This is health insurance related things. Every person who are living in the society must be known about their health policies. Health is the key factor of life that's why everyone must be care about their health. It's very necessary to know the status of the life . Health policy is made up for society which is included in social medicine subject . It's also known as PSM. Social medicine means to know the health and disease in a community or social life. Epidemiology is the one of topic in the PSM . it means that study of diseases.
This describes the background problem, concept of health insurance, enrollment procedure, benefits,and implementation status of health insurance in Nepal, issues/concerns (discussion), take home message
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14, NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation is made on the first ever Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14 celebration in Nepal by Nepal Health Economics Association (NHEA).
Each year, the OHE sponsors a lecture that explores a timely issue in medicine or health economics. At the 22nd Annual Lecture, the issues and challenges of universal health care coverage in low- and middle-income countries were presented by Professor Anne Mills of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
The audio of this lecture now is available at http://news.ohe.org/2014/08/19/annual-lecture-2014-universal-health-coverage/
Decentralizing Health Insurance in Nigeria: Legal Framework for State Health ...HFG Project
Presented during Day Three of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Jonathan Eke. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
Slides used to deliver presentation on Korean healthcare system overview. Main topics are: payer, healthcare delivery system, regulation, stakeholders.
The People’s Republic of China has made great achievements in improving health status over the past six decades, mainly due to the government’s commitment to health, provision of cost effective public health programmes, growing coverage of health financial protection mechanisms and investments in an extensive health-care delivery network.
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health systems are responsible for delivering services that improve, maintain or restore the health of individuals and their communities.
Common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
This describes the background problem, concept of health insurance, enrollment procedure, benefits,and implementation status of health insurance in Nepal, issues/concerns (discussion), take home message
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14, NepalDeepak Karki
This presentation is made on the first ever Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Day 12.12.14 celebration in Nepal by Nepal Health Economics Association (NHEA).
Each year, the OHE sponsors a lecture that explores a timely issue in medicine or health economics. At the 22nd Annual Lecture, the issues and challenges of universal health care coverage in low- and middle-income countries were presented by Professor Anne Mills of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
The audio of this lecture now is available at http://news.ohe.org/2014/08/19/annual-lecture-2014-universal-health-coverage/
Decentralizing Health Insurance in Nigeria: Legal Framework for State Health ...HFG Project
Presented during Day Three of the 2016 Nigeria Health Care Financing Training Workshop. Presented by Dr. Jonathan Eke. More: https://www.hfgproject.org/hcf-training-nigeria
Slides used to deliver presentation on Korean healthcare system overview. Main topics are: payer, healthcare delivery system, regulation, stakeholders.
The People’s Republic of China has made great achievements in improving health status over the past six decades, mainly due to the government’s commitment to health, provision of cost effective public health programmes, growing coverage of health financial protection mechanisms and investments in an extensive health-care delivery network.
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health systems are responsible for delivering services that improve, maintain or restore the health of individuals and their communities.
Common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.
Similar to health%20Insurance%20(%20Ashraf%20,%20group%20no.%20209%20).docx (20)
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
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2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. • Objectives
8/19/11
• WHO Recommendations on Universal
INTRODUCTION...../1
• Introduction of an innovative system of
healthcare financing
• Far reaching consequences on the health of
South Africans
4. • Ensures that everyone has access to health
services that are:
– appropriate –
efficient
8/19/11
5. INTRODUCTION......./2
• Improve service provision
• Promote equity and efficiency to ensure all
South Africans have access to affordable,
quality healthcare services regardless of their
socio-economic status
6. 8/19/11
INTRODUCTION......./3
• SA health system inequitable.............with the
privileged few having disproportionate access
to health services
• Recognition that this system is neither
rational nor fair
7. 8•
/19/Current system of healthcare financing is
11 two-
INTRODUCTION......./4
• Private Sector:
– covers 16.2% of the population
– relatively large proportion of funding allocated
through medical schemes, various hospital care
plans and out of pocket payments
8. 8/19/11
– provides cover to private patients who have
purchased a benefit option with a scheme of
their choice or as a result of their employment
conditions
benefits employed subsidised by their employers
9. 8/19/11
INTRODUCTION......./5
• Public Sector:
– Covers 84% of the population
– funded through the fiscus
– Poor management systems and oversight esp
hospitals
– under-resourced relative to size of population that
itserves and the burden of disease
10. 8/19/11
– less human resources than the private sector – longer
waiting times and lower clinical consultation time –
increased risk of error
INTRODUCTION......../6
• To successfully implement a healthcare financing
mechanism that covers the whole population
such as NHI, four key interventions need to
happen simultaneously:
– a complete transformation of healthcare service
provision and delivery;
11. 8/19/11
– the total overhaul of the entire healthcare system
– the radical change of administration and
management
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• The 2008 World Health Report of the WHO details
three trends that undermine the improvement of
health outcomes globally, namely:
– Hospital centrism, which has a strong curative focus
– Fragmentation in approach which may be related to
programmes or service delivery
12. 8/19/11
– Uncontrolled commercialism which undermines
principles of health as a public good
KEY CHALLENGES IN THE HEALTH
SYSTEM
• Quadruple Burden of Disease
• Quality of Healthcare
• Distribution of Financial and Human Resource
14. 8/19/11
QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH
FACILITIES
• Cleanliness
• Safety and security of staff and patients
• Long waiting times
• Staff attitudes
• Infection control
15. 8•/19/Drug stock-outs11
EXORBITANT COSTS OF HEALTH CARE IN
SOUTH AFRICA (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE)
• Cost of Private Health Care out of control at
the expense of members of medical
schemes
16. 8/19/11
• Cost of Public Health Care escalating at the
expense of the fiscus
1212
WHAT DRIVES THE COSTS IN THE
PUBLIC SECTOR?
5 Major identifiable areas:
1. Compensation of employees
21. 8/19/11
AFFORDABILITY OF MEDICAL
SCHEME CONTRIBUTION
• A number of medical schemes have
collapsed, been placed under curatorship or
merged
• Schemes have reduced from over 180 in the
year 2001 to about 102 in 2009
22. 8/19/11
• To sustain their financial viability, schemes
tend to increase premiums at rates higher
THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE
FINANCING
IN SOUTH AFRICA
• Commission on Old Age Pension and National
Insurance (1928)
• Committee of Enquiry into National Health Insurance
(1935)
• National Health Service Commission (1942 – 1944)
• Health Care Finance Committee (1994)
23. • Committee of Inquiry on National Health Insurance
(1995)
• The Social Health Insurance Working Group (1997)
8•
/19/Committee of Inquiry into a Comprehensive Social11
Security for South Africa (2002)
PRINCIPLES OF THE NHI
• The Right to Access Health
• Social Solidarity
• Equity
• Effectiveness
24. 8/19/11
• Appropriateness
• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Affordability
1818
OBJECTIVES OF NHI
• To provide improved access to quality health
services for all South Africans irrespective of
whether they are employed or not
25. • To pool risks and funds so that equity and social
solidarity will be achieved through the creation
of a single fund
8/19/11
SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS
• Increased output as a healthy person works more
effectively and efficiently and devotes more time to
productive activities (i.e. fewer days off, longer work life
span);
26. 8/19/11
• Broader knowledge base in the economy as the gains to
education increase as life expectancy increases;
• Increased “work life” and savings as a result of increased
life expectancy may result in earning and saving more for
retirement;
2020
29. POPULATION COVERAGE
• All South Africans and legal permanent
residents will be covered
• Short-term residents, foreign students and
tourists required to obtain compulsory travel
insurance
– produce evidence of this upon entry into South
Africa
30. 8/19/11
HEALTH SYSTEM
REENGINEERING
Primary health care services shall be delivered
according to the following three streams:
– District-based clinical specialist support teams supporting
delivery of priority health care programmes at a district
– School-based Primary Health Care services
32. DISTRICT CLINICAL SPECIALIST SUPPORT
TEAMS
• To address high levels of maternal
and child mortality and to improve
health outcomes
33. • The teams will based in districts and
8/19/include:11
SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES
• Delivered by a team that is headed by a
professional nurse
• Services will include health promotion,
prevention and curative health services that
34. address the health needs of school-going
children, including those children who have
missed the opportunity to access services such
8as child immunization services during their pre-
/19/11
MUNICIPAL WARD-BASED
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AGENTS
• A team of PHC agents will be deployed in
every municipal ward
35. • At least 10 people will be deployed per ward.
• Each team will be headed by a health
professional depending on availability
• Each member of the team will be allocated a
8/19/certain number of families11
MUNICIPAL WARD-BASED
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AGENTS
36. • The teams will collectively facilitate community
involvement and participation in:
– Identifying health problems and behaviours that
place individuals at risk of disease or injury
– Vulnerable individuals and groups
– Implementing appropriate interventions from the
service package to address the behaviours or
8/19/11health problems
HEALTHCARE BENEFITS
37. • Primary health care services:
– prevention,
– promotion,
– curative,
– community outreach and community-based
services as well as school-based services
• Inpatient and outpatient hospital care
(including specialist and rehabilitation
8/19/services)11
38. HOSPITALS BENEFITS
• As part of the overhaul of the health system
and improvement of its management,
hospitals in South Africa will be re-designated
as follows:
• District hospital
• Regional hospital
• Tertiary hospital
39. • Central hospital
8/19/11
• Specialized hospital
ACCREDITATION OF PROVIDERS
• Draft Bill on Office of Health Standards
Compliance
(OHSC) will soon be tabled in Parliament
• An independent OHSC to be established with 3
units:
41. 8/19/11
PAYMENT OF PROVIDERS
• At PHC Level: Risk-adjusted per capita
payments for accredited and contracted
public and private providers
• At Hospital level: Global Fee with a
move to Case-based payment
mechanisms as an alternative to fee-
42. 8/19/11
forservice with a strong focus on cost
containment
UNIT OF CONTRACTING
• District Health Authority will be given the
responsibility of contracting with the NHI
– supported by the NHI Fund’s sub-national offices
to manage the various contracts with accredited
providers
43. 8/19/11
– monitor the performance of contracted
providers within a district
PRINCIPAL FUNDING
MECHANISMS
• Combination of sources:
– fiscus
– employers
– individuals
44. 8/19/11
• Revenue base to be as broad as possible:
– to achieve the lowest contribution rates
– generate sufficient funds to supplement the
45. Role of Co-payments
• Co-payments will be levied under
the following circumstances:
– Services rendered not in accordance with NHI
treatment protocols and guidelines
– Health care benefits not covered under the NHI
benefit package (e.g. originator drugs or expensive
spectacle frames)
46. – Non-adherence to the appropriately defined
referral
8
/19/
system11
INDICATIVE COSTS OF NHI
Year Non-AIDS
services
AIDS
services
Other
services
Direct
NHI
Costs
Total
Costs
Modelled
2012 57 17 42 8 124
2015 74 26 46 9 156
47. 2020 112 37 52 13 214
2025 149 45 54 7 255
8/19/11 * 3535
THE ROLE OF MEDICAL SCHEMES
• Medical Schemes will continue to exist side by
side NHI
• May also provide top up cover
48. • No one will be allowed to opt-out of NHI
8/19/11
PILOTING OF NHI IN 2012
• The first steps towards implementation of
National Health Insurance in 2012 will be
through piloting.
• 10 districts will be selected for piloting.
49. • NDOH conducting audits of all healthcare
facilities
• Criteria of choosing these 10 districts will be
based on the results of the audits as well as the
8
demographic profiles and key health
indicators/19/11
PREPARING FOR NHI
• CEO Assessments
50. • Designation of Hospitals
• Revenue retention
• PHC Re-engineering
• District Health Profiles
• Health Facility Audits
8•/19/Provincial Quality Plans11 3838
51. 8/19/11
PREPARING FOR NHI
• Regulations to be drafted to define levels of
hospitals and the appropriate skills
requirements to manage hospitals / public
health facilities
• Ministerial Task Team to advise on District
Specialist Teams led by Chair of Confidential
Inquiries into maternal, neonatal and under
5 deaths
52. 8/19/11
• Audit of Community Health Workers has been
3939
completed and retraining and re-skilling to be
PREPARING FOR NHI
Job Description -Population Focused
Specialists (All levels and all facilities in
catchment area)
• Quality of health care for mothers, newborns
and children
53. 8/19/11
• Equitable access
• Coordinate, monitor, supervise and support
MNCH services
4040
PREPARING FOR NHI
• In 2010 there were 150,509
registered health professionals in
South Africa.
54. 8/19/11
• From 1996 – 2008 there was a
stagnation in growth of health
professionals and a decline in key
categories such as specialist and
specialist nurses. 4141
PREPARING FOR NHI
• Filling currently listed public sector
vacancies would cost billions.
55. 8/19/11
• Staffing requirements should be based
on service plans informed by norms and
needs.
• It is evident that South Africa has a nurse
based health care system with 80% of
health professionals comprising nurses.
4242
56. PREPARING FOR NHI
• Education output of most
professions has been stagnant for
the past fifteen years.
• Faculty output of MBChB graduates
is not a full capacity for all faculties,
57. 8/19/11
and varies in quality for all
professions.
8
•
/19/
Budget11
cuts in the 1990s led43
to43
a
Data Mapping for District Health
Profiles
• Data has been collected to develop profiles of
health districts, for selection and prioritization
for piloting
58. • Following dimension have been applied:
– Demographic
– Socio-economic
– Epidemiology/ Health Status
– Service delivery
8/19/11 4444
4 Groups of indicators used
❑District management functionality self assessment.
5 Sections:
59. 8/19/11
1. Service delivery platform
2. District management team
3. Other management functions
▪ Financial management
▪ Governance and community participation
▪ Health information
1. Staffing
2. District office infrastructure
4545
60. 4 Groups of indicators used
❑10 Socio-economic indicators
1. Deprivation Index District
Health Barometer (DHB) 2007
61. 8/19/11
2. Population with private medical
insurance rate (Household
Survey 2007)
3.8/19/Unemployment rate11 4646
4 Groups of indicators used
❑10 Health Outcome (MDG proxy) indicators
1. HIV prevalence (Antenatal survey 2009)
2. TB cure rate 2008 (ETR.Net)
63. 8/19/11
4 Groups of indicators used
❑ 6 Service delivery indicators
1. Cost per PDE district hospitals 2008/09 (DHB)
2. PHC expenditure per capita 2008/09 (DHB)
3. PHC (non-hospital expenditure) per patient visit
2008/09 (DHB)
4. PHC utilisation 2010/11 (DHIS)
5. PHC utilisation under 5 years 2010/11 (DHIS) 6. PHC
supervision 2010/11 (DHIS)
64. 8/19/11
4848
PREPARING FOR NHI
Methodology (first 3 groups)
• District and provincial profiles have been
developed
• Districts were ranked from best to worst
performing for the 26 selected indicators and a
score from 1-52 given where 1 is best
performing district and 52 the worst.
65. 8/19/11
• Where districts have the same value the same
score was given resulting in the last value
is4949
PREPARING FOR NHI
69. PREPARING FOR NHI
• Audit Scope
• HST led consortium appointed to audit all
public health facilities;
– Infrastructure
– Equipment
– HR
– Finance management
75. ESTIMATED COMPLETION RATE – 2011/12
MONTH NUMBER %
August 1378 33%
September 1794 43%
October 2175 52%
November 2556 61%
December 2927 70%
January 3318 79%
February 3698 88%
March 3962 94%
April 4136 98%
May 4210 100%
76. 8/19/11
PILOTING OF NHI
• Additional districts will be determined on an
annual basis for inclusion in the roll out.
Aspects for inclusion:
– Re-engineered PHC streams
– Basic infrastructure
– Compliance with standards
77. 8/19/–
11Functionality of districts and facilities including
appropriate management
THE FIRST 5 YEARS OF NHI
• NHI will be phased-in over a period of 15
years
• Will include piloting and strengthening the
health system in the following areas:
• Management of health facilities and health districts