Dr. Nicholas Kamara presented on viral hepatitis. There are 5 main types - A, B, C, D, and E - which are transmitted differently and cause acute or chronic infection. Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes self-limited disease. Hepatitis B is transmitted via blood and bodily fluids and can cause both acute and chronic infection. Hepatitis C is transmitted via blood and causes chronic infection in most cases. Hepatitis D only infects those already infected with Hepatitis B. Hepatitis E is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes concerns in pregnant women.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Health equity is defined as the absence of unfair and avoidable health disparities between groups. Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities exist and are associated with worse health outcomes. These disparities are caused by deeper social and economic factors known as social determinants of health, such as where people live, work, and play. Achieving health equity requires addressing social inequities and ensuring all groups can attain their highest level of health.
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of illness and death worldwide, with over 4.6 billion cases per year. A wide variety of infectious agents can cause acute diarrhea, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The main pathogenic mechanisms are toxin production, invasion and destruction of intestinal cells, and penetration of the intestinal mucosa. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics depending on the suspected pathogen. Proper hygiene and vaccines can help prevent acute diarrheal diseases.
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
The document discusses various gastrointestinal disorders, classifying them into categories such as impaired digestion/absorption, altered secretion/transit, immune dysregulation, and neoplastic degeneration. Specific disorders of the esophagus are then discussed in more detail, including reflux esophagitis, infections, webs/rings, and motility disorders like achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm. Common symptoms and clinical features of esophageal diseases are also outlined.
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
My Presentation in College.
Hope its useful for you rather than sleeping in my desktop.
Sorry if there is any mistakes.
The presentation is about Dengue fever. First starting with the basic information like Introduction , Epidemiology ,Vector , Viral Morphology ,Mode of Transmission. Then little bit on Pathogenesis and Immune Response. Extra focus given to the Clinical Manifestations, symptoms and Lab Diagnosis with few simplified case studies. Control and prevention and treatment also included.
Chapter 3 - Managing Healthcare in SingaporeGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to illustrate the healthcare system in Singapore. Ranging from Medisave to Restructuring of Hospitals in Singapore, these slides aim to teach the concept of Singapore healthcare in the new Social Studies Secondary Three syllabus. At the end of the slides, they provide a brief snapshot of the healthcare system of Singapore using the various measures such as Medisave, Medishield and Medifund.
Any comments are welcome. Thank you.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
Health equity is defined as the absence of unfair and avoidable health disparities between groups. Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities exist and are associated with worse health outcomes. These disparities are caused by deeper social and economic factors known as social determinants of health, such as where people live, work, and play. Achieving health equity requires addressing social inequities and ensuring all groups can attain their highest level of health.
Acute diarrheal diseases are a leading cause of illness and death worldwide, with over 4.6 billion cases per year. A wide variety of infectious agents can cause acute diarrhea, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The main pathogenic mechanisms are toxin production, invasion and destruction of intestinal cells, and penetration of the intestinal mucosa. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics depending on the suspected pathogen. Proper hygiene and vaccines can help prevent acute diarrheal diseases.
Health for all- primary health care- millennium development goalsAhmed-Refat Refat
PHC is the essential care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost they and the country can afford to maintain in the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
Al
The document discusses various gastrointestinal disorders, classifying them into categories such as impaired digestion/absorption, altered secretion/transit, immune dysregulation, and neoplastic degeneration. Specific disorders of the esophagus are then discussed in more detail, including reflux esophagitis, infections, webs/rings, and motility disorders like achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm. Common symptoms and clinical features of esophageal diseases are also outlined.
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
My Presentation in College.
Hope its useful for you rather than sleeping in my desktop.
Sorry if there is any mistakes.
The presentation is about Dengue fever. First starting with the basic information like Introduction , Epidemiology ,Vector , Viral Morphology ,Mode of Transmission. Then little bit on Pathogenesis and Immune Response. Extra focus given to the Clinical Manifestations, symptoms and Lab Diagnosis with few simplified case studies. Control and prevention and treatment also included.
Chapter 3 - Managing Healthcare in SingaporeGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to illustrate the healthcare system in Singapore. Ranging from Medisave to Restructuring of Hospitals in Singapore, these slides aim to teach the concept of Singapore healthcare in the new Social Studies Secondary Three syllabus. At the end of the slides, they provide a brief snapshot of the healthcare system of Singapore using the various measures such as Medisave, Medishield and Medifund.
Any comments are welcome. Thank you.
The document discusses the need for a shift towards a "people's health paradigm" in public health. It outlines some of the key principles of this paradigm, which include recognizing health as a fundamental human right, strengthening community participation and ownership over health, addressing the social determinants of health, and promoting pluralism and social justice in health systems. The document also provides context on the People's Health Movement, which advocates for this paradigm globally, and on efforts in India to engage civil society and incorporate these principles in policies like the National Rural Health Mission.
Quaternary prevention is the fourth dimension of prevention that aims to avoid unnecessary medical actions. It was first suggested in 2015 as a way to control the economic and human costs of healthcare by preventing overmedicalization. Quaternary prevention encourages doctors to critically examine their own practices and consider "not doing" certain interventions to avoid potential harms of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, defensive medicine, or inducing unnecessary anxiety in patients. It promotes an ethically balanced approach that respects the patient-doctor relationship through open communication and understanding each patient's perspective.
This document provides information on the clinical presentation and progression of viral hepatitis. It describes the prodromal symptoms including fatigue, nausea and low grade fever. Onset of jaundice is marked by diminishing constitutional symptoms and development of liver tenderness and pain. Various clinical syndromes can develop after viral exposure including acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis. The morphologic lesions are similar between virus types and include lobular inflammation and necrosis. Serologic testing can identify exposure to hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses.
The document discusses health services and primary health care in Egypt. It provides background on the Ministry of Health and Population, which was established in 1936. It outlines Egypt's health system, which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care provided through public health units and hospitals. The document also discusses health insurance in Egypt, challenges in the health system, and strategic plans for health sector reform focusing on infrastructure development and improving human resources. It defines primary health care and reviews its principles, approaches like GOBI-FFF, essential services, and role in Egypt through primary health units. Criteria for effective primary health care include coordination, community participation, customer satisfaction, and monitoring and evaluation.
Presentation delivered by Dr Haifa Madi, Director, Health Protection and Promotion at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
This document summarizes the history of medicine from primitive times to modern times in 3 main sections. It describes how primitive medicine was based on supernatural beliefs and focused on appeasing gods. It then discusses the development of Indian and Chinese medicine, highlighting important figures like Sushruta and theories like Ayurveda's tridosha. Finally, it reviews the evolution of medicine in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Middle Ages and the revivals and advances that have occurred since the Renaissance to modern times and the development of organizations like the WHO.
The document discusses infectious hepatitis and its management. It defines different types of hepatitis including acute, chronic, and fulminant hepatitis. It describes the etiology of hepatitis including viral causes from Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-viral causes. It provides details about Hepatitis A including epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also provides details about Hepatitis B including epidemiology, transmission, at risk groups, pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, treatment approach and management of chronic hepatitis B.
The document summarizes viral markers for hepatitis viruses. It discusses IgM and IgG antibodies for hepatitis A virus which indicate acute or past infection. It describes the hepatitis B surface antigen and different hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies that indicate different stages of hepatitis B infection. It also provides global burden statistics for hepatitis B and C and discusses laboratory tests for diagnosing hepatitis C infection including antibody, RNA and viral load tests.
Hepatitis A, B, and C are caused by different viruses that infect the liver. Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and causes an acute infection but does not result in chronic liver disease. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood or bodily fluids and may result in either an acute or chronic infection. Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood and causes a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. There is no treatment, but vaccination provides effective prevention.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
A 45-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite. Laboratory tests found elevated liver enzymes and HCV RNA. A liver biopsy showed severe inflammation and fibrosis. She was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C based on her history of blood transfusion, laboratory results, and biopsy findings. The best course of action would be to treat her hepatitis C with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy to reduce liver damage and prevent progression to cirrhosis.
The document discusses the five main types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the source of the virus, route of transmission, potential for chronic infection, and methods of prevention for each type. It also discusses epidemiology, clinical features, testing approaches, and public health responses related to hepatitis A and E.
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It provides definitions and details about the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and serologic and virologic markers of HBV infection. Some key points include:
- HBV is a viral infection of the liver that affects around 2 billion people worldwide and causes over 1 million deaths annually.
- It is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids from an infected person.
- Clinical manifestations range from an acute self-limiting illness to chronic lifelong infection associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- HBV pathogenesis involves the virus gaining entry into liver cells and using the host cell machinery to replicate. The host immune
Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that can range from mild illness to serious lifelong illness or death. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is most commonly spread through blood-to-blood contact. While there is no vaccine, current treatment involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin. This therapy cures hepatitis C if it results in a sustained virologic response (SVR), meaning the virus is undetectable 6 months after treatment ends. SVR rates are lower for HCV genotype 1 than other genotypes. Newer treatments are being developed to make therapy easier and more effective. Tailoring treatment based on factors like early viral load response may allow some genotype 1 patients to
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viral infections, toxic substances like alcohol, or autoimmune diseases. The main viruses that cause hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are transmitted through contact with infected body fluids. The liver plays a vital role in processing nutrients and fighting infections, so when inflamed or damaged, its functions are affected. While some hepatitis cases resolve on their own, chronic infections can lead to serious complications like fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer if left untreated.
Infectious Diseases Of The Liver - Emergency Room ProceduresJosyann Abisaab
The document discusses the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. It notes that a diverse workforce leads to better problem solving and decision making as people from different backgrounds bring unique perspectives. The document recommends that companies implement diversity training for all employees and promote a culture of acceptance and respect for all.
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the definition, causes, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each type of viral hepatitis. Key points include that hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis in humans. They differ in their transmission routes, clinical presentations, risk of chronic infection and availability of treatment. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent hepatitis A and B infection.
The document discusses hepatitis A-G viruses and viral hepatitis. It provides details on the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of hepatitis A and B viruses. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, has an average incubation period of 30 days, and causes an acute infection with no chronic sequelae. Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through blood, sexual contact and perinatal transmission. It may cause either an acute infection or develop into a chronic infection associated with long-term liver problems. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose both viruses and vaccines are available to prevent infection.
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
The document discusses the need for a shift towards a "people's health paradigm" in public health. It outlines some of the key principles of this paradigm, which include recognizing health as a fundamental human right, strengthening community participation and ownership over health, addressing the social determinants of health, and promoting pluralism and social justice in health systems. The document also provides context on the People's Health Movement, which advocates for this paradigm globally, and on efforts in India to engage civil society and incorporate these principles in policies like the National Rural Health Mission.
Quaternary prevention is the fourth dimension of prevention that aims to avoid unnecessary medical actions. It was first suggested in 2015 as a way to control the economic and human costs of healthcare by preventing overmedicalization. Quaternary prevention encourages doctors to critically examine their own practices and consider "not doing" certain interventions to avoid potential harms of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis, defensive medicine, or inducing unnecessary anxiety in patients. It promotes an ethically balanced approach that respects the patient-doctor relationship through open communication and understanding each patient's perspective.
This document provides information on the clinical presentation and progression of viral hepatitis. It describes the prodromal symptoms including fatigue, nausea and low grade fever. Onset of jaundice is marked by diminishing constitutional symptoms and development of liver tenderness and pain. Various clinical syndromes can develop after viral exposure including acute, fulminant or chronic hepatitis. The morphologic lesions are similar between virus types and include lobular inflammation and necrosis. Serologic testing can identify exposure to hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses.
The document discusses health services and primary health care in Egypt. It provides background on the Ministry of Health and Population, which was established in 1936. It outlines Egypt's health system, which includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care provided through public health units and hospitals. The document also discusses health insurance in Egypt, challenges in the health system, and strategic plans for health sector reform focusing on infrastructure development and improving human resources. It defines primary health care and reviews its principles, approaches like GOBI-FFF, essential services, and role in Egypt through primary health units. Criteria for effective primary health care include coordination, community participation, customer satisfaction, and monitoring and evaluation.
Presentation delivered by Dr Haifa Madi, Director, Health Protection and Promotion at the 62nd Session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean
This document summarizes the history of medicine from primitive times to modern times in 3 main sections. It describes how primitive medicine was based on supernatural beliefs and focused on appeasing gods. It then discusses the development of Indian and Chinese medicine, highlighting important figures like Sushruta and theories like Ayurveda's tridosha. Finally, it reviews the evolution of medicine in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Middle Ages and the revivals and advances that have occurred since the Renaissance to modern times and the development of organizations like the WHO.
The document discusses infectious hepatitis and its management. It defines different types of hepatitis including acute, chronic, and fulminant hepatitis. It describes the etiology of hepatitis including viral causes from Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E and other non-viral causes. It provides details about Hepatitis A including epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also provides details about Hepatitis B including epidemiology, transmission, at risk groups, pathogenesis of acute and chronic infection, diagnosis, treatment approach and management of chronic hepatitis B.
The document summarizes viral markers for hepatitis viruses. It discusses IgM and IgG antibodies for hepatitis A virus which indicate acute or past infection. It describes the hepatitis B surface antigen and different hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies that indicate different stages of hepatitis B infection. It also provides global burden statistics for hepatitis B and C and discusses laboratory tests for diagnosing hepatitis C infection including antibody, RNA and viral load tests.
Hepatitis A, B, and C are caused by different viruses that infect the liver. Hepatitis A is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and causes an acute infection but does not result in chronic liver disease. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood or bodily fluids and may result in either an acute or chronic infection. Hepatitis C is transmitted through blood and causes a chronic infection that can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. There is no treatment, but vaccination provides effective prevention.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
A 45-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weakness, and loss of appetite. Laboratory tests found elevated liver enzymes and HCV RNA. A liver biopsy showed severe inflammation and fibrosis. She was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C based on her history of blood transfusion, laboratory results, and biopsy findings. The best course of action would be to treat her hepatitis C with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy to reduce liver damage and prevent progression to cirrhosis.
The document discusses the five main types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. It provides information on the source of the virus, route of transmission, potential for chronic infection, and methods of prevention for each type. It also discusses epidemiology, clinical features, testing approaches, and public health responses related to hepatitis A and E.
The document discusses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B. It provides definitions and details about the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and serologic and virologic markers of HBV infection. Some key points include:
- HBV is a viral infection of the liver that affects around 2 billion people worldwide and causes over 1 million deaths annually.
- It is transmitted through contact with infectious blood or body fluids from an infected person.
- Clinical manifestations range from an acute self-limiting illness to chronic lifelong infection associated with cirrhosis and liver cancer.
- HBV pathogenesis involves the virus gaining entry into liver cells and using the host cell machinery to replicate. The host immune
Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that can range from mild illness to serious lifelong illness or death. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is most commonly spread through blood-to-blood contact. While there is no vaccine, current treatment involves pegylated interferon and ribavirin. This therapy cures hepatitis C if it results in a sustained virologic response (SVR), meaning the virus is undetectable 6 months after treatment ends. SVR rates are lower for HCV genotype 1 than other genotypes. Newer treatments are being developed to make therapy easier and more effective. Tailoring treatment based on factors like early viral load response may allow some genotype 1 patients to
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viral infections, toxic substances like alcohol, or autoimmune diseases. The main viruses that cause hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are transmitted through contact with infected body fluids. The liver plays a vital role in processing nutrients and fighting infections, so when inflamed or damaged, its functions are affected. While some hepatitis cases resolve on their own, chronic infections can lead to serious complications like fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer if left untreated.
Infectious Diseases Of The Liver - Emergency Room ProceduresJosyann Abisaab
The document discusses the importance of diversity and inclusion in the workplace. It notes that a diverse workforce leads to better problem solving and decision making as people from different backgrounds bring unique perspectives. The document recommends that companies implement diversity training for all employees and promote a culture of acceptance and respect for all.
Management of Viral Hepatitis in Immunocompromised PatientsMohammed A Suwaid
The patient has type 2 diabetes and a history of brain tumor surgery and radiation therapy. He now presents with fatigue, joint pains, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. Tests confirm acute hepatitis B infection. Treatment with antiviral medication is generally not needed for acute hepatitis B in immunocompetent patients, as 95-99% recover spontaneously. However, in immunocompromised individuals like this patient, antiviral therapy with lamivudine may be recommended to prevent potential complications or fulminant hepatitis given his underlying conditions and treatments.
This document discusses viral hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. It provides details on the definition, causes, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of each type of viral hepatitis. Key points include that hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses are the main causes of viral hepatitis in humans. They differ in their transmission routes, clinical presentations, risk of chronic infection and availability of treatment. Vaccination is an effective way to prevent hepatitis A and B infection.
The document discusses hepatitis A-G viruses and viral hepatitis. It provides details on the transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of hepatitis A and B viruses. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, has an average incubation period of 30 days, and causes an acute infection with no chronic sequelae. Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through blood, sexual contact and perinatal transmission. It may cause either an acute infection or develop into a chronic infection associated with long-term liver problems. Laboratory tests are used to diagnose both viruses and vaccines are available to prevent infection.
The document provides information about hepatitis B and C, including:
- Hepatitis B and C are major global health problems, infecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
- Transmission occurs through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, especially from infected mothers to babies during childbirth or from shared needles.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe liver damage. While most adults recover from hepatitis B, chronic infection is more common in children and can lead to serious complications like liver cancer.
This document discusses issues in liver health and disease for non-hepatologists. It provides an overview of the changing epidemiology of viral hepatitis and new hepatitis B vaccines. It also addresses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and how increased recognition of this condition has led to new screening and potential therapy approaches. The document uses audience response questions to highlight clinical cases involving liver disease in HIV patients and discusses topics like viral hepatitis coinfections, hepatitis B vaccine strengths and limitations, and the natural history and risk factors associated with NAFLD.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses. The document discusses the different types of viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), their symptoms, modes of transmission, potential for chronic infection and liver cancer, diagnosis, and treatment options. It provides details on the pathophysiology, incubation periods, and clinical presentations of hepatitis A, B, and C. Prevention methods include vaccination, hygiene practices, and immunoglobulin treatment for certain types.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. 22
02/08/1802/08/18
Viral Hepatitis
5 types:5 types:
AA:: fecal-oral transmissionfecal-oral transmission
BB:: sexual fluids & blood to bloodsexual fluids & blood to blood
CC:: blood to bloodblood to blood
DD:: travels with Btravels with B
EE:: fecal–oralfecal–oral transmissiontransmission
VaccineVaccine
PreventablePreventable
Adapted from Corneil, 2003Adapted from Corneil, 2003
3. 33
02/08/1802/08/18
Structure
Cultured in cells
Epidemiology
Transmission
Incubation period
Symptoms
Jaundice
Onset
Vaccine
Diagnostic tests
RNA
yes
endemic & epidemic
oral/fecal,
water & food
2-7 weeks
fever, G-I tract disorder
1 case in 10
acute/short
not available
yes
DNA
no
endemic
blood/serum,
close contact
1-6 months
fever, rash, arthritis
common
gradual/chronic
yes
yes
HBV
no
endemic
blood/serum,
intimate contact
2-8 weeks
similar to HBV
common
acute/chronic
not available
yes
Hepatitis A
HAV
Hepatitis B
HBV
Hepatitis C
HCV
7. 77
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A has an incubation period ofHepatitis A has an incubation period of
approximately 28 days (range: 15–50 days)approximately 28 days (range: 15–50 days)
HAV replicates in the liver and is shed in highHAV replicates in the liver and is shed in high
concentrations in feces from 2 weeks before to 1concentrations in feces from 2 weeks before to 1
week after the onset of clinical illnessweek after the onset of clinical illness
HAV infection produces a self-limited disease thatHAV infection produces a self-limited disease that
does not result in chronic infection or chronic liverdoes not result in chronic infection or chronic liver
diseasedisease
Humans are the only natural hostHumans are the only natural host
8. 88
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis A
Host Defenses
antibodies develop late in incubationantibodies develop late in incubation
periodperiod
IgMIgM
within a week of dark urinewithin a week of dark urine
peaks a week laterpeaks a week later
lasts 40-60 dayslasts 40-60 days
IgGIgG
after IgMafter IgM
peaks 60-80 dayspeaks 60-80 days
10. 1010
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis A
Prevention
Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection.Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection.
Good sanitation measures are essential forGood sanitation measures are essential for
preventing environmental contamination.preventing environmental contamination.
Good personal hygiene is also essential forGood personal hygiene is also essential for
prevention and control including:prevention and control including:
Hand washing with soap:Hand washing with soap:
After using the bathroomAfter using the bathroom
After changing a diaperAfter changing a diaper
Before preparing and eating foodBefore preparing and eating food
18. 1818
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis C
Diagnosis
Sixty to 70% of persons newly infected with HCVSixty to 70% of persons newly infected with HCV
typically are usually asymptomatic or have a mildtypically are usually asymptomatic or have a mild
clinical illness.clinical illness.
HCV RNA can be detected in blood within 1–3HCV RNA can be detected in blood within 1–3
weeks after exposure.weeks after exposure.
The average time from exposure to antibody toThe average time from exposure to antibody to
HCV (anti-HCV) seroconversion is 8–9 weeks,HCV (anti-HCV) seroconversion is 8–9 weeks,
and anti-HCV can be detected in >97% of personsand anti-HCV can be detected in >97% of persons
by 6 months after exposure.by 6 months after exposure.
19. 1919
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis C
Treatment
Interferon-based therapy is currently theInterferon-based therapy is currently the
standard of care for patients with chronicstandard of care for patients with chronic
HCV, and has been proven to be effectiveHCV, and has been proven to be effective
in eliminating HCV.in eliminating HCV.
Both conventional and pegylated interferonBoth conventional and pegylated interferon
(IFN) therapy have been used widely, with(IFN) therapy have been used widely, with
the aim of achieving a sustained virologicalthe aim of achieving a sustained virological
response (SVR).response (SVR).
20. 2020
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis C
Prevention
Unlike HBV, there is currently no vaccineUnlike HBV, there is currently no vaccine
for HCV.for HCV.
However, with the screening of HCV inHowever, with the screening of HCV in
blood transfusion services, transfusion-blood transfusion services, transfusion-
related HCV infection has been lowered torelated HCV infection has been lowered to
almost zero.almost zero.
23. 2323
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis C
Prevention
It may be possible to develop a preventive vaccineIt may be possible to develop a preventive vaccine
for HCV:for HCV:
30% of persons clear the virus spontaneously30% of persons clear the virus spontaneously
The genome of HCV is not integrated into the hostThe genome of HCV is not integrated into the host
genomegenome
After HCV infection, CD-8 CTL responses andAfter HCV infection, CD-8 CTL responses and
antibodies appear, but the “protective immuneantibodies appear, but the “protective immune
response” or critical epitopes are not knownresponse” or critical epitopes are not known
Persons who clear HCV and become re-infected havePersons who clear HCV and become re-infected have
low viral loads and are more likely to clear HCVlow viral loads and are more likely to clear HCV
24. 2424
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis C and HIV
30 - 40% of HIV+ people in US also30 - 40% of HIV+ people in US also
infected with Hep Cinfected with Hep C
More rapid progression of Hep C (twice asMore rapid progression of Hep C (twice as
fast)fast)
Little to no affect on HIV progression (stillLittle to no affect on HIV progression (still
inconclusive)inconclusive)
Complications of medication regimensComplications of medication regimens
Increases risk of perinatal transmissionIncreases risk of perinatal transmission
27. 2727
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis D
Dependovirus,Dependovirus, it is defective and cannotit is defective and cannot
produce infection unless the cell is alsoproduce infection unless the cell is also
infected with HBV.infected with HBV.
ViroidViroid - a naked strand of RNA that enters- a naked strand of RNA that enters
the cell in piggy-back fashion.the cell in piggy-back fashion.
28. 2828
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis D
Clinical Manifestations
Dual infection is more severe than HBVDual infection is more severe than HBV
fulminating hepatitisfulminating hepatitis
severe rapidly progressive hepatitissevere rapidly progressive hepatitis
severe exacerbationssevere exacerbations
32. 3232
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis E
The highest attack rate is seen among persons aged 15-40The highest attack rate is seen among persons aged 15-40
years.years.
In most hepatitis E outbreaks, the highest rates of clinicallyIn most hepatitis E outbreaks, the highest rates of clinically
evident disease have been in young to middle-age adults; lowerevident disease have been in young to middle-age adults; lower
disease rates in younger age groups may be the result of an ictericdisease rates in younger age groups may be the result of an icteric
and/or subclinical HEV infection.and/or subclinical HEV infection.
The case fatality rate overall is 1%-3%.The case fatality rate overall is 1%-3%.
In pregnant women, the case fatality rate can be as high as 15%-In pregnant women, the case fatality rate can be as high as 15%-
25%.25%.
HEV is found in the stool (feces) of persons and animalsHEV is found in the stool (feces) of persons and animals
with hepatitis E.with hepatitis E.
HEV is spread by eating or drinking contaminated food orHEV is spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or
water.water.
Transmission from person to person occurs less commonlyTransmission from person to person occurs less commonly
than with hepatitis A virus.than with hepatitis A virus.
33. 3333
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
2 billion2 billion people worldwide (1/3 world population)people worldwide (1/3 world population)
have been infected with HBV (WHO)have been infected with HBV (WHO)
350 million350 million people worldwide have chronicpeople worldwide have chronic
(lifelong) HBV (CDC)(lifelong) HBV (CDC)
1 million1 million people die each year from liver diseasepeople die each year from liver disease
and liver cancer (CDC)and liver cancer (CDC)
Every 30–45 seconds, one person dies from theEvery 30–45 seconds, one person dies from the
vaccine-preventable HBVvaccine-preventable HBV
36. 3636
02/08/1802/08/18
Swaziland(2009-2011)
Retrospective chart review among 1282Retrospective chart review among 1282
HIV ptsHIV pts
Overall 3.7%Overall 3.7%
Children 1.5%Children 1.5%
Adults 5.1% ( Men 9.8%Vs 4.2%)Adults 5.1% ( Men 9.8%Vs 4.2%)
Prevalence under 5 was 0.4%Prevalence under 5 was 0.4%
43. 4343
02/08/1802/08/18
Transmission
Parenterally ie via blood, saliva, menstrualParenterally ie via blood, saliva, menstrual
and vaginal discharges, semen and breastand vaginal discharges, semen and breast
milkmilk
infected blood and blood productsinfected blood and blood products
sexual contactsexual contact
perinatally from mother to childperinatally from mother to child
48. 4848
02/08/1802/08/18
Incubation period
The incubation period from the time of exposureThe incubation period from the time of exposure
to onset of symptoms is 6 weeks to 6 months.to onset of symptoms is 6 weeks to 6 months.
HBV is found in highest concentrations in bloodHBV is found in highest concentrations in blood
and in lower concentrations in other body fluidsand in lower concentrations in other body fluids
(e.g., semen, vaginal secretions, and wound(e.g., semen, vaginal secretions, and wound
exudates).exudates).
Communicability highest 1-2 months beforeCommunicability highest 1-2 months before
symptoms and after.symptoms and after.
Reservoir is human.Reservoir is human.
49. 4949
02/08/1802/08/18
There areThere are 10x10x more people with chronicmore people with chronic
HBV than HIV/AIDS worldwide (WHO)HBV than HIV/AIDS worldwide (WHO)
HBV isHBV is 50-100x50-100x more infectious than HIVmore infectious than HIV
(WHO)(WHO)
HBV can survive outside the body for atHBV can survive outside the body for at
leastleast 7 days7 days (WHO)(WHO)
Virulence
50. 5050
02/08/1802/08/18
Perinatal Transmission
Most infections occur from mother toMost infections occur from mother to
childchild
OverOver 90%90% of babies infected during theof babies infected during the
first year of life develop chronicfirst year of life develop chronic
infection (CDC)infection (CDC)
52. 5252
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Hepatitis B is detected by looking for a number ofHepatitis B is detected by looking for a number of
different antigens and antibodies:different antigens and antibodies:
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg):Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg):
A protein on the surface of HBV; it can be detected in highA protein on the surface of HBV; it can be detected in high
levels in serum during acute or chronic HBV infection.levels in serum during acute or chronic HBV infection.
The presence of HBsAg indicates that the person is infectious.The presence of HBsAg indicates that the person is infectious.
The body normally produces antibodies to HBsAg as part ofThe body normally produces antibodies to HBsAg as part of
the normal immune response to infection.the normal immune response to infection.
HBsAg is the antigen used to make Hepatitis B vaccine.HBsAg is the antigen used to make Hepatitis B vaccine.
53. 5353
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Hepatitis B is detected by looking for a number ofHepatitis B is detected by looking for a number of
different antigens and antibodies:different antigens and antibodies:
Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs):Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs):
TThe presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted as indicatinghe presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted as indicating
recovery and immunity from HBV infection.recovery and immunity from HBV infection.
Anti-HBs also develops in a person who has been successfullyAnti-HBs also develops in a person who has been successfully
vaccinated against Hepatitis B.vaccinated against Hepatitis B.
Total Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc):Total Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc):
Appears at the onset of symptoms in acute Hepatitis B andAppears at the onset of symptoms in acute Hepatitis B and
persists for life.persists for life.
The presence of anti-HBc indicates previous or ongoingThe presence of anti-HBc indicates previous or ongoing
infection with HBV in an undefined time frame.infection with HBV in an undefined time frame.
54. 5454
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Hepatitis B is detected by looking for a number ofHepatitis B is detected by looking for a number of
different antigens and antibodies:different antigens and antibodies:
IgM antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-IgM antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-
HBc):HBc):
Positivity indicates recent infection with HBV (≤6 months).Positivity indicates recent infection with HBV (≤6 months).
Its presence indicates acute infection.Its presence indicates acute infection.
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg):Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg):
A secreted product of the nucleocapsid gene of HBV that isA secreted product of the nucleocapsid gene of HBV that is
found in serum during acute and chronic Hepatitis B.found in serum during acute and chronic Hepatitis B.
Its presence indicates that the virus is replicating and theIts presence indicates that the virus is replicating and the
infected person has high levels of HBV.infected person has high levels of HBV.
55. 5555
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Hepatitis B is detected by looking for a number ofHepatitis B is detected by looking for a number of
different antigens and antibodies:different antigens and antibodies:
Hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb or anti-HBe):Hepatitis B e antibody (HBeAb or anti-HBe):
Produced by the immune system temporarily during acuteProduced by the immune system temporarily during acute
HBV infection or consistently during or after a burst in viralHBV infection or consistently during or after a burst in viral
replication.replication.
Spontaneous conversion from e antigen to e antibody (aSpontaneous conversion from e antigen to e antibody (a
change known as seroconversion) is a predictor of long-termchange known as seroconversion) is a predictor of long-term
clearance of HBV in patients undergoing antiviral therapy andclearance of HBV in patients undergoing antiviral therapy and
indicates lower levels of HBV.indicates lower levels of HBV.
57. 5757
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B Characteristics
A Hepadnaviridae – partially double-stranded DNAA Hepadnaviridae – partially double-stranded DNA
virusvirus
HBsAg – stimulates protective antibodies, a markerHBsAg – stimulates protective antibodies, a marker
for current infectionfor current infection
HBcAg – localized within liver cells, identifies acuteHBcAg – localized within liver cells, identifies acute
infection, anti-HBcAg persists for life and is a markerinfection, anti-HBcAg persists for life and is a marker
of past infectionof past infection
HBeAG – a marker of active replication andHBeAG – a marker of active replication and
infectivityinfectivity
58. 5858
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Host Defenses
Cell mediated ImmunityCell mediated Immunity
important for recover in acute phaseimportant for recover in acute phase
autoimmune liver damage in chronic infectionsautoimmune liver damage in chronic infections
Humoral ImmunityHumoral Immunity
not always protectivenot always protective
HBsAg for VaccinesHBsAg for Vaccines
InterferonInterferon
not detected during infectionnot detected during infection
exogenous application effectiveexogenous application effective
63. 6363
02/08/1802/08/18
Factors for progression to
Chronic Disease
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and,Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and,
ALTALT
Male sexMale sex
Older ageOlder age
Family history of HCCFamily history of HCC
Alcohol useAlcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV),Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV),
hepatitis C virus (HCV), or humanhepatitis C virus (HCV), or human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
65. 6565
02/08/1802/08/18
Chronic carriers
10-20% chronic carriers10-20% chronic carriers
12% develop liver cirrhosis annually12% develop liver cirrhosis annually
5% develop hepatocellular carcinoma5% develop hepatocellular carcinoma
Absolute lifetime death from HCC or cirrhosisAbsolute lifetime death from HCC or cirrhosis
is 15-25%is 15-25%
HCC risk is 6% every 5 yearsHCC risk is 6% every 5 years
Decompesation risk is 21% every 5 years.Decompesation risk is 21% every 5 years.
68. 6868
02/08/1802/08/18
HCC
Worldwide, HBV is the primary cause ofWorldwide, HBV is the primary cause of
liver cancerliver cancer
For males, it is the third leading cause of cancerFor males, it is the third leading cause of cancer
mortalitymortality
For females, it is the sixth leading cause ofFor females, it is the sixth leading cause of
cancer mortalitycancer mortality
69. 6969
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Control
No specific controlNo specific control
Passive ImmunizationPassive Immunization
HBV immunoglobulinHBV immunoglobulin
250-500 IU within 48 hours250-500 IU within 48 hours
neonates of infected mothers -immediately afterneonates of infected mothers -immediately after
birthbirth
Active ImmunizationActive Immunization
HBsAgHBsAg
recombinant DNA in yeastrecombinant DNA in yeast
70. 7070
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Treatment
For acute infection, no medication is available;For acute infection, no medication is available;
treatment is supportive.treatment is supportive.
For chronic infection, several antiviral drugsFor chronic infection, several antiviral drugs
(adefovir dipivoxil, interferon alfa-2b, pegylated(adefovir dipivoxil, interferon alfa-2b, pegylated
interferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, entecavir, andinterferon alfa-2a, lamivudine, entecavir, and
telbivudine, Tenofovir) are available.telbivudine, Tenofovir) are available.
Persons with chronic HBV infection require medicalPersons with chronic HBV infection require medical
evaluation and regular monitoring to determine whetherevaluation and regular monitoring to determine whether
disease is progressing and to identify liver damage ordisease is progressing and to identify liver damage or
hepatocellular carcinoma.hepatocellular carcinoma.
71. 7171
02/08/1802/08/18
Hepatitis B
Elimination
WHO’s national strategy to eliminate transmissionWHO’s national strategy to eliminate transmission
of HBV infection includes:of HBV infection includes:
Prevention of perinatal infection through routinePrevention of perinatal infection through routine
screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg andscreening of all pregnant women for HBsAg and
immunoprophylaxis of infants born to HBsAg-positiveimmunoprophylaxis of infants born to HBsAg-positive
mothers and infants born to mothers with unknownmothers and infants born to mothers with unknown
HBsAg statusHBsAg status
Routine infant vaccinationRoutine infant vaccination
VaccinationVaccination of previously unvaccinated children andof previously unvaccinated children and
adolescents through age 18 yearsadolescents through age 18 years
Vaccination of previously unvaccinated adults atVaccination of previously unvaccinated adults at
increased risk for infectionincreased risk for infection
87. 8787
02/08/1802/08/18
Interferon
Its better in certain circumstancesIts better in certain circumstances
Its use is limited byIts use is limited by
Side effectsSide effects
ExpenseExpense
Presence of decompensated cirrhosisPresence of decompensated cirrhosis
Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases
PregnancyPregnancy
Infants below one yearInfants below one year
93. 9393
02/08/1802/08/18
Conclusion
Hepatitis Viruses are commonHepatitis Viruses are common
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis B are highlyHepatitis B and Hepatitis B are highly
infectious and lead to chronic liver diseaseinfectious and lead to chronic liver disease
Vaccines exist for HAV and HBVVaccines exist for HAV and HBV
HCV is potentially curable with treatment.HCV is potentially curable with treatment.
Editor's Notes
HBV is transmitted like HIV- by blood or body fluid.
33.4 million people live with HIV/AIDS worldwide, but 350 million people live with chronic HBV.
On Dec 2006, CDC & ACIP recommended that all adults born in Asia and the Pacific should be tested for HBV