This study evaluated the effects of two novel superabsorbent biodegradable hydrogels, Attiva and Gellica, on food intake in rats. The administration of hydrated Attiva or Gellica significantly decreased food intake in rats over 18 hours compared to a control, with both hydrogels showing a similar pattern of reducing food intake. This reduction is likely due to a combination of temporarily decreasing stomach volume and delaying gastric emptying, with possible additional mechanisms in the small intestine. The results are consistent with previous human studies and suggest these hydrogels may provide a promising new approach for treating overweight and obesity if similar effects are found in chronic human administration.
This document discusses in vitro models for predicting food digestion. It summarizes:
1) Static in vitro models can estimate endpoints like glycemic index but are too simple to study complex phenomena.
2) Dynamic models can better mimic physiological processes when parameterized correctly.
3) More validated dynamic models are needed for specific populations like infants and elderly.
4) Future work includes defining food categories to validate models and reaching international consensus on parameterizing dynamic systems.
This document discusses the development of a standardized in vitro digestion method by the COST Action FA1005 (INFOGEST) network. The network brought together 340 scientists from 130 institutes in 37 countries to improve understanding of food digestion and develop consensus on in vitro digestion models. The key outcomes were a standardized static in vitro digestion protocol published in 2014, involving simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal phases to mimic human digestion. Interlaboratory validation was performed and videos were created to train scientists on the method. The consensus model has been widely adopted and further validation work is ongoing to correlate results with in vivo data from pigs.
Greenpeace Critique of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready OilseedSeeds
This summary provides an overview of a Greenpeace critique of Monsanto's feeding trials for their genetically engineered Roundup Ready oilseed rape GT73:
1) The feeding trials submitted by Monsanto contained many flaws and irregularities. Significant differences were observed in some studies but not properly explained or investigated. Monsanto appeared to design subsequent studies to mask differences rather than determine their cause.
2) The European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) evaluation of GT73 failed to properly scrutinize problems identified in the studies. They ignored significant differences in compositional analyses and did not consider environmental risks of accidental releases.
3) Both the studies and EFSA's evaluation were inadequate to assure food and environmental safety.
Dietary Intervention with Yoghurt, Synbiotic Yogurt or Traditional Fermented ...Mostafa Gouda
Dietary Intervention with Yoghurt, Synbiotic
Yogurt or Traditional Fermented Sobya:
Bio-Potency among Male Adolescents Using
Five Bio-Markers of Relevance to Colonic
Metabolic Activities
— Agave sisalana (Agavaceae), commonly known as sisal plant has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, bactericidal and insecticidal activities. Its toxic effects on female reproduction are unknown. This comparative interventional study aimed to assess the ovarian and uterine tissues and fetal parameters of rats treated with the extract of sisal waste (100 mg kg-1 body weight), obtained from decortications of the A. sisalana. The control received distilled water. The treatments were performed orally for 30 consecutive days. The results showed that the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue were not affected by plant extract. There was an significant increase (p<0.05)in><0.05) in the group receiving the extract. In conclusion, A. sisalana showed no pathological changes in the ovaries and uterine endometrium, but had a negative effect on the litter size and weight.
This document describes a study that investigated the gastroprotective effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) in a rat model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The study found that pretreatment with AGE for 10 days significantly reduced ulcer severity, increased gastric pH and levels of protective factors like glutathione and nitric oxide, and decreased oxidative stress compared to rats that only received indomethacin. The protective effects of AGE were comparable to the reference drug omeprazole. The results suggest that AGE has promising gastroprotective properties against indomethacin-induced gastric damage, potentially through its antioxidant effects and increasing levels of gastroprotective mediators.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
This document is a thesis on aspects of feeding cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in early life stages in captivity. It includes two experiments. The first examines the effects of availability of live prey on growth and survival of cuttlefish. The second analyzes the effects of prey quality on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish. The results show that providing sufficient quantities of live prey, as well as feeding prey on artificial diets, can optimize growth rates in early life stages of cultured cuttlefish. Further research is needed to determine optimal diets and feeding protocols.
This document discusses in vitro models for predicting food digestion. It summarizes:
1) Static in vitro models can estimate endpoints like glycemic index but are too simple to study complex phenomena.
2) Dynamic models can better mimic physiological processes when parameterized correctly.
3) More validated dynamic models are needed for specific populations like infants and elderly.
4) Future work includes defining food categories to validate models and reaching international consensus on parameterizing dynamic systems.
This document discusses the development of a standardized in vitro digestion method by the COST Action FA1005 (INFOGEST) network. The network brought together 340 scientists from 130 institutes in 37 countries to improve understanding of food digestion and develop consensus on in vitro digestion models. The key outcomes were a standardized static in vitro digestion protocol published in 2014, involving simulated salivary, gastric, and intestinal phases to mimic human digestion. Interlaboratory validation was performed and videos were created to train scientists on the method. The consensus model has been widely adopted and further validation work is ongoing to correlate results with in vivo data from pigs.
Greenpeace Critique of Monsanto’s Roundup Ready OilseedSeeds
This summary provides an overview of a Greenpeace critique of Monsanto's feeding trials for their genetically engineered Roundup Ready oilseed rape GT73:
1) The feeding trials submitted by Monsanto contained many flaws and irregularities. Significant differences were observed in some studies but not properly explained or investigated. Monsanto appeared to design subsequent studies to mask differences rather than determine their cause.
2) The European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) evaluation of GT73 failed to properly scrutinize problems identified in the studies. They ignored significant differences in compositional analyses and did not consider environmental risks of accidental releases.
3) Both the studies and EFSA's evaluation were inadequate to assure food and environmental safety.
Dietary Intervention with Yoghurt, Synbiotic Yogurt or Traditional Fermented ...Mostafa Gouda
Dietary Intervention with Yoghurt, Synbiotic
Yogurt or Traditional Fermented Sobya:
Bio-Potency among Male Adolescents Using
Five Bio-Markers of Relevance to Colonic
Metabolic Activities
— Agave sisalana (Agavaceae), commonly known as sisal plant has an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, bactericidal and insecticidal activities. Its toxic effects on female reproduction are unknown. This comparative interventional study aimed to assess the ovarian and uterine tissues and fetal parameters of rats treated with the extract of sisal waste (100 mg kg-1 body weight), obtained from decortications of the A. sisalana. The control received distilled water. The treatments were performed orally for 30 consecutive days. The results showed that the estrous cycle and ovarian tissue were not affected by plant extract. There was an significant increase (p<0.05)in><0.05) in the group receiving the extract. In conclusion, A. sisalana showed no pathological changes in the ovaries and uterine endometrium, but had a negative effect on the litter size and weight.
This document describes a study that investigated the gastroprotective effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) in a rat model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The study found that pretreatment with AGE for 10 days significantly reduced ulcer severity, increased gastric pH and levels of protective factors like glutathione and nitric oxide, and decreased oxidative stress compared to rats that only received indomethacin. The protective effects of AGE were comparable to the reference drug omeprazole. The results suggest that AGE has promising gastroprotective properties against indomethacin-induced gastric damage, potentially through its antioxidant effects and increasing levels of gastroprotective mediators.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
This document is a thesis on aspects of feeding cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in early life stages in captivity. It includes two experiments. The first examines the effects of availability of live prey on growth and survival of cuttlefish. The second analyzes the effects of prey quality on growth and survival of juvenile cuttlefish. The results show that providing sufficient quantities of live prey, as well as feeding prey on artificial diets, can optimize growth rates in early life stages of cultured cuttlefish. Further research is needed to determine optimal diets and feeding protocols.
Iris Lopez has worked in human resources at Trans-Oceanic Life Insurance Company since February 2013. During her time there, she has implemented job valuation and compensation programs, performance evaluation systems, HR policies and procedures, and benefits and compensation programs. She has also developed job descriptions, crafted recruitment and selection processes, and implemented initiatives to increase employee engagement.
This document provides a summary of a seminar presentation on nitrogen transformations in submerged soils. The 3-page summary covers:
1) Nitrogen is essential for plants but is prone to losses in submerged soils through processes like denitrification, volatilization, and leaching. Efficient nitrogen management is needed to minimize these losses.
2) The presentation discusses the forms and transformations of nitrogen in soils, factors affecting these transformations like organic matter, temperature, and soil aeration.
3) Research studies on nitrogen balances and leaching losses with different nitrogen sources applied to rice are summarized, showing losses can be reduced by controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
El documento presenta el plan de clase número 2 para la fabricación de productos químicos de uso doméstico. Se detalla la institución, grado, docentes, tema y estándares. Luego, se explican conceptos básicos sobre productos químicos de limpieza y se proporcionan recetas e instrucciones para fabricar un aromatizante y limpiavidrios. Finalmente, se describen las etapas del desarrollo de la clase como la motivación, actividades y afinzamiento, así como los recursos organizativos y materiales
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
MSc in Innovation Management - Sino-Danish CenterSteffen Helledie
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
This document provides tips for creating effective PowerPoint slides by avoiding common pitfalls. It addresses how to structure slides with outlines and bullet points, use fonts and colors that are easy to read, include graphs and charts to visualize data, check for spelling and grammar errors, and conclude with a clear summary and invitation for questions. Key recommendations include using a large font size, limiting each slide to 4-5 main points in point form, employing high-contrast colors, including descriptive titles on all visuals, and proofreading for errors.
This document provides an assignment brief for a computer games design qualification. The assignment involves producing audio assets and a cut sequence for a computer game. It includes 11 tasks that cover sound design principles, script writing, recording audio, editing audio using effects, and programming sounds into a game. The tasks aim to develop skills across 3 units on sound design, pre-production techniques, and communication skills. Learners will research sound design, analyze existing game audio, write and record a script, and use software to edit, manipulate and synthesize sounds to create a 2-minute cut sequence. They will then program sounds from the sequence into their own computer game. The deadline for completion is June 5th, 2015.
Chronic administration of the novel hydrogel Gelesis100 at a dose of 2.25 g twice daily significantly decreased body weight in overweight and obese subjects over 12 weeks compared to placebo. Weight loss was especially pronounced in subjects with impaired fasting glucose at baseline. Gelesis100 was well tolerated with few gastrointestinal side effects. The hydrogel works by expanding in the stomach and intestines to increase feelings of fullness without calories. It has potential as a safe and effective weight loss treatment, especially for those with prediabetes.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Proses pembenihan ikan mas koi meliputi pemeliharaan induk, pemijahan, penetasan telur, pemeliharaan larva, pemanenan, dan pendederan benih. Pada pembesaran, benih dipelihara sampai berusia satu bulan sebelum dipindahkan ke wadah pembesaran dan diseleksi pada umur enam bulan.
Tabulacion de la encuesta dirigida a los estudiantesJairo Mulett
El documento presenta los resultados de varias encuestas aplicadas a estudiantes, docentes y la comunidad sobre temas educativos. La mayoría de estudiantes reportó tener estrategias de estudio y cumplir con las tareas, y que los maestros usan diferentes métodos de enseñanza. Todos los docentes encuestados dijeron disfrutar de su trabajo y brindar apoyo a los estudiantes. Finalmente, la comunidad se dedica principalmente a la agricultura y participa regularmente en actividades escolares y fiestas religiosas.
Modern businesses spend significant resources analyzing and optimizing the customer journey to understand how customers interact with their brand. However, customer journeys are complex as customers can interact across channels in unpredictable ways. The document discusses the need to view customer journeys from both a macro and micro level. It also identifies some key gaps brands should consider when evaluating customer journeys, such as visibility, interaction intelligence, sales conversion, and the overall experience. The document argues that technology is important to enable brands to actively shape journeys in real-time by surfacing the next best actions based on customer context and operationalizing real-time decisions through advanced analytics.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
1) Attiva is a novel superabsorbent biodegradable hydrogel made from cellulose derivatives that expands in the stomach and small intestine to reduce stomach volume and induce satiety.
2) A study of 95 subjects found that ingesting Attiva before meals significantly increased feelings of satiety after meals and decreased hunger before the next meal compared to placebo.
3) Attiva was generally well tolerated, with some subjects reporting mild and transient gastrointestinal symptoms, and no serious adverse events occurred.
Pharmacological screening of anti diarrheal agentArbazKhan640137
The document summarizes pharmacological screening methods for evaluating potential anti-diarrheal agents. It describes several in vivo and in vitro models used to test agents, including castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats to study effects on diarrhea frequency and weight. Gastrointestinal motility is assessed using charcoal meals in rats, and enteropooling is measured after castor oil using intestinal fluid volume. In vitro tests include examining gastrointestinal motility effects in mice. Evaluation involves obtaining dose-response curves for reducing hypersecretion and increasing diarrhea-free periods. Various animal studies and screening methods are outlined to pharmacologically test potential anti-diarrheal effects.
Effect of dietary phytate on phosphorus digestibility in dairy cowsPartha Ray
This study evaluated the effect of dietary phytate P (Pp) supply on ruminal and postruminal P digestion and P disappearance in the lower digestive tract of dairy cows. Six lactating cows with ruminal and ileal cannulas were fed one of four diets in a Latin square design: low, medium, and high Pp diets, and a high inorganic P diet. Diets were formulated to contain varying levels of Pp from 0.10 to 0.29% of dry matter. Samples of digesta and feces were collected and analyzed for P fractions. Phytate P intake and ruminal disappearance increased with dietary Pp, but small intestinal and large intestinal hydrolysis of Pp were not affected.
It appears that you have provided information about the "Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences" . This journal seems to be an international online publication in English, published quarterly. It emphasizes fast publication while maintaining a rigorous peer-review process of the published journals.
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
Iris Lopez has worked in human resources at Trans-Oceanic Life Insurance Company since February 2013. During her time there, she has implemented job valuation and compensation programs, performance evaluation systems, HR policies and procedures, and benefits and compensation programs. She has also developed job descriptions, crafted recruitment and selection processes, and implemented initiatives to increase employee engagement.
This document provides a summary of a seminar presentation on nitrogen transformations in submerged soils. The 3-page summary covers:
1) Nitrogen is essential for plants but is prone to losses in submerged soils through processes like denitrification, volatilization, and leaching. Efficient nitrogen management is needed to minimize these losses.
2) The presentation discusses the forms and transformations of nitrogen in soils, factors affecting these transformations like organic matter, temperature, and soil aeration.
3) Research studies on nitrogen balances and leaching losses with different nitrogen sources applied to rice are summarized, showing losses can be reduced by controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
El documento presenta el plan de clase número 2 para la fabricación de productos químicos de uso doméstico. Se detalla la institución, grado, docentes, tema y estándares. Luego, se explican conceptos básicos sobre productos químicos de limpieza y se proporcionan recetas e instrucciones para fabricar un aromatizante y limpiavidrios. Finalmente, se describen las etapas del desarrollo de la clase como la motivación, actividades y afinzamiento, así como los recursos organizativos y materiales
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
MSc in Innovation Management - Sino-Danish CenterSteffen Helledie
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
This document provides tips for creating effective PowerPoint slides by avoiding common pitfalls. It addresses how to structure slides with outlines and bullet points, use fonts and colors that are easy to read, include graphs and charts to visualize data, check for spelling and grammar errors, and conclude with a clear summary and invitation for questions. Key recommendations include using a large font size, limiting each slide to 4-5 main points in point form, employing high-contrast colors, including descriptive titles on all visuals, and proofreading for errors.
This document provides an assignment brief for a computer games design qualification. The assignment involves producing audio assets and a cut sequence for a computer game. It includes 11 tasks that cover sound design principles, script writing, recording audio, editing audio using effects, and programming sounds into a game. The tasks aim to develop skills across 3 units on sound design, pre-production techniques, and communication skills. Learners will research sound design, analyze existing game audio, write and record a script, and use software to edit, manipulate and synthesize sounds to create a 2-minute cut sequence. They will then program sounds from the sequence into their own computer game. The deadline for completion is June 5th, 2015.
Chronic administration of the novel hydrogel Gelesis100 at a dose of 2.25 g twice daily significantly decreased body weight in overweight and obese subjects over 12 weeks compared to placebo. Weight loss was especially pronounced in subjects with impaired fasting glucose at baseline. Gelesis100 was well tolerated with few gastrointestinal side effects. The hydrogel works by expanding in the stomach and intestines to increase feelings of fullness without calories. It has potential as a safe and effective weight loss treatment, especially for those with prediabetes.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
Proses pembenihan ikan mas koi meliputi pemeliharaan induk, pemijahan, penetasan telur, pemeliharaan larva, pemanenan, dan pendederan benih. Pada pembesaran, benih dipelihara sampai berusia satu bulan sebelum dipindahkan ke wadah pembesaran dan diseleksi pada umur enam bulan.
Tabulacion de la encuesta dirigida a los estudiantesJairo Mulett
El documento presenta los resultados de varias encuestas aplicadas a estudiantes, docentes y la comunidad sobre temas educativos. La mayoría de estudiantes reportó tener estrategias de estudio y cumplir con las tareas, y que los maestros usan diferentes métodos de enseñanza. Todos los docentes encuestados dijeron disfrutar de su trabajo y brindar apoyo a los estudiantes. Finalmente, la comunidad se dedica principalmente a la agricultura y participa regularmente en actividades escolares y fiestas religiosas.
Modern businesses spend significant resources analyzing and optimizing the customer journey to understand how customers interact with their brand. However, customer journeys are complex as customers can interact across channels in unpredictable ways. The document discusses the need to view customer journeys from both a macro and micro level. It also identifies some key gaps brands should consider when evaluating customer journeys, such as visibility, interaction intelligence, sales conversion, and the overall experience. The document argues that technology is important to enable brands to actively shape journeys in real-time by surfacing the next best actions based on customer context and operationalizing real-time decisions through advanced analytics.
Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC) is a partnership between all eight Danish universities and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) in Beijing.
SDC in Beijing offers seven unique Master’s programmes jointly developed by Danish and Chinese research environments.
1) Attiva is a novel superabsorbent biodegradable hydrogel made from cellulose derivatives that expands in the stomach and small intestine to reduce stomach volume and induce satiety.
2) A study of 95 subjects found that ingesting Attiva before meals significantly increased feelings of satiety after meals and decreased hunger before the next meal compared to placebo.
3) Attiva was generally well tolerated, with some subjects reporting mild and transient gastrointestinal symptoms, and no serious adverse events occurred.
Pharmacological screening of anti diarrheal agentArbazKhan640137
The document summarizes pharmacological screening methods for evaluating potential anti-diarrheal agents. It describes several in vivo and in vitro models used to test agents, including castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats to study effects on diarrhea frequency and weight. Gastrointestinal motility is assessed using charcoal meals in rats, and enteropooling is measured after castor oil using intestinal fluid volume. In vitro tests include examining gastrointestinal motility effects in mice. Evaluation involves obtaining dose-response curves for reducing hypersecretion and increasing diarrhea-free periods. Various animal studies and screening methods are outlined to pharmacologically test potential anti-diarrheal effects.
Effect of dietary phytate on phosphorus digestibility in dairy cowsPartha Ray
This study evaluated the effect of dietary phytate P (Pp) supply on ruminal and postruminal P digestion and P disappearance in the lower digestive tract of dairy cows. Six lactating cows with ruminal and ileal cannulas were fed one of four diets in a Latin square design: low, medium, and high Pp diets, and a high inorganic P diet. Diets were formulated to contain varying levels of Pp from 0.10 to 0.29% of dry matter. Samples of digesta and feces were collected and analyzed for P fractions. Phytate P intake and ruminal disappearance increased with dietary Pp, but small intestinal and large intestinal hydrolysis of Pp were not affected.
It appears that you have provided information about the "Indo-American Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences" . This journal seems to be an international online publication in English, published quarterly. It emphasizes fast publication while maintaining a rigorous peer-review process of the published journals.
This study evaluated the effects of different formulated feed rations on albino rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups and fed different feed formulations for 21 days. Group II, which was fed a diet of 600g corn, 200g millet, 160g crayfish and 40g groundnut, showed the most positive effects on growth performance and health biomarkers compared to the control group. While Group I and III showed some increased biomarkers suggesting potential liver damage, Group II most closely mimicked the effects of the control commercial feed. The study concludes that Group II's formulated feed is a suitable substitute for rat feed.
Austin publishing group - Oral kefir grains supplementation improves metaboli...Austin Publishing Group
This study has a novel approach to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of kefir grains on metabolic improvement and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) of the liver in malnourished mice.
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 – 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94±0.21, 34.99±1.91 and 40.86±0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Histomorphology and biochemical effects of sida acuta leaf extract on the kid...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effects of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaf on the kidney morphology of Wistar rats. Rats were divided into groups that received either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the extract daily for 14 days or served as the control. Histological analysis found compressed renal corpuscles, increased Bowman's space, and constricted collecting tubules in treated rats, which may negatively impact renal function. The extract also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats compared to controls. This suggests that chronic doses of the Sida acuta extract adversely affected the kidney morphology of rats and may impair renal function. Further studies on physiological and biochemical parameters are needed to corroborate these morphological findings.
Stomach histopathologic and ulcerogenic potentials of tea beverageAlexander Decker
- Sixty-four rats were studied over 28 days to examine the histopathologic and ulcerogenic effects of consuming Lipton tea.
- The number of gastric ulcers increased over the 28 day period, particularly from days 7-21. Histological examination found degeneration of gastric glands and cells, dilation of gastric pits, and changes in parietal cell morphology in rats that consumed Lipton tea compared to controls.
- Lipton tea was found to have the potential to induce gastric ulcers, achlorhydria, and pernicious anemia based on the gross and histological changes observed in the stomachs of rats that consumed the tea.
This document summarizes a study that examined the histological effects of Peganum harmala seed extract on the spleen, liver enzymes, and blood parameters of albino rats. Rats were administered normal saline or 1%, 2%, or 3% doses of P. harmala extract daily for one month. Higher doses caused more severe structural changes in the spleen, including hemorrhaging, degeneration, and necrosis. The extract also significantly affected body and liver weight. Blood glucose and cholesterol decreased significantly with treatment. While some liver enzymes were affected, white and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Histological examination showed dose-dependent damage to spleen tissue.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats through intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The study aimed to compare changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels between normal and diabetic rats. Rats injected with 60 mg/kg streptozotocin developed diabetes within 3 days as the drug destroyed pancreatic beta cells. Diabetic rats showed increased glucose, water/food intake, and urine output compared to normal rats, but decreased weight, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Pancreas sampling confirmed beta cell destruction in diabetic rats. The study concluded streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes in rats through beta cell degeneration.
This document summarizes a study that induced diabetes in rats using streptozotocin to then study the effects of transplanting pancreatic islet cells. The researchers injected adult male Wistar rats intravenously with 60mg/kg of streptozotocin to destroy pancreatic beta cells and induce diabetes within 3 days. Diabetic and normal control rats were then monitored for changes in body weight, food/water consumption, urine volume, and blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels over 80 days. Biopsies of pancreatic tissue showed beta cell degeneration in diabetic rats. Streptozotocin successfully induced diabetes, shown by increased glucose and decreased insulin/C-peptide and weight in treated rats compared to
Cereal bars containing SAEF®, a novel superhydrating fiber, were found to have significantly greater satiety-enhancing properties than cereal bars containing glucomannan in a simulated stomach model. SAEF® particles remained intact after 2 hours of simulated gastric digestion and formed a larger volume, while glucomannan fibers aggregated at the bottom. Maximum forces inside the model were up to 8 times larger with SAEF® cereal bars compared to glucomannan or control cereal bars. SAEF®-enhanced cereal bars also displayed significantly higher elastic modulus and viscosity. These properties are known to enhance satiety, suggesting SAEF® could be a promising new approach for weight management.
In vitro glucose absorption by everted gut sac methodKunj Fosi
Aim :- Aim is to find out the rate of glucose absorbed across an everted sac prepared from the rat intestine using the drugs Beta- caryophyllene and L-Arginine.
Result :- The combination of BCP & LA showed significant decrease in glucose absorption in small intestine.
Thus, we conclude that this combination approach (LA + BCP) possesses the new therapeutic regimen for the treatment of T2DM.
1) The study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica oleraceae (cabbage) leaves in laboratory rat models of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
2) Cabbage extract showed dose-dependent protection against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcers and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers compared to control groups. The highest dose of 750 mg/kg provided over 90% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) In a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer model, the lowest dose of 100 mg/kg cabbage extract gave 85% protection, higher than the standard drug omeprazole.
Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1014 improved "gut health" in the SHIME(R) reactorEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
How to maintain “gut health” is a goal for scientists throughout the world. Therefore, microbiota management models for testing probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been developed.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Screening model of antidiarrheal activity Presented by ABDUL HAMEEDAbdul Hameed
This document presents an overview of a screening model used to evaluate the anti-diarrheal properties of the petroleum ether extract of Swietenia macrophylla seeds. The screening model involves testing the extract on several in vivo models in rats, including castor oil-induced diarrhea to test the effects on defecation rate and stool consistency, gastrointestinal motility tests using charcoal meals, castor oil-induced enteropooling to measure intestinal fluid accumulation, and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The extract is tested at different doses and compared to standard anti-diarrheal drugs to validate the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea.
This study investigated the accumulation of carotenoids (beta-carotene and lutein) and vitamin A in the organs and serum of rats fed Dunaliella bardawil algae or synthetic beta-carotene. Rats were fed D. bardawil biomass at doses of 2.5 or 5 g/kg body weight or synthetic beta-carotene at 50 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. Analysis found the highest accumulation of beta-carotene in the liver of D. bardawil fed rats and lutein accumulation exclusively in D. bardawil fed groups. Vitamin A levels were highest in the serum of D. bardawil fed rats. The results provide
1. Attiva and Gellica, Two Novel
Superabsorbent Biodegradable Hydrogels,
Decrease Food Intake in Rats
Hassan M. Heshmati1, MD; Eyal S. Ron1, PhD; Yishai Zohar1; Nissim Bilman1; Christian Demitri1, PhD;
Gitte Hansen2, MD; Jana Procházková3; Martin Šlais3, PhD; Mircea D. Bucevschi4, PhD; Monica Colt4, PhD;
Mendy Axlerad4; Alessandro Sannino5, PhD; Luigi Ambrosio6, PhD; Luigi Nicolais7, PhD.
1 Gelesis, Inc., Boston, MA, USA; 2 Gubra, Frederiksberg, Denmark; 3 BioTest sro., Konárovice, Czech Republic;
4 Exotech Bio Solutions, Ltd., Kiryat Gat, Israel; 5 University of Salento, Lecce, Italy;
6 National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy; 7 University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
i n t r o d u c t i o n
O v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s i t y are becom-ing
major health problems worldwide (1). The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that
in 2005, approximately 1.6 billion adults around
the globe were overweight and 400 million were
obese. WHO projects that by 2015, these numbers
will reach 2.3 billion and 700 million, respectively.
The therapeutic benefit of all currently available
anti-obesity tools is limited by their marginal effi-cacy
and variable tolerability and safety profiles.
A need exists for a product that is able to re-duce
stomach volume in a manner compara-ble
to bariatric surgery or an intragastric bal-loon,
but with a risk-benefit profile acceptable
to the entire population of overweight/obese
subjects. An intervention that reduces stomach
volume, increases elastic response and viscos-ity
of the upper gastrointestinal content, and
extends gastric emptying time could potential-ly
be very beneficial.
Attiva and Gellica are two novel superabsor-bent
biodegradable hydrogels that are able to
swell in the stomach and the small intestine in
the presence of water and gastrointestinal flu-ids.
Both can swell approximately 100 times their
weight in the gastric and the intestinal environ-ments.
Attiva degrades in the colon while Gell-ica
degrades in the small intestine. The swelling
rate of the two hydrogels in the different parts
of the gastrointestinal tract has been demon-strated
in vitro (Figure 1).
By occupying the gastric and the intestinal cavi-ties,
increasing the gastric emptying time, and
delaying the absorption of glucose in the small
intestine, Attiva and Gellica can induce satiety
and cause food intake reduction.
A previously unpublished study in rats showed that
the administration of 40 mg of Gellica hydrated
with 4 mL of water before the administration of
2 mL of liquefied food causes longer gastric emp-tying
time (Figure 2). Additional observations of
the content of rats’ stomachs after gavage with
hydrated Gellica showed that the hydrogel was
mixed homogenously with the subsequently con-sumed
food (Figure 3c). In fasting rats, the hydrat-ed
hydrogel was found in the stomachs for 30 to
60 min (Figures 3a and 3b) while in rats that were
fed after the administration of Gellica, the hydro-gel
was present in the stomachs for 90 to 120 min.
A study in humans has shown that single admin-istration
of 2 g of Attiva significantly increases
the post-meal feeling of satiety and decreases
the feeling of hunger before the subsequent
meal (Figures 4 and 5) (2). This effect on the
subsequent meal (second meal effect) sug-gests
that the hydrogel could have additional
effect on food intake even after leaving the
stomach (intestinal effect).
2. o b j e c t i v e
The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effect of acute administration
of Attiva and Gellica on food intake in rats.
Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were studied.
F i g u r e 1
a n i m a l s
Stomach Content (g) F i g u r e 3 a F i g u r e 3 b F i g u r e 3 c
Time in Simulated Gastric/Intestinal/Colon Fluids (min)
F i g u r e 2
Time After Administration (min)
Excised rat’s stomach 30 min after
the gavage with 50 mg Gellica
hydrated with 5 mL of water.
Stomach content of a fasting rat
30 min after administration of 50 mg
Gellica hydrated with 5 mL of water.
Stomach content of a fed rat 70 min
after administration of 50 mg Gellica
hydrated with 5 mL of water. Based
on the calculation of consumed
food, approximately 80% of the food
bolus was hydrated hydrogel.
In Vitro Modeling of Swelling Capacity of Attiva
and Gellica in the Gastrointestinal Tract.
(Estimated ratio of swelling g/g)
Effect of Gellica on Rats’ Stomach Content.
(40 mg Gellica hydrated
with 4 mL of water)
Swelling Ratio (g/g)
Stomach Small Intestine Colon
4 mL hydrogel
+ 2 mL food
4 mL water
+ 2 mL food
(control)
Attiva
Gellica
3. F i g u r e 4 F i g u r e 5
Placebo-Adjusted Change in Satiety Scores (%)
in Humans After Administration of 2 g of Attiva
Figure 4. Placebo-adjusted change in satiety scores (%) in
humans after administration of 2 g of Attiva at breakfast,
at Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner.
Placebo-Adjusted Change in Hunger Score (%)
Figure 5. in Placebo-Humans adjusted Before Lunch change and in Dinner, hunger score After
(%) in
humans before lunch and dinner, after administration of 2
Administration of 2 g of Attiva at Breakfast and Lunch.
20
15
10
5
0
30 min
60 min
lunch, and dinner.
* **
**
**
Percent
*P **P < 0.01
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
g of Attiva at breakfast and lunch.
Dinner
Pre-meal
*
Percent
Percent
*P < 0.02
F i g u r e 6 F i g u r e 7
Time (min) Time (h)
m e t h o d s
Twenty to 100 mg of Attiva and Gellica were
hydrated in a ratio of 1:100 (polymer to tap wa-ter).
Rats were gavaged with the resulting mix-ture
or an equal volume of water. Animals were
randomized into 3 weight-matched groups,
each receiving either hydrated Attiva, hydrat-ed
Gellica, or water alone (control or vehicle).
The rats were housed individually in MANI Feed-win
cages. The room environment was con-trolled
(temperature: 22 ± 2°C; humidity: 50 ±
10%; light/dark cycle: 12 h light, from 3 am to
3 pm, 12 h dark). Animals had ad libitum ac-cess
to Altromin 1321 powdered diet (20 h/day,
from 3 pm to 11 am) and tap water (24 h/day).
Food intake was recorded every 5 min for 18 h
following the administration of Attiva/Gellica/
vehicle. A 7-day habituation to the system was
allowed before the first administration of the
test agents.
Statistical evaluation was performed with anal-ysis
of variance (ANOVA).
Cumulative Food Intake (% of Vehicle) in Rats
Within 4 h After Administration of 80 mg of
Hydrogels Hydrated With 8 mL of Water.
Cumulative Food Intake (% of Vehicle) in Rats
Within 18 h After Administration of 80 mg of
Hydrogels Hydrated With 8 mL of Water.
Breakfast Lunch Dinner
30 min
60 min
**P < 0.05
**P < 0.01 Lunch Dinner
Pre-meal
**P < 0.02
Cumulative Food Intake
(% of vehicle)
Cumulative Food Intake
(% of vehicle)
ANOVA factorial, Fisher’s post-hoc test
a. P < 0.05 (Gellica vs. vehicle)
b. P < 0.05 (Attiva vs. vehicle)
ANOVA factorial, Fisher’s post-hoc test
a. P < 0.05 (Gellica vs. vehicle)
b. P < 0.05 (Attiva vs. vehicle)
Vehicle (water)
Gellica
Attiva
Vehicle (water)
Gellica
Attiva
4. r e s u l t s
Administration of 80 and 100 mg of Attiva and
Gellica hydrated with 8 and 10 mL of water, re-spectively,
significantly decreased food intake
for up to 18 h (Figures 6 and 7) compared to ad-ministration
of the same amounts of water alone.
Administration of 60 mg hydrated with 6 mL of
water had a significant effect for a shorter period
of time (up to 4 h) while administration of lower
amounts (20 and 40 mg) showed a trend for re-duction
of food intake without statistical signifi-cance.
In most cases, the pattern of food intake
reduction was similar with the two hydrogels.
d i s c u s s i o n
The results of this study demonstrate a significant
decrease in food intake in rats with Attiva and
Gellica and are in agreement with the hydrogel
properties observed in the in vitro gastrointes-tinal
simulations (Figure 1) and observations of
the effects on gastric emptying in rats (Figures
2, 3a, 3b, and 3c).
Some heterogeneities in the results (dose-response
patterns) are probably due to the fact that the
rats were in their active growing period and the
amounts of hydrogels were not adjusted to their
new weight during the study.
While previous observations showed that hydrat-ed
Gellica lasts in the rat’s stomach for up to ap-proximately
c o n c l u s i o n
r e f e r e n c e s
60 min in fasting animals and 120 min
in fed animals, the observed reduction in food in-take
for up to 18 h in the present study supports
the hypothesis of an effect on the small intestine.
Acute oral administration of Attiva and Gellica,
novel superabsorbent biodegradable hydro-gels,
significantly decreases food intake in rats
when compared to administration of a similar
amount of water.
This effect on food intake is probably due to a
combination of transient reduction of the avail-able
stomach volume and delayed gastric
emptying. Additional mechanisms involving the
small intestine could also be present.
This animal data is consistent with the previously
reported human data with Attiva (2).
The observed effects in rats, if confirmed by
chronic administration in humans, will provide
a promising new approach in the treatment of
overweight and obesity.
1. Bessesen DH. Update on obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 93, 2027-2034.
2. Heshmati HM, Tacchino R, Ron E, Sannino A, Zohar Y. Attiva, a novel superabsorbent biodegradable
hydrogel, increases the feeling of satiety in humans. In: Program of the 19th Annual Meeting and
Clinical Congress of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, April 21–25, 2010;
Boston, MA, USA. Abstract #605.
The content of this document was presented in a Poster at Obesity 2010,
28th Annual Scientific Meeting, San Diego, California, October 8–12, 2010.