Special Need

1. Health Of People With
Special Needs

2. What is a disability?
 Any continuing condition that restricts
everyday activities.
 Affects capacity to communicate, interact,
learn and / or get about independently.
 Usually permanent but maybe episodic.
 A disability may be present from birth or
occur during a person's lifetime.

3. Types of disability:
Sensory
Physical
Neurological
Cognitive
psychiatric
Mix
(compination)

4. What is special needs?
 It is a term used to describe
individuals who require assistance
for disabilities that may be medical,
mental, or psychological.
 For instance, People with autism,
Down syndrome or blindness, for
example, may be considered to have
special needs.

6.  However,
special needs
can also include
cleft lips and/or
palates, or
missing limbs.
 Disabled persons
are called people
with special needs
meaning that they
need help in
leading their
normal life

7. The
disability
process:
Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap

8. Causes of Disabilities:
1. Genetic Causes
Abnormalities in genes and
genetic inheritance can cause
intellectual disability in children.
Down syndrome is the most
common genetic condition.

9. 2. Pre Natal Causes:
Teratogens: agents causing a defect in a
developing embryo or fetus , which include
 Infections
 Radiation
 Maternal nutrition
 Maternal stress
 Low birth weight
 Chromosomal disorders
 Developmental disorders of brain
formation
 Environmental influences

10. 3. Peri Natal Causes:
 Anoxia and asphyxia
 Prematurity- prior to 37 weeks
 Low birth weight –under 5 ½ pounds
 Haemorrhages
 Metabolic problems
 Seizures
 Birth problems ( Multiple births,
Abnormal presentation, prolapsed
umbilical cord)
 Respiratory distress syndrome :lack of
surfactant (coats the alveoli)Can result in
collapsed alveoli
 Jaundice

11. 4. Postnatal causes
 Quality of attachment
 Illnesses/ Medicines
 Encephalitis
 Meningitis
 Poisoning
 Malnutrition
 Injuries

12. 5. Psychosocial factors:-
 Social correlates
 *Nutrition * Poverty * Family
size
 Low maternal intelligence/ Low maternal
educational level
 Psychological correlates
 Child rearing practices
 Abuse and neglect Head
injuries

13. Disability prevention
Preventive measures aimed at:
 Reducing the occurrence of
impairments (first level prevention)
 Limiting or reversing disability caused
by impairment (second-level
prevention)
 Preventing the transition of disability
into handicap (third level prevention)

14. Primary
prevention.
• Examples
include:
• Immunization
against
infectious
diseases.
• Treatment of
streptococcal
infection to
prevent
rheumatic fever
and its
complications
on heart.
Secondary
prevention
• Examples
include:
• regular exams
and screening
tests to detect
disease in its
earliest stages
(e.g.
mammograms
to detect
breast cancer)
• daily, low-dose
aspirins and/or
diet and
exercise
programs to
prevent further
heart attacks
or strokes
• Suitably
modified work
so injured or ill
workers can
return safely to
their jobs.
Tertiary
prevention
• Examples
include:
• Cardiac or
stroke
rehabilitation
programs,
chronic disease
management
programs (e.g.
for diabetes,
arthritis,
depression,
etc.)
• support groups
that allow
members to
share strategies
for living well
• Vocational
rehabilitation
programs to
retrain workers
for new jobs
when they have
recovered as
much as
possible.

15. Example of measures for disability
prevention
1-interventions acting upon the individual
directly – therapies, counseling
prosthetics, medical care, training, etc.;

16.  2-interventions acting upon the
individual's immediate surrounding's
– family and community (this includes
changing of employers attitudes and
behavior of the public towards the
disabled person.

17. 3-interventions with the broad aim of
reducing risks occurring in a society
as a whole
4-Disability prevention is not limited to
health sector interventions it also
includes all types of social, vocational,
educational, and other interventions are
combined.