This document discusses electrical risk management and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian standards as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. It then discusses area classification, dividing hazardous areas into zones based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas atmospheres. The document provides examples of typical areas classified as Zones 0, 1, and 2. It also compares area classification systems between standards in different regions. The document emphasizes that area classification is an important tool for risk assessment and selection of appropriate electrical equipment for use in hazardous areas.
This document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and the selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian petroleum rules and standards. It then discusses area classification, explaining the need to classify areas into zones based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas atmospheres. The document outlines the typical areas classified as Zones 0, 1, and 2. It also compares Indian area classification standards to those of North America and Japan. Finally, it provides guidance on performing hazardous area classification, emphasizing the importance of an experienced engineer's judgment in visualizing leak scenarios.
This document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and the selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian standards as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. It then discusses area classification, which involves analyzing environments where explosive atmospheres may occur and classifying them into zones based on the likelihood and duration of explosive atmospheres. The purpose of area classification is to allow for the safe selection of electrical equipment to be installed in different zones. The document provides examples of typical areas classified as Zones 0, 1, and 2 and discusses factors to consider in hazardous area classification like gas density, air currents, and leak scenarios.
This document discusses hazardous area classification and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to Indian standards and discusses the classification of areas into zones based on the frequency and duration of explosive gas atmospheres. The document summarizes guidelines for classifying areas, including considering gas density, air currents, and leak scenarios. An experienced process engineer's judgement in visualizing leak scenarios and classifying hazardous areas is identified as the most crucial factor. The document proposes extending the area classification procedure to additionally assess ignition sources and apply a risk assessment matrix to potentially reduce zone areas and relax zone designations.
This document discusses electrical risk management and selection of electrical equipment for hazardous industries and flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian petroleum rules and standards as areas where flammable gases, vapors or liquids may be present. It then discusses area classification which involves analyzing environments where explosive atmospheres may occur and classifying them into zones based on the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere. This allows for the proper selection of electrical equipment to be installed.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely occasionally, and Zone 2 risks are unlikely.
- Area classification is important to properly select electrical equipment certified for the zone, reducing risks of explosion from ignition sources.
The document discusses electrical safety equipment requirements for hazardous areas. It covers classification rules for hazardous areas including classes, divisions, and groups. It emphasizes the importance of proper area classification and selecting approved equipment to prevent fires and explosions from electrical hazards. The document provides examples of equipment approval labels and describes equipment types approved for different hazardous area classifications.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
This document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and the selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian petroleum rules and standards. It then discusses area classification, explaining the need to classify areas into zones based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas atmospheres. The document outlines the typical areas classified as Zones 0, 1, and 2. It also compares Indian area classification standards to those of North America and Japan. Finally, it provides guidance on performing hazardous area classification, emphasizing the importance of an experienced engineer's judgment in visualizing leak scenarios.
This document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and the selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian standards as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. It then discusses area classification, which involves analyzing environments where explosive atmospheres may occur and classifying them into zones based on the likelihood and duration of explosive atmospheres. The purpose of area classification is to allow for the safe selection of electrical equipment to be installed in different zones. The document provides examples of typical areas classified as Zones 0, 1, and 2 and discusses factors to consider in hazardous area classification like gas density, air currents, and leak scenarios.
This document discusses hazardous area classification and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to Indian standards and discusses the classification of areas into zones based on the frequency and duration of explosive gas atmospheres. The document summarizes guidelines for classifying areas, including considering gas density, air currents, and leak scenarios. An experienced process engineer's judgement in visualizing leak scenarios and classifying hazardous areas is identified as the most crucial factor. The document proposes extending the area classification procedure to additionally assess ignition sources and apply a risk assessment matrix to potentially reduce zone areas and relax zone designations.
This document discusses electrical risk management and selection of electrical equipment for hazardous industries and flammable atmospheres. It begins by defining hazardous areas according to Indian petroleum rules and standards as areas where flammable gases, vapors or liquids may be present. It then discusses area classification which involves analyzing environments where explosive atmospheres may occur and classifying them into zones based on the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere. This allows for the proper selection of electrical equipment to be installed.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely occasionally, and Zone 2 risks are unlikely.
- Area classification is important to properly select electrical equipment certified for the zone, reducing risks of explosion from ignition sources.
The document discusses electrical safety equipment requirements for hazardous areas. It covers classification rules for hazardous areas including classes, divisions, and groups. It emphasizes the importance of proper area classification and selecting approved equipment to prevent fires and explosions from electrical hazards. The document provides examples of equipment approval labels and describes equipment types approved for different hazardous area classifications.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
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3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
1. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
ELECTRICAL RISK MANAGEMENT
IN
HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES
&
SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
FOR FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES
P.G. Sreejith
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
Kerala, INDIA
pillai_sreejith@hotmail.com
2. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Hydrocarbon Risks
• OISD Accident compilation (1996-1999):
–Out of the total 71 accidents (5 lakh property loss/fatality/loss of
500MH/led to plant SD ), 66% were fire accidents
–47% accidents happened during operational jobs
–Causes of accidents:
- 71% human error
- 11% Failure of plant
- 18% Presence of ignition source
Is the above ‘accident cause’ grouping correct?
3. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Hazardous Areas-Definitions
• Petroleum Rules, 1976
• An area shall be deemed to be a hazardous area, where:
– petroleum having FP below 65 deg C or any inflammable gas or
vapour in concentration capable of ignition is likely to be present
–petroleum or any inflammable liquid having FP above is likely to be
refined, blended or stored at or above its FP
• IS 5572
–Hazardous area is an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is
present, or likely to be present, in quantities such as to require special
precautions for the construction, installation and use of electrical
apparatus.
4. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
COAL MININING SAFETY & CRUDE WAYS OF DETECTING
METHANE GAS!!
• In the 1700's, certain gases or the lack of oxygen were detected with
various hit and miss types of detection. The candles on miners caps, or
if carried by the miner, would either go out from the lack of oxygen or the
flame would get larger with a different coloring of the flame if certain
gases were in the area.
• Of course, in some instances these open flames caused fires or
explosions. By 1815, the Davy's Safety Lamp came into use in the
mines. This certainly changed the way for miners to check for certain
gases.
• They took these canaries in small cages with them down the coal mines
where they worked. The canaries were the miners alarm signal to
show them when the coal-gas levels got too high. The canary stopped
singing and was most likely to be laid feet up on the bottom of the cage,
poisoned by the mine gas.
5. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Why Area Classification?
• HAC is a method of analyzing and classifying the environment where
explosive gas atmospheres may occur to allow the proper selection of
electrical apparatus to be installed in that environment.
• Ignition sources not considered
–ESD
–Sparks
–Lightning
–Flames/Fires
–Hot surfaces
• IS 5572
–HAs are classified in zones based on the frequency of the appearance
and the duration of an explosive gas atmosphere.
6. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Why Zoning?
• Leak Potential & Presence of Ignition Sources
• Hazardous properties of hydrocarbons
• Safe selection (& optimization) of Electrical Equipment
7. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
AREA CLASSIFICATION
• How many Zones as per Indian standards?
• European & American classifications (Zones and Divisions)
• Why not ‘blanket’ zoning?
• Is the 4th Zone really a ‘safe’ zone?
• Who should do HAC-Electrical or Process Engineer?
8. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HAC as per IS 5572 is not applicable for:
• Mining applications
• Explosive manufacturing
• Areas where ignitable dusts & fibers are present
• Catastrophic failures
• Ignition sources other than electrical apparatus
9. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Zone 0 -Typical areas
(Continous grade)
• Vapour space above:
– closed process vessels,
–storage tanks
–closed containers,
–areas containing open tanks of volatile, flammable liquid
10. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
How to identify Zone 1 areas (IS 5572) ?
(Primary grade)
• Flammable gas or vapour concentration is likely to exist in the air under
normal operating conditions
• Flammable atmospheric concentration is likely to occur frequently because
of maintenance, repairs or leakage
• Flammable liquid or vapour piping system (containing valves, meters, or
screwed or flanged fittings) is in an inadequately ventilated area
• The area below the surrounding elevation or grade is such that flamamble
liquids or vapours may accumulate therein
11. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Zone 1 -Typical areas
• Imperfectly fitting peripheral seals on floating roof tanks
• Inadequately ventilated pump rooms for flammable gas or for volatile,
flammable liquids
• Oily waste water sewer / basins
• Loading / unloading gantries of hazardous products
12. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Typical Zone 2 areas (IS 5572) ?
(Secondary grade)
• The system handling flammable liquid or vapour is in an adequately ventilated
area and is so designed and operated that the explosive or ignitable liquids,
Vapours or gases will normally be confined within closed containers or closed
systems from which they can escape only during abnormal conditions such as
accidental release of a gasket or packing
• The flammable vapours can be conducted to the location as through trenches,
pipes or ducts
• Locations adjacent to Zone 1 areas
• Pressurized rooms where flammable gas / vapour can enter in the case of
failure of positive mechanical ventilation
13. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Safe Areas -Typical areas
The following locations are considered safe from the point of view of
electrical installation:
• Areas where the piping system is without valves, fittings, flanges or
similar appurtenances
• Areas where flammable liquids or vapours are transported only in suitable
containers or vessels
• Areas where permanent ignition sources area present like area where
combustion gases are present, for example flare pits, tips, other open
flames 7 hot surfaces
• DG shed room / shed having adequate ventillation
• GT installation meeting the ventilation (12 ACPH) , pressurization (0.5
mbar )and flange (not more than one pair of flanges inside the turbine
room) requirements
14. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HAC- Comparison
• North America (NFPA / API/ NFPA 70E or NEC)
–Hazardous Areas:
- Division I- Z0 + Z1
- Division II- Z2
–Hazardous Locations
- Class I-Flammable Gases / Vapour
- Class II- Combustible dust
- Class III- Combustible fibres or flyings
–Gas / vapour grouping
- A, B, C, D, E, F & G
• Japan
–Hazardous Areas
- Classes 1, 2 & 3
–Gas / vapour groups
- G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 & G6
15. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
A FEW RELEVANT DEFENITIONS
• Flash Point - A, B, C
• Ignition Temperature
• Explosive Limits (based on MIE)
–LEL
–UEL
16. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION-Guidelines
Factors to be considered (IS 5572)
• Vapour / Gas Density
• Effect of Air Current
• Identification of leak scenarios
17. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• In the absence of walls, enclosures, etc. & air currents, vapour/gas
dispersion will depend on density & velocity. Denser gas/vapour will
disperse downward and outward, lighter gases upward & outward.HA for
a single leak source would be a circle.
• Vapours / gas released(high density releases) at or near ground level, will
be found below ground, thus altering the shape of HA.
18. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
EFFECT OF AIR CURRENT
• Winds alter the shapes of hazardous areas
• A mild breeze may extend the HA and a strong wind could dilute the
flammable concentration,making it non-hazardous
• But what are logically to be considered are the most unfavourable
conditions
19. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HEAVIER-THAN-AIR GASES & VAPOURS
• Open -Air Situations (freely ventilated Process Areas)
–Figures 1 ,2)
–Figures 3 & 4
–In case of petroleum pipelines (where well-maintained valves, fittings,
and meters and in well-ventilated areas or in a pit), Zone 2 A/G shall
be 4m in all directions, from the potential leak source. Pit will be
considered as Zone 1.
–Zone 1
(unless
separated by
a fire wall)
Zones 1 or 2
20. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR GASES & VAPOURS
–Vapour density of 0.75 is considered as the boundary between lighter
and heavier gases / vapours as a safety measure
HA of a leak source located in air
Source of
hazard
R 4.5 m
8.0 m
4.5 m
Zone 2
H<4.5m
21. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
How to classify areas?
• Mark in elevation and plan drawings
• Separate identification (hatching) for various zones
–Zone 0
–Zone 1
–Zone 2
• Frequency of HAC?
22. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
An experienced process engineer’s judgement
in visualizing leak scenarios and classifying
hazardous areas is the most CRUCIAL factor
in the HAC exercise
23. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
API RP 500- HAC Guidelines
• Adequacy of ventilation
• Accident record of the plant / business group / industry
sector/maintenance standard adopted in the plant
• Sound judgement & Experience of the engineer who carries out HAC
24. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
A LOGICAL APPROACH
• Perceived Limitations on the present HAC approach:
–Ignition sources not considered
–Reduction of zone areas & relaxation of zone designations not
considered
–Blinkers -On Approach , High cost, blanket zoning, narrow & easy
approach
or in short, the full potential of HAC is not utilized at present
25. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
• EXTENDING HAC PROCEDURE
–Additional steps
- After applying the present HAC procedure, assess all ignition
sources
- Assess the grade of release using HAC-based risk assessment
matrix
- Assessing the ventilation & evaporation aspects of the chemicals
considered
–Applying the new HAC procedure
26. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HAC-based Risk Assessment Matrix
Grade of Release Continous Frequent Infrequent Very Infrequent
Continous Unacceptable Unacceptable
unless low
consequences
Acceptable
(e.g. Ex i
apparatus)
Primary Unacceptable Unacceptable Risk Assessment
required-look at
consequences
Acceptable (e.g.
Ex d apparatus )
Secondary Risk Assessment
required-look at
consequences but
probably
unacceptable
Risk Assessment
required-look at
consequences but
Acceptable
(E.g. Ex n
apparatus)
Acceptable
Non-Hazardous Acceptable but
examine
catastrophic
releases
Acceptable but
examine
catastrophic
releases
Acceptable Acceptable
Grade of Ignition
27. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT
CONCLUSION
• A logical extension of the present HAC methodology & not a radical
approach
• New European legislation, ATEX 118a Directive will be on similar lines
• The new focussed & practical HAC approach will make HAC exercise
more cost-effective
• A SAFE APPROACH?
28. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
COMPARISON OF ZONES & DIVISIONS
Classified
area
Z0
D1
Z1
Z2
D2
Time that haz. gases are
present in ignitable
Estimated %
(Divisions)
Estimated % (Z)
Continuously
Normally present
Occasionally in
normal operations
Not normally present
<5%
>95%
<2%
>60%
<40%
31. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
HAC-RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
• API RP 500- Area Classification of Petroleum Installations
• IEC 79-10 :1995 -Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres,
part 10 Classification of hazardous areas
• IP Part 15, 1990- Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations
• BS EN 60079-10, : 1996 -Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmospheres, part 10 Classification of hazardous areas
• BS 5345, 1983-Selection, installation and maintenance of electrical
apparatus for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining
applications or explosive manufacturing), part 2, Recommendations for
particular industrial situations
32. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
USEFUL REFERENCE BOOKS ON HAC
• Classification of Hazardous Locations,I.Chem. E. Cox, A.W., Lees, F.P.
and Ang, M.L, 1990
• IP Model Code of Safe Practice, 1990, Part 15, Area Classification Code
for Petroleum Installations
• NFPA 69, 1992, Explosion Prevention Systems
• ICI/RoSPA, 1972, ICI Electrical Installations Code
• NFPA 325M, Properties of Flammable Liquids, gases and solids
• Electrical Safety in Hazardous Locations, William Calder & Ernest C.
Magison
34. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• How to select equipment for various zones?
• Selection Criteria
–Gas Grouping (based on ignition energy)
–Temperature Classification
–Classified Zones
36. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
GAS GROUP CLASSIFICATION (based on MESG & MIE)
• Gas group I
–Methane
• Gas group II A
–Ammonia, CO, Propane, Butane, Benzene, Acetone, Methanol
• Gas group II B
–Butadiene, Ethylene, Ethylene Oxide, Diethyl Ether
• Gas group II C
–Hydrogen
Which is the most hazardous group ?
37. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-VARIOUS
GASES/VAPOURS (IS 13408 Part I)
Flammable limit
S No Name of the
chemical
Minimum
Ignition
Current
(MIC) mA
Flash point
Deg. Cen.
Iignition
temperatur
e
(Deg C)
LEL UEL
1 Methane I,
T1
85 - 595 5% 15%
2 Ammonia
II A T1
- - 630 105 mg/l 200 mg/l
3 Ethylene
II B T2
45 - 425 2.7% 34%
4 Propane
II A T1
70 - 470 2% 9.5%
5 Acetylene
II C T2
24 - 305 1.5 % 100%
38. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-
VARIOUS GASES/VAPOURS
Gas Representative Gas Ignition Energy
Group (mj)
I Methane 280
II A Propane 260
IIB Ethylene 95
IIC Hydrogen 18
40. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR ZONE O
No electrical equipment should be allowed. When this is not
practicable, Ex ‘ i ‘ (ia or ib) apparatus or circuits to be used
• No transformers, motors, lights, switch gear or control gear
41. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR ZONE 1
Motors- Ex d, Ex p
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d
Switch Gear & Control Gear - Ex d
Communication/ Telephone equipment/Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps- Ex i
*Ex o, Ex q type equipment are also allowed for use as per IS 5571
42. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR ZONE 2
Motors- Ex d, Ex p, Ex n, Ex e,
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d, Ex p (auxiliary devices to be
located in pressurized room/hermetically sealed / intrinsically safe)
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d, Ex e, Ex n
Switch Gear & Control Gear - Ex d, Ex o, Ex
Communication/ Telephone equipment/Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps- Ex i
* Minimum IP 55 (for UN-insulated parts) and IP 44 (for insulated parts)
if Ex e protection is used for outdoor applications
45. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
OTHER TYPES OF EXPLOSION PROTECTION- Not so popular types
• Powder filled Ex ‘q’ type
• Oil immersed Ex ‘o’ type
• Special Ex ‘s’ type
46. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
EX ‘d’ Type FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT
Definition as per IS 2148:
US- Explosion-Proof, UK- Flame-Proof, GERMANY - Pressure-Proof
A type of protection in which the parts can ignite an
explosive atmosphere are to be placed in an
enclosure, which can withstand the pressure
developed during internal explosion of an explosive
mixture, and which prevents the transmission of the
explosion to the explosive atmosphere surrounding
the enclosure
FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT- A MISNOMER?
47. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
FLAMPROOF (EXPLOSION-PROOF) PROTECTION (Ex ‘d’)
Assumptions based in IS 2148 are:
•Flammable gases / vapours, if present in atmosphere will enter the enclosure
•The apparatus will be selected, installed, operated and maintained within the
acceptable ratings. The maintenance and use of FLP equipment shall be so
that its safety will not be impaired, is the responsibility of the user
•The electric circuit of the FLP equipment will have all required protection
devices
•Sparking which will ignite a flammable gas or vapour, may occur at any part of
the equipment contained in the enclosure in normal operation due to an
internal fault due to insulation failure, etc.
49. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
FLAMPROOF (EXPLOSION-PROOF) PROTECTION (Ex ‘d’)
• Maximum gaps and flame path for gas groups depends on ignition energies of
the gas / vapour and the volume of the enclosure
• For example, for IIB gas group, for 100 Cubic cm volume, for flanged joints:
–Flame Path - 6 mm
–Maximum Gap - 0.3 mm
• For II C Hydrogen, 100 cubic cm volume, for flanged joints:
–Flame path - 9.5 mm
–Maximum Gap - 0.1 mm
50. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT- CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• USE OF APPROVED MATERIAL WITHOUT THE USE OF INCENDIVE FRICTIONAL
SPARKING
• EQUIPMENT SHOULD WITHSTAND ROUGH USAGE
• EQUIPMENT SHALL BE ADEQUATELY STRONG TO WITHSTAND ALL REQUIRED TESTS
• THE EFFECTIVE THREADED METAL TO METAL JOINTS SHALL HAVE A MINIMUM OF 5
FULL UNINTERRUPTED ENGAGED THREADS & A MINIMUM EFFECTIVE
UNINTERRUPTED DIRECT AXIAL LENGTH OF THREADED ENGAGEMENT OF 9 mm
• THERE SHALL BE NO INTENTIONAL GAP BETWEEN JOINT SURFACES
• NO PACKING MATERIAL SHALL BE USED BETWEEN OPPOSED SURFACES TO FORM
A FLAMEPROOF JOINT
• IF COMPRESSIBLE PACKING MATERIAL OR A GASKET IS NECESSARY TO SEAL A
JOINT (eg. IP) THE PACKING SHALL BE APPLIED AS A SUPPLMENT TO, BUT SHALL
NOT BE INCLUDED IN THE FLAMEPROOF JOINT
• ANY DISPLACEMENT, DAMAGE, INTEGRATION OR OMISSION OF THE PACKING
SHALL NOT RESULT IN THE FLAMPROOF NATURE OF THE JOINT BEING ADVERSELY
52. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT & CIRCUITS (Ex ‘i’ )
Definition as per IS 5780
A type of protection which a circuit or part of the
circuit is intrinsically safe when any spark or
thermal effect produced normally is incapable,
under prescribed test conditions, of causing
ignition of prescribed gas or vapour
53. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT & CIRCUITS (Ex ‘i’ )
(insert a small photo)
• Only electrical protective measure (protection technology by way of
power limitation), the other protective techniques use mechanical means
to prevent ignition from electrical faults (max. 30 volts or 50 mA)
• Ex ‘i’ apparatus is the one which has all the circuits within intrinsically
safe
• Ex ‘i’ circuit is the one which has intrinsically safe barriers with Zenner
diodes for power limitation
• Minimum IP 20 ingress protection
54. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT- Category- Ex ib
Ex ib equipment shall be incapable of causing ignition in normal operation,
with a single fault and with the following safety factors:
–1.5 in normal operation and with one fault
–1.0 with one fault, if the equipment contains no unprotected switch
contacts in parts likely to be exposed to a potentially explosive
atmosphere and the fault is self-revealing
EX i typical marking: EEx ia IIC T5
56. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘e’)
Definition as per IS 6381
A type of protection by which measures are applied so
as to prevent with a minor degree of security, the
possibility of excessive temperature and the
occurrence of arcs or sparks in the interior and the
external parts of electrical apparatus which does not
produce them in normal service
57. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘e’)
Stringiest construction methods to ensure that no sparks, excessive
temperature are produced
•Careful terminal design
•Use of good quality insulation material
•Use of special materials to protect the enclosure against impact, ingress
of dust & moisture
•Can be used for I, II A, B, C gas groups
•Permitted for us in T1, T2, T3 classes only
•Terminal with minimum IP 54 ingress protection
EX d typical marking: EEx e IIA T3
58. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
PRESSURIZATION TYPE (Ex ‘p’ )
Definition as per IS 7389
A type of protection by which the entry of
surrounding atmosphere into the enclosure of the
electrical apparatus is prevented by maintaining
inside the said enclosure, a protective gas at a
higher than that of the surrounding atmosphere
59. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
PRESSURIZATION TYPE (Ex ‘p’ )
TYPES
• Dynamic Pressurization (DP) or pressurization by continuos circulation
of protective gas (purging)
–DP is a method of maintaining pressure in an enclosure in which after
purging the protective gas is passed continously through the enclosure
at a pressure above that of the specified minimum and discharged to
the outside atmosphere
–Static Pressurization or pressurization with leakage compensation
- Air supplied & pressurized continously from a non-hazardous area to
avoid ingress of flammable gases / vapour inside the enclosure
60. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
PRESSURIZATION TYPE (Ex ‘p’ )
Pressurized Equipment
• Ingress protection minimum IP 4X
• Over pressure 1.5 times or 0.2 kPa
• Material of construction should be flame retardant, self- extinguishing and
should not be affected by protective gas
61. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
PRESSURIZATION TYPE (Ex ‘p’ )
Pressurized Equipment / Panels
• A minimum overpressure of 0.2 kPa (2mbar) with reference to external
atmospheric pressure
• Air intake from a safe area
• Exhaust duct outlet to be located in safe area
• Zone 1- can be used if there is no spark in normal service
• Zone 1 or 2 -if ejection of spark is prevented by effective device and rapid
suction of external atmosphere is prevented
62. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Minimum actions of Failure of Protective Gas for Ex ‘p’
Area Enclosure does
not contain
Ignition-capable
apparatus
Enclosure
contains I-C
Apparatus
Zone 2 No Action
required
Alarm
Zone 1 Alarm Alarm with trip
63. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
NON-SPARKING TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘n’ )
–Definition as per IS 8289
A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus
such that , in normal operation it is not capable of
igniting a surrounding atmosphere and a fault
capable of causing ignition is not likely to occur
EX n typical marking: EEx n II T5
64. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
NON-SPARKING TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘n’ )
• Equipment construction in such a way that in normal operation, it is
incapable of igniting a surrounding explosive atmosphere and a fault
incapable of causing ignition
• Hermetically sealed type
• Restricted breathing type
• Careful design of terminals
- SUBSTANTIAL COST SAVING
• Applications
–Tools
–Equipment
65. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
POWDER FILLED TYPE EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘q’)
• Equipment enclosure filled with quartz /sand so that in normal operating
condition, any arc occurring within the enclosure of electrical equipment will not
ignite the surrounding atmosphere
• No ignition shall be caused either by flame or by excessive temperature of the
surfaces of the enclosure
• Enclosure constructional features:
•High mechanical strength
•Ingress protection
•Powder filled
•Insulation of enclosed equipment
66. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
OIL IMMERSED TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘o’)
• Protection technique in which the equipment or its parts are immersed in
oil in such a way that an explosive atmosphere which, may be above the
oil or outside the enclosure cannot be ignited.
• Oil used shall be mineral oil confirming to relevant standards
• Constructional features:
– Fully enclosed, leak-proof enclosure
–Oil level indicator
• Transformers, Switch gears, Control gears
67. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
SPECIAL TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘s’)
• This is a concept that has been adopted to permit the certification of
those types of equipment which by their nature, do not comply with the
constructional or other requirements specified for equipment with
established types of protection but which, nevertheless, can be shown,
wherever necessary, by test to be suitable for use in hazardous areas in
prescribed zones
• This concept permits flexibility on the part of certifying and assessment
authorities in their approach to applications for certification of equipment
the use of which would otherwise not permitted in hazardous areas on
account of non-compliance with the requirements of standards for
established types of protection. This allows flexibility of approach to
innovative ideas and new designs, the development of which otherwise
be obstructed.
• Examples:
–Factory sealed hand lamps, Encapsulation (Ex ‘m’ type), Gas detection
apparatus
69. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Insert a IP photo with gasket
IP XY
Degree of Protection of persons
against contact with or
moving parts inside the
enclosure & Protection Of
Equipment against Solid
ingress
Ingress of Liquid
70. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
IP Types and Protection Details
FIRST NUMERAL
0 No protection
1 Objects greater than 50 mm
2 Objects greater than 12 mm
3 Objects greater than 2.5 mm
4 Objects greater than 1.0 mm
5 Dust - protected
6 Dust tight
SECOND NUMERAL
0 No protection
1 Vertically dripping
2 Angular dripping
3 Sprayed water
4 Splashed water
5 Water jets
6 Heavy seas
7 Effects of immersion
8 Indefinite immersion
71. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Indian Standards for Various Protection Techniques
• IS 5571Guide For Selection Of Electrical Equipment For Hazardous Areas
• IS 5572 –Part I Classification of Hazardous Areas for Electrical Installations
• IS 13408 Part I, II, III Code of Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical
Apparatus for Use in Explosive Atmospheres
• IS 8239 Classification of Maximum Surface Temperature of Electrical Equipment for Use
In Explosive Atmospheres
• IS 6381Construction and testing of Electrical Apparatus with type of protection ‘e’
• IS 2148Flameproof Enclosures of Electrical Apparatus
72. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Indian Standards for Various Protection Techniques
• IS 13346General Requirements for Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
• IS 5780 Specification For Intrinsically Safe Electrical Apparatus and Circuits
• IS 8240 Guide for Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres
• IS 2147 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures For Low Voltage Switch Gear & Control Gear
• IS 4691 Degrees of Protection Provided by Enclosures For Rotating Electrical Machinery
• IS 8241 Methods of Marking for Identifying Electrical equipment for Explosive Atmospheres
• IS 8224 Specification for Electric Lighting fitting for Explosive Atmospheres
• IS 8289 Electrical Equipment with Type of Protection ‘n’
• IS 7389 Specification for Pressurized Enclosures
• IS 2206 (PART I,III) Specification for Flame proof Electric Light Fixtures
74. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS (IS 5571)
• Adequate precautions to avoid ESD & Lightning to be implemented
• Use of light alloy (Mg, Al, Ti, ) material to be assessed critically in HAs
due to its incendive properties
• Where reasonably practical, electrical apparatus generally and switch &
control apparatus should be installed outside the Hazardous Areas
• Electrical apparatus may be installed in open air in a non-hazardous area
75. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Equipment designed for higher gas groups can be used for less
hazardous gas groups ( for e.g., Equipment certified for II C can be used
for II A, B or I)
• Portable hand-lamps, communication equipment and other test
equipment shall be Ex i type
• All equipment shall be installed so as to avoid mechanical damage
• Earthing shall be carried out as per IS 3043
• Bonding of all pipeline flanges should be carried out so as to avoid
Electro-static discharges
• Internal earthing to be provided for all FLP equipment in addition to
external earthing
76. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS
• All circuits and apparatus in Hazardous Areas should be provided with
means to ensure quick disconnection in the event of any fault (O/C, S/C
or E/F)
• Protection & Control apparatus shall be normally located in non-HAs but
if unavoidable, they may be of the right protection type
• All electrical apparatus (for every apparatus or sub-groups) should be
provided with an effective means of isolation, including neutral
• Metal conduits, armoured cables
• Correct terminations using proper sized cable glands (double-
compression, FLP type)
• Unused cable openings of all electrical apparatus shall be closed with
plugs suitable for the type of protection
77. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Copper or Aluminium (above 16 sq. mm only) conductors can be used
• FLP plugs & sockets should have preferably PUSH-IN, TWIST-ON type to
avoid ignition while insertion or removal
• Adequacy of IP equipment
• Test equipment
–Insulation Resistance megger shall be Ex i type
–Earth Megger shall be Ex i type
–Hotspot Detection equipment
78. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• FLP Equipment
–All bolts in place
–All openings closed
–No site modification / alteration
– Internal & external earthing
–Double-Compression, FLP cable glands
–No physical damage
–No damage to Flame path
–All threaded connections-minimum 5/ 6 threads engagement
–Flange faces to be smooth & original (to be careful while opening stuck
covers)
79. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Light alloy paint even for the purpose of maintenance must not be applied
on any external surface of the equipment to prevent inscendve frictional
sparking
• Equipment shall not be tampered to open covers, etc.
• No components shall be added or removed or even replaced. This has to
be done after getting re-certified by the OEM
• A scheme of regular inspection & maintenance of the items should be
made on the basis of guidelines / standards. Any equipment which is
originally flameproof may loose its integrity if not maintained properly
• The equipment should be de-energized before attempting any repair
80. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Drawings /Records
–Updated SLD
–Updated HAC drawing
–Drawing with various equipment installed in various identified zones
–Certification / re-certification records
–IR / ER records
• Sufficient Spare stock of critical equipment (various Ex types)
• Solid obstruction(steel structures, walls, other electrical equipment)
effects (close to equipment flanges)
– IIC - 40 mm clearance
–IIB - 30 mm
–II A - 10 mm
–I - no clearance envisaged
81. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Integrity of IP equipment
–Use of gasket is permitted if certified as part of the equipment
–No sealing of flange faces (this could affect the ability of the enclosure
to withstand the maximum explosion pressure)
–Application of non-setting grease or anti-corrosive agent is permissible
–Non-hardening tape can be used in II A gas groups, II B tape is to be
avoided and no use of tape in II C gas groups
• Insulation integrity to be periodically tested and maintained
• Maintenance personnel
–Inspection, Maintenance, testing, replacement and repair in HAs shall
be carried out by trained personnel only
–Refresher training for them is essential
82. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Periodic examination of flange gaps and flange faces for any effects of
corrosion / damage, etc.
• Maintenance Tests (at an interval not exceeding 3 years)
– IR measurements
–Earth electrode resistance measurements
–Earth loop resistance measurements
–Operation & Setting of Protection devices
83. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS Ex Types (except
Ex d)
• Ex i - No addition / alteration of circuit components / power limitation barriers,
etc.
• Check Ex p equipment / panels / rooms for low pressure interlock operations,
periodic review of air in take stack location
• Terminations in Ex e, n types equipment
• Use of non-sparking tools
“ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN HAZARDOUS ARAES ARE
SPECIAL AND THEY NEEDS TO BE TREATED SPECIAL”
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P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Approval / Testing Agencies
• CMRI (Central Mining Research Instituite), Dhanbad, BIHAR
• CCoE (Chief Controller of Explosives), Nagpur
• BIS (Bureau Of Indian Standards)
• DGMS (Director General Mine Safety), Dhanbad, BIHAR
• DGFASLI (Director General of Factory Advice Service and Labour
Instituites), Mumbai
86. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Statutory Regulations For Plants Utilizing Hydrocarbons
• Petroleum Act, 1884
–Petroleum Rules, 1976
• Explosive Act, 1934
–Explosive Rules, 1983
–Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981
–Static & Mobile pressure Vessel (Unfired) Rules, 1981
CCoE, Department of Explosives is entrusted with the responsibility of
administration of the above statutory rules in India
87. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Statutory Regulations For Plants Utilizing Hydrocarbons
• Petroleum Rules, 1976 (Chapter IV)
• Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels (U) Rules, 1981 ( Rule 31)
• Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981 (Rule 21)
88. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
EXTRACTS FROM PETROLEUM ACT, 1934
• Hazardous Area- Definition
–An are shall be deemed to be an hazardous area, where:
–i) petroleum having FP below 65 deg. C or any other flammable gas or
vapour in concentration capable of ignition is likely to be present
–ii) petroleum or any inflammable liquid having FP above 65 deg
centigrade is likely to be refined, blended, handled or stored at or
above its FP
89. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
EXTRACTS FROM PETROLEUM ACT, 1934
• HAC- Zones 0, 1, 2
• Earth resistance values:
–4 ohm for electrical systems
–10 ohms for non-current carrying metallic parts
–all joints in pipelines, valves, etc. shall be bonded and the earth
resistance between each joint shall be 1 ohm
• Hazardous Areas as per 4th Schedule:
–-In-line with IS 5571
• Tables 1 & 2 (as per Form XIII)
–Inter-Distances between tanks (with Classes A, B, C products)
–Distance between tanks and tankers, offices, motors
90. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
CMRI, Dhanbad -Approval Agency for Electrical Equipment for Use In
Hazardous Areas
• Equipment testing and approvals (for all gas groups- I, II A, IIB, IIC)
• Testing and approval required for modified equipment
91. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Equipment Approval Procedure
Tests by CMRI
Approval by CMRI
ISI Certification (Tests by
CMRI) as per applicable
Indian Standards
Approvals by:
• DGFASLI
• CCoE
Drawing and prototype
submittal to CMRI
93. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Focus Areas
• Original HAC drawings (IS 5572)
• Plant additions / alterations
• Installation of electrical equipment in hazardous areas (IS 5571)
• Valid applicable statutory approvals (CCoE)
• Maintenance of Electrical Equipment
–FLP
–Pressurized equipment
–Earthing (internal & external)
94. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
European ATEX Directive
• Advantages include CLEAR Zone marking, stringent quality
requirements, very user-friendly
• Products will have to be re-certified as per the new harmonized ATEX
standards
• CAT 3 (Zone 2) products will not require approval from a notified body
(could be self-certified, if in-house test facilities are available)
• Use Directive ATEX137 ‘Protection of workers at Risk from Potentially
Explosive Atmospheres’
–Another directive for user industries
–Will be mandatory under EU laws in 2003
–Requirements
- Documented evidence of analysis, HAC, inspections carried out
- Use of ATEX certified (E & M) equipment & safety systems
95. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
Auditing Checklists
• OISD 145 (Section 9)
• IS 5571
• IS 5572
• IS 13408 Part I, II, III (Code of practice for selection, installation &
maintenance of Electrical equipment in potentially Explosive
atmospheres)
96. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
• Periodic examination of flange gaps and flange faces for any effects of
corrosion / damage, etc.
• Maintenance Tests (at an interval not exceeding 3 years)
– IR measurements
–Earth electrode resistance measurements
–Earth loop resistance measurements
–Operation & Setting of Protection devices
97. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
TOTAL RECAP
• HAC
• EQUIPMENT SELECTION
• VARIOUS EXPLOSION PROTECTION TECHNIQUES
• INSTALLATION , MAINTENANCE & AUDITING GUIDELINES
• STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS
98. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
European ATEX Directive
• ATEX Directive 94/9/EC is adopted by the EU members & is concerning
technical & legal requirements applicable for potentially explosive
atmospheres
• CE marking is a pre-requisite if products are to be used in EU nations
• ATEX directive 100a will become mandatory on July 1, 2003
• Equipment groups (non-mining)
–CAT 1 (Zone 0)
–CAT 2 (Zone 1)
–CAT 3 (Zone 2)
99. Ex
P.G.Sreejith, Kerala
CHOLAMANDALAM AXA RISK SERVICES LTD.
COMPANY PROFILE
• JV between Cholamandalam Investment & Finance Co. Ltd. (Part of
Murugappa group) and AXA Insurance of France
• Offers customized Risk Management solutions to industrial clients in ASIA,
which include:
• Business Continuity Planning, Risk Analysis, Electrical Safety Audits,
Safety Audits as per IS 14489, Specialized safety training, Review of
Fire Protection systems, etc. (as per NFPA, BIS, OISD,API, etc.)