from the point of attachment to the
bulb and shall contain an orifice sealed into the lower end.
The orifice shall be constructed from the precision bore
tubing having an inside diameter of 2.90±0.02 mm and a
length of 10 ±0.05mm with both ends ground square. The
orifice shall have an outside diameter so as to fit snugly
into the lower stem and form a secure seal to the stem
when heated with a sharp pointed flame in the blow torch.
The pipette shall be calibrated to contain 200± 0.2 ml at
20°C. The calibration work shall be on the upper stem at
least 15mm below the barrel of the stopcock and shall
completely encircle the stem.
96. Receiver- The receiver shall be constructed from standard
wall, chemically resistant glass tubing having an internal
diameter of 50±0.8 mm, with one end constricted and
sealed to a straight bore, solid plug, standard taper No.6
stopcock having a 6mm bore and 12mm stems. The
receiver shall have three calibration marks which shall
completely encircle the tube. The first mark shall be at
50ml point, shall be measured with stopcock closed, and
shall not be on any curved portion of the constriction. The
second mark shall be at the 250ml point, and the third
mark at a distance of 90±0.5 cm above the 50ml mark.
The receiver tube shall be mounted in a standard wall
tubular water jacket, having an external diameter of not
less
than 70mm fitted with inlet and outlet connections. The
jacket may be attached to the ver with the rubber stopper
or may be sealed at the top and bottom.
97. The seal at the bottom shall be as close to the barrel of
the stopcock as predictable. The assembled receiver and
jacket shall be mounted securely in a plumb posiredictable.
The coleted to curve of of the heemostatically maintained
at 482 0.5 for and the jacket conte At the top of the
receiver there shall be platform, flush with the top of the
assembly having a metal plate in which is drilled three
indexing holes circumferentially placed around the nviver
and having an angular displacement of 120°C from each
other. A clamp which may te securely attached to the
upper part of the pipette shall fit into the holes. The clamp
shall have three leveling screws and lock nuts and when
properly mounted shall exactly centre the pipette in the
receiver and bring the lower tip of the pipette level with the
upper calibration mark on the receiver. A metre stick shall
be fastened to the side or behind the reveiver with the
zero point level with the 250ml calibration point on the
receiver.
98. Preparation of sample solution:
Distilled water or water hardness 100 expressed in parts
per million of calcium carbonate shall be taken for test.
Preheat the water to a temperature of 30± 2°C. Add 500ml
of water to
10g of shampoo solution wile stirring vigorously. Continue
stirring in such a manner until miscibility of shampoo with
water is complete. Age the solution at a temperature of
30±2°C for a total period of 30min counting the time when
the shampoo is first added to the water.
99. Procedure:
While the shampoo solution is aging, circulate water at 30±2°C through the water
jacket of the receiver so as to bring it to the proper temperature. Rinse down the
walls of the receiver with distilled water and as an indication of cleanliness;
observe whether the water drains down the walls in an unbroken film. At the
completion of the aging period close the stopcock at the bottom of receiver. Rinse
the wall of the receiver with 50ml of solution, using a pipette and after draining to
the bottom of the receiver, adjust the stopcocks so that the level of the solution in
the receiver is exactly at the 50ml mark. Fill the pipette with the solution to the
200ml mark, using a slight suction for the purpose. Immediately place it in position
at the top of the receiver and open the stopcock. When all of the solution has run
out of the pipette, start a stopwatch, take a reading of the foam height and take
second reading at the end of 5min. Take the reading by measuring the foam
production at the top of the foam column at the highest average height to which the
rim of the foam has reached. This height is proportional to the volume of air
remaining in the foam.
100. Reporting
a) Concentration in g/1
b) Temperature of the test
c) Degree of hardness of water
d) Initial foam height
e) Foam height after 5min.
