Hair_Examination.ppt
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This ppt gives the idea about hair examination by various instrumental techniques from forensic investigation point of view.
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This document provides information on the history and development of fingerprint identification. Some key points:
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This document discusses the analysis of paint evidence in forensic investigations. It describes the procedures for collection, documentation, and various examination techniques used to analyze and compare paint samples, including visual examination under stereomicroscopes, physical matching of edges, and instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of paint evidence can help investigators match a paint chip from a crime scene to a specific vehicle make and model in a hit-and-run case.
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Hairs and fibers are important forms of trace evidence that can provide clues in forensic investigations. Hair has a cuticle, cortex, and sometimes a medulla, and characteristics like these can be used to identify a sample's origin. Fiber analysis examines properties such as the fiber's structure, color, and chemical composition to determine its type (natural or synthetic) and match it to a potential source. Due to their tendency to shed easily, fibers are commonly found as trace evidence and can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim.
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This document discusses fingerprints and their identification and analysis in forensic investigations. It provides details on:
- The ridge patterns that make each fingerprint unique and how they are classified into loops, whorls, and arches.
- How latent fingerprints are formed and can be detected using dusting or chemical processing like super glue fuming.
- Basic ridge characteristics like endings, bifurcations, and dots that are used in fingerprint analysis.
- An example of how fingerprints were used to identify students who set up a surprise party through super glue fuming and analysis of their ridge patterns and classifications.
Alphonse bertillon
1) Alphonse Bertillon was a French police officer and biometrics researcher born in 1853 who developed the mug shot identification system.
2) As an assistant clerk in the Paris police department in 1879, he realized their criminal records filing system was disorganized and arrestee descriptions were too vague.
3) He proposed classifying criminal records by body measurements like head circumference and height instead of names, which led to his discovery of using mug shots - front and side photographs of arrested individuals - for police identification.
ammunition and its classification
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Forensic toxicologists identify and analyze poisons, drugs, and chemicals found in the body to help determine causes of death. They use various tests like chromatography, mass spectrometry, and spectrophotometry to separate and identify unknown chemical compounds in blood and tissue samples. Crime scene technicians can also use field tests to detect chemical residues like accelerants, explosives, drugs, and metals that can provide evidence found at crime scenes or on clothing.
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This document provides an overview of fingerprint development and composition. It discusses the different types of fingerprints, including latent prints invisible to the eye, visible prints made with colored substances, and plastic prints made in soft materials. It also outlines the major components of sweat, including water, inorganic ions, proteins, lipids, and amino acids. Fingerprint residue is described as a complex three-dimensional matrix made up of these compounds that can change over time. The document provides background information on fingerprint science concepts for a forensic dermatoglyphics course.
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This document discusses female hair loss and an evidence-based approach to its diagnosis and management. It outlines four key steps: 1) Make an accurate diagnosis using history, exam findings including smartphone microscopy, and targeted labs; 2) Establish baselines using smartphone photos and hair mass measurement; 3) Choose an appropriate treatment; and 4) Manage treatment using measurable feedback like hair mass index. The diagnosis is usually thinning, shedding or breakage, determined by examining hair diameter, density and breakage patterns. Hair mass measurement provides an objective baseline and tool to monitor progress.
2010. Azufre en pelo. Óptica forense
Reseña publicada en la revista de divulgación científica Optics & Photonics Focus en el año 2010, titulada "Forensic Optics: transforming a hair into a travel log".
2015FS Key MT Review.pdf
This document provides a review of topics covered in a forensic science final exam, including:
- Human identification techniques like fingerprints, forensic anthropology, and DNA analysis.
- Trace evidence analysis of hairs, fibers, paint, soil and other materials.
- Tools used by forensic scientists like microscopes, gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers.
- Advanced crime scene topics such as bloodstain pattern analysis and estimating time of death using insect evidence.
- Firearms identification using toolmarks and striations left on bullets and cartridge casings.
It reviews key concepts, terms, techniques, examples and relationships that would be important to understand for the exam.
MSC III_Advance Forensic Serology_Final.pptx
The Advanced Serology Course is a comprehensive and specialized program designed for professionals in the fields of clinical diagnostics, immunology, and laboratory medicine who seek an in-depth understanding of advanced serological techniques and methodologies. This advanced-level course builds upon foundational knowledge in serology and delves into sophisticated concepts and cutting-edge technologies.
Bioinformatics workshop presentation
This document provides an overview of bioinformatics and highlights several key points:
- Bioinformatics has emerged as a field to help analyze the vast amounts of biological data being generated through high-throughput technologies. It integrates biology, computer science, and information technology.
- The size of the human genome and rate of data generation has grown exponentially, necessitating computational approaches. International efforts like the Human Genome Project helped sequence the entire human genome.
- Bioinformatics tools and databases are used to study genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and more to better understand living systems at the molecular level and enable applications in medicine, agriculture, forensics and more. This work also raises ethical, legal and social considerations.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Sex Determination Using Unembalmed Huma...
The strategy developed for sex determination in skeletal remains is to amplify the highly degraded DNA, by use of primers that span short DNA fragments. To determine sex of unembalmed human cadaveric skeletal fragments from Sokoto, North-western Nigeria, using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A single blind study of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based sex determination using amelogenin gene and alphoid repeats primers on unembalmed human cadaveric skeletal fragments from Sokoto, North-western Nigeria, was undertaken. With amelogenin gene, genetic sex identification was achieved in four samples only. PCR Sensitivity = 40%, Specificity = 100%, Predictive value of positive test = 100%, Predictive value of negative test = 25%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 150%, Efficiency of test = 50%. Fisher’s exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z-value = -1.0955, p>0.05; not statistically significant. With alphoid repeats primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in all the samples. PCR Sensitivity = 100%, Specificity = 0%, Predictive value of positive test = 100%, Predictive value of negative test = 0%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 0%, Efficiency of test = 100%. Fisher’s exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z- and p values were invalid. The study, has demonstrated the applicability of PCR method of sex determination in unembalmed human skeletal fragments from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. With amelogenin gene primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in four samples only. With alphoid repeats primers, correct genetic sex identification was achieved in all the samples. Therefore, alphoid repeats is more efficient and more reliable than amelogenin gene, in sex determination from unembalmed human skeletal fragments. This is the first known study determining the sex of unembalmed human skeletal fragments by means of PCR in Nigeria. There is need for further studies in Nigeria to complement the findings of this study.
Picturing Science: An overview of Imaging Technologies
In the past decades imaging technologies are increasingly used to model the dynamics and structure of biological systems. Biomedical imaging is now an integral part of biological and medical sciences and is used in both clinical practice and research. In this session some of the latest imaging technologies were reviewed.
Hair and Fibers
1. Hair shape, texture, and color are influenced by genetics and can be affected by nutrition and treatments. Hair is composed mainly of the protein keratin.
2. Hair grows from follicles, which are fully developed before birth. The body area a hair came from can be determined by its physical characteristics under microscopic examination. Nuclear or mitochondrial DNA from the hair root can be used for analysis.
3. Hairs have three main parts - the cuticle, cortex, and medulla. Differences in these structures can help distinguish between species or potentially identify an individual. Fiber evidence can also provide clues if fibers are transferred between victim and suspect during a crime.
Model based prediction of human hair color using DNA variants
Este estudio sostiene que existen al menos doce genes implicados en el color del pelo y que éstos presentan un total de 45 variaciones diferentes (polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido, SNP por sus siglas en inglés). Otros trabajos han confirmado que algunos genes controlan los diferentes matices, algunos le dan el color, otros el brillo, otros la tonalidad, otros lo hacen más oscuro o más claro, etc.
Structure of Hair.pptx
The document summarizes the structure of hair and the hair growth cycle. It discusses the two main parts of hair structure - the hair root and hair shaft. The hair root contains the hair follicle, bulb, dermal papilla and other structures. The hair shaft has three layers - cuticle, cortex and medulla. It then explains the four phases of the hair growth cycle - anagen, catagen, telogen and exogen. The anagen phase is the growth phase that can last 2-7 years. This is followed by the transitional catagen phase and resting telogen phase, before the old hair sheds in exogen phase. The document also summarizes three research articles on related topics.
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound Pendulum
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
一比一原版美国佩斯大学毕业证如何办理
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
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毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
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综上所述，办理美国佩斯大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Analysis of Polygenic Traits (GPB-602)
Quantitative genetics – study of inheritance of quantitative characters or polygenic characters in experimental populations.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Reaching the age of Adolescence- Class 8
This is a presentation on understanding the age of adolescence.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
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Mites,Slug,Snail_Infesting agricultural crops.pdf
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
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Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
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TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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Hair_Examination.ppt
- 1. PRESENT APPROACHES ON HAIR EXAMINATION Presented By : Soham Thakur B.Sc. 4th Sem. Y151400034 Department of Criminology and Forensic Science Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) Guided by : Mr. Mrinal Kashyap Sir Research Scholar (NET-JRF)
- 2. OVERVIEW The presentation will revolve around the following keynotes: Definition and vitality of hair as evidence, Headway development in extracting information from physical , biological & toxicological analysis, Evolution of instrumentation and techniques in Indian context.
- 3. DEFINITION & VITALITY One of the fine, keratinized filamentous epidermal growths arising from the skin of the body of mammals except the palms, soles, and flexor surfaces of the joints; the full length and texture of hair varies markedly in different bodysites. It is the microscopic and trace evidence. Hair Analysis Reconstruction of Crime Scene Age,Sex & Race determination Occupational idea about an individual DNA extraction Fig. Venn Diagram showing relation between information extracted and hair analysis.
- 4. PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS Valuable Informations Extracted: Hair Identification(Age,Sex,Race) Determination of body area from where it is originated, Determination of fact that whether hair is forcibly extracted or not Optical properties of hair Determination of some disorders or syndromes. Fig: Microscopic view of a hair
- 5. PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS contd. INSTRUMENT ADVANTAGES IMAGES OF HAIR 1. Comparison Microscope Comparison of shape, size, colour, component distribution, morphological determination 2. Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of the surface profile of hair, determination of scale height in keratin fibres 3. Stereo Microscope Produce 3D images and helps in determining body area from where hair is originated 4. Polarized Microscope Pigmentation distribution, cellular structure of medulla, determination of disorders, determination of optical properties
- 6. BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS Analysis are done to extract DNA out of hair: 1. With root 2. Without root(from cuticle) Fig: Automated System for DNA extraction Vitality: Determination of paternity Determination of few genetic disorders Fig: Manual Technique for DNA extraction
- 7. TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS Valuable Information Extracted: Determinaton of recent past drug use Examination of long-term drug history through segmental analysis (i.e. identification and quantification of drugs along the length of the hair shaft from scalp hair) Can have reliable information of BMI(Body Mass index) by analysing the concentration of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) concentrations in hair Evaluating risks of acquired clinical vulnerability among subjects exposed to E-waste.
- 8. TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS contd. INSTRUMENTS SIGNIFICANCE IMAGES Liquid Chromatography– Tandem Mass Spectrometry Segmental hair analysis High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Chronic exposure to heroin, cocaine and/or ecstasy Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry determination of drugs of abuse (morphine, codeine,etc.) and their metabolites in hair.
- 9. EVOLUTION IN INDIAN CONTEXT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Comprison Microscope Stereo Microscope Electron Microscope Optical Microscope Fluorescence Microscopy Aacoustic Microscope TOXICOLOGICAL EXAMINATION: Liquid Chromatograph– Mass Spectrometers Gas Chromatograph– Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer Magnetic Sector MS and GC– Combustion Isotope MS Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometers Fig: Flourescent Microscope Fig: FTMS