This document discusses computer security and hacking. It covers several topics:
- Types of computer crimes and hacking incidents from 1988 to 2000 including virus attacks and website compromises.
- Reasons hackers attack including financial gain, espionage, anger, and terrorism.
- Common types of hacker attacks like denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows.
- Ways to improve security like password protection, network security, and database security.
It emphasizes that as security improves, hackers evolve new techniques, so computer security requires constant vigilance and improvement.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security including hackers, cyber attacks, and modes of security. It provides examples of early computer crimes from the 1980s-2000s involving viruses, hacking of sites like NASA and the CIA, and financial theft. Different types of attacks are described such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows. The document emphasizes that as internet usage has grown, security has lagged behind, enabling legions of hackers to more easily conduct cyber attacks and crimes.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
Ethical Hacking : Why Do Hackers Attack And How ?HBServices7
Hackers attack websites and networks for various reasons such as financial gain, espionage, activism, or terrorism. Common attack methods include denial of service attacks to crash systems, spoofing identities to gain unauthorized access, hijacking sessions, exploiting software vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, and cracking passwords. To prevent attacks, network administrators must secure systems from intrusion, monitor for suspicious activity, and keep software updated by patching known vulnerabilities.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacker attacks. It covers types of attacks like denial of service attacks, password attacks, spoofing, and buffer overflow attacks. It also explains security concepts like password security, network security, and different modes of hacker attacks over the internet, LAN, locally, and offline. The document emphasizes that as computer security improves, hackers are finding newer ways to compromise systems, so security is an ongoing challenge.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack overwhelms a system's resources to prevent it from responding to requests, while a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack uses multiple compromised systems. Common DoS/DDoS attacks include TCP SYN floods, teardrops, smurfing, and ping of death. In 2018, GitHub experienced a record 1.35 terabit DDoS attack. SQL injection occurs when malicious SQL queries are passed through user inputs to access databases. Man-in-the-middle attacks involve an attacker intercepting communications between two parties. Phishing scams use fraudulent emails to steal user information. Password attacks aim to obtain passwords through brute force guessing or
This document contains a student's details - name, roll number, department, semester and subject code. It then discusses various types of cyber attacks like hacking, spoofing, denial of service attacks and password cracking techniques. It explains concepts like IP spoofing, email spoofing, session hijacking and different methods used by hackers to conduct password cracking like dictionary attacks and brute force methods.
orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security including hackers, cyber attacks, and modes of security. It provides examples of early computer crimes from the 1980s-2000s involving viruses, hacking of sites like NASA and the CIA, and financial theft. Different types of attacks are described such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows. The document emphasizes that as internet usage has grown, security has lagged behind, enabling legions of hackers to more easily conduct cyber attacks and crimes.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
Ethical Hacking : Why Do Hackers Attack And How ?HBServices7
Hackers attack websites and networks for various reasons such as financial gain, espionage, activism, or terrorism. Common attack methods include denial of service attacks to crash systems, spoofing identities to gain unauthorized access, hijacking sessions, exploiting software vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, and cracking passwords. To prevent attacks, network administrators must secure systems from intrusion, monitor for suspicious activity, and keep software updated by patching known vulnerabilities.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacker attacks. It covers types of attacks like denial of service attacks, password attacks, spoofing, and buffer overflow attacks. It also explains security concepts like password security, network security, and different modes of hacker attacks over the internet, LAN, locally, and offline. The document emphasizes that as computer security improves, hackers are finding newer ways to compromise systems, so security is an ongoing challenge.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack overwhelms a system's resources to prevent it from responding to requests, while a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack uses multiple compromised systems. Common DoS/DDoS attacks include TCP SYN floods, teardrops, smurfing, and ping of death. In 2018, GitHub experienced a record 1.35 terabit DDoS attack. SQL injection occurs when malicious SQL queries are passed through user inputs to access databases. Man-in-the-middle attacks involve an attacker intercepting communications between two parties. Phishing scams use fraudulent emails to steal user information. Password attacks aim to obtain passwords through brute force guessing or
This document contains a student's details - name, roll number, department, semester and subject code. It then discusses various types of cyber attacks like hacking, spoofing, denial of service attacks and password cracking techniques. It explains concepts like IP spoofing, email spoofing, session hijacking and different methods used by hackers to conduct password cracking like dictionary attacks and brute force methods.
orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.orientation of CS awareness.
This document discusses various types of cybercrime such as hacking, denial of service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. It provides examples of hacking tools like Nmap and Wireshark. Denial of service attacks are attempts to make computer resources unavailable and include Ping of Death and SYN attacks. Phishing involves sending fake emails pretending to be legitimate organizations to steal personal information. The document also discusses how Wikileaks may have breached the security of the US military's SIPRNET network and gives an example of the password cracking tool Cain and Abel. It concludes with sections on cyberlaw and cyber safety practices.
This document provides an overview of computer security. It discusses why security is needed due to increased reliance on information technology. It then covers the history of some major computer attacks. The document defines computer security and discusses its goals of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes common security attacks like network attacks, web attacks, and software attacks. Finally, it discusses types of security like information security and the components that make it up.
1. Trapdoors are secret entry points into a system that bypass normal security procedures, commonly used by developers in compilers. Logic bombs are malicious programs that are triggered when specified conditions are met, such as a particular date or user, and typically damage the system.
2. Trojan horses appear to have a normal function but have hidden malicious effects that violate security policies. Viruses are self-replicating code that alters normal programs to include infected versions and can have hidden payloads.
3. Worms propagate fully functioning copies of themselves across networks to infect other computers. Notable worms include Morris, Code Red, Nimda, Slammer, and Conficker which exploited software vulnerabilities to spread rapidly and
This document provides an overview of cybercrime, including definitions, types, and examples. It discusses common cybercrimes like hacking, denial-of-service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. For denial-of-service attacks and phishing, it provides details on how they work and examples of common tools used. It also discusses the SIPRNET network security breach by Wikileaks and analyzes how it may have occurred without evidence of unauthorized access. Finally, it covers related topics like cyberlaw and cyber safety best practices.
Cyber crime refers to criminal acts involving computers and networks. The document discusses various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, phishing, and cyber stalking. It outlines categories of cyber crimes including those against persons, property, and government. The document also provides details on cyber criminals, precautions to prevent cyber crime, and the advantages and disadvantages of cyber space.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
The document discusses e-commerce security challenges and developments over the past decade due to widespread computerization and growing networking. It covers network and internet security issues like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and key management. It describes security threats like unauthorized access, data theft, and denial of service attacks. It also discusses encryption techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and cryptography concepts like public and private keys, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
This document provides information about cyber safety, including definitions of hacking, the history of hacking, early hackers, and types of cyber attacks like phishing. It defines hacking as using technical skills to overcome obstacles within a computer system through unauthorized access. The first computer hack occurred in the 1960s when Bell Labs modified a UNIX system. Phishing involves deceiving users into providing sensitive information through fraudulent emails or websites, while vishing, smishing, and pharming are phone, SMS, and website-based variants. The document also discusses types of phishing like spear phishing, whaling, deceptive phishing, and angler phishing, and provides quizzes to test understanding of cyber attack types. It covers malware
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills needed. It discusses how to hide one's identity when hacking and find target IP addresses through methods like instant messaging. Common network hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of the target system. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills like programming and using Unix operating systems. It discusses how hackers find and mask their IP addresses to avoid detection when intruding computer systems. Common hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information on targets and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of infected systems. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
The document discusses the history of cyber crimes from the first recorded incident in 1820 to modern times. It outlines some of the earliest cyber crimes and hackers from the 1980s onward. It then provides details on different types of cyber crimes including hacking, denial of service attacks, virus dissemination, software piracy, and more. For each crime type, it gives examples and explanations. The document is an informative overview of the evolution of cyber crimes and the various forms they can take.
E-Mail Crimes - Gurugram Cyber Crime Cell July 2017Shyam Pareek
This presentation was submitted to Gurugram Police at the end of Cyber Crime Internship 2017 by our team members. There were total 100 lucky students who got a chance to join this internship and from these 100 students 5 different teams were made, at the end of the internship every team had to present on different topics related to cyber crimes and discuss on how stay safe or how to deal with those crimes.
E-mail crimes was the topic selected by our team and each of our team members explained the different parts of email crimes on the final day of our Internship.
Cyber Security Module 3.pptx Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting syst...GIRISHKUMARBC1
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users via ransomware; or interrupting normal business processes.
This lecture discusses common methods of cyberattack and types of malware. Some methods of attack explored include packet sniffing to intercept internet traffic, software attacks like trojans and viruses, and social engineering through phishing and hoaxes. Common types of malware described are trojans, viruses, worms, rootkits, adware, spyware, and ransomware. Social engineering methods used by cybercriminals like phishing are also explained.
This document provides an introduction to cyber law in India and defines different types of cyber crimes. It categorizes cyber crimes into those where the computer is the target (e.g. hacking, viruses) and those where the computer is used as a weapon to enable real-world crimes (e.g. credit card fraud, IPR violations). Specific cyber crimes discussed include unauthorized access/hacking, Trojan attacks, viruses/worms, email spoofing and spamming, denial of service attacks, and crimes committed over IRC. Technological advancements have enabled new forms of criminal activity through misuse of information technologies.
Threats in network that can be noted in securityssuserec53e73
Network security threats fall into four main categories: external threats from outside organizations or individuals, internal threats from employees, structured threats from organized cybercriminals, and unstructured attacks from amateurs. Threats are attempts to breach a network, while vulnerabilities are weaknesses in systems that threats can exploit. Common network threats include phishing attacks, ransomware, malware, DDoS attacks, advanced persistent threats, and SQL injection. Organizations can identify threats and vulnerabilities by monitoring their own network, using threat intelligence, conducting penetration testing, managing permissions, using firewalls, and continuously monitoring their network.
This document discusses various types of cybercrime such as hacking, denial of service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. It provides examples of hacking tools like Nmap and Wireshark. Denial of service attacks are attempts to make computer resources unavailable and include Ping of Death and SYN attacks. Phishing involves sending fake emails pretending to be legitimate organizations to steal personal information. The document also discusses how Wikileaks may have breached the security of the US military's SIPRNET network and gives an example of the password cracking tool Cain and Abel. It concludes with sections on cyberlaw and cyber safety practices.
This document provides an overview of computer security. It discusses why security is needed due to increased reliance on information technology. It then covers the history of some major computer attacks. The document defines computer security and discusses its goals of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes common security attacks like network attacks, web attacks, and software attacks. Finally, it discusses types of security like information security and the components that make it up.
1. Trapdoors are secret entry points into a system that bypass normal security procedures, commonly used by developers in compilers. Logic bombs are malicious programs that are triggered when specified conditions are met, such as a particular date or user, and typically damage the system.
2. Trojan horses appear to have a normal function but have hidden malicious effects that violate security policies. Viruses are self-replicating code that alters normal programs to include infected versions and can have hidden payloads.
3. Worms propagate fully functioning copies of themselves across networks to infect other computers. Notable worms include Morris, Code Red, Nimda, Slammer, and Conficker which exploited software vulnerabilities to spread rapidly and
This document provides an overview of cybercrime, including definitions, types, and examples. It discusses common cybercrimes like hacking, denial-of-service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. For denial-of-service attacks and phishing, it provides details on how they work and examples of common tools used. It also discusses the SIPRNET network security breach by Wikileaks and analyzes how it may have occurred without evidence of unauthorized access. Finally, it covers related topics like cyberlaw and cyber safety best practices.
Cyber crime refers to criminal acts involving computers and networks. The document discusses various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, phishing, and cyber stalking. It outlines categories of cyber crimes including those against persons, property, and government. The document also provides details on cyber criminals, precautions to prevent cyber crime, and the advantages and disadvantages of cyber space.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
The document discusses e-commerce security challenges and developments over the past decade due to widespread computerization and growing networking. It covers network and internet security issues like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and key management. It describes security threats like unauthorized access, data theft, and denial of service attacks. It also discusses encryption techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and cryptography concepts like public and private keys, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
This document provides information about cyber safety, including definitions of hacking, the history of hacking, early hackers, and types of cyber attacks like phishing. It defines hacking as using technical skills to overcome obstacles within a computer system through unauthorized access. The first computer hack occurred in the 1960s when Bell Labs modified a UNIX system. Phishing involves deceiving users into providing sensitive information through fraudulent emails or websites, while vishing, smishing, and pharming are phone, SMS, and website-based variants. The document also discusses types of phishing like spear phishing, whaling, deceptive phishing, and angler phishing, and provides quizzes to test understanding of cyber attack types. It covers malware
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills needed. It discusses how to hide one's identity when hacking and find target IP addresses through methods like instant messaging. Common network hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of the target system. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills like programming and using Unix operating systems. It discusses how hackers find and mask their IP addresses to avoid detection when intruding computer systems. Common hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information on targets and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of infected systems. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
The document discusses the history of cyber crimes from the first recorded incident in 1820 to modern times. It outlines some of the earliest cyber crimes and hackers from the 1980s onward. It then provides details on different types of cyber crimes including hacking, denial of service attacks, virus dissemination, software piracy, and more. For each crime type, it gives examples and explanations. The document is an informative overview of the evolution of cyber crimes and the various forms they can take.
E-Mail Crimes - Gurugram Cyber Crime Cell July 2017Shyam Pareek
This presentation was submitted to Gurugram Police at the end of Cyber Crime Internship 2017 by our team members. There were total 100 lucky students who got a chance to join this internship and from these 100 students 5 different teams were made, at the end of the internship every team had to present on different topics related to cyber crimes and discuss on how stay safe or how to deal with those crimes.
E-mail crimes was the topic selected by our team and each of our team members explained the different parts of email crimes on the final day of our Internship.
Cyber Security Module 3.pptx Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting syst...GIRISHKUMARBC1
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users via ransomware; or interrupting normal business processes.
This lecture discusses common methods of cyberattack and types of malware. Some methods of attack explored include packet sniffing to intercept internet traffic, software attacks like trojans and viruses, and social engineering through phishing and hoaxes. Common types of malware described are trojans, viruses, worms, rootkits, adware, spyware, and ransomware. Social engineering methods used by cybercriminals like phishing are also explained.
This document provides an introduction to cyber law in India and defines different types of cyber crimes. It categorizes cyber crimes into those where the computer is the target (e.g. hacking, viruses) and those where the computer is used as a weapon to enable real-world crimes (e.g. credit card fraud, IPR violations). Specific cyber crimes discussed include unauthorized access/hacking, Trojan attacks, viruses/worms, email spoofing and spamming, denial of service attacks, and crimes committed over IRC. Technological advancements have enabled new forms of criminal activity through misuse of information technologies.
Threats in network that can be noted in securityssuserec53e73
Network security threats fall into four main categories: external threats from outside organizations or individuals, internal threats from employees, structured threats from organized cybercriminals, and unstructured attacks from amateurs. Threats are attempts to breach a network, while vulnerabilities are weaknesses in systems that threats can exploit. Common network threats include phishing attacks, ransomware, malware, DDoS attacks, advanced persistent threats, and SQL injection. Organizations can identify threats and vulnerabilities by monitoring their own network, using threat intelligence, conducting penetration testing, managing permissions, using firewalls, and continuously monitoring their network.
Lsn21_NumPy in data science using pythonssuserec53e73
This document provides an overview of NumPy, a fundamental package for scientific computing in Python. It introduces NumPy's multidimensional array object and its core features like basic linear algebra functions and tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code. The document covers how to create and manipulate NumPy arrays using their shape, data types, indexing, slicing, and common methods. It lists NumPy documentation resources and provides examples of creating, indexing, slicing arrays and using NumPy functions. The objective is for students to learn to use the NumPy package.
OpenSSL is an open source toolkit that implements the SSL and TLS protocols for secure network communication as well as cryptography functions. It includes both a command line interface for key generation, encryption, signing and other operations as well as programming APIs for C/C++, Perl, PHP and Python. OpenSSL is used to secure communications with SSL/TLS and provides cryptographic algorithms like AES, DES and RSA. It is commonly used to add SSL support to applications like the Apache web server.
Hash functions, digital signatures and hmacssuserec53e73
This document discusses hash functions, HMACs, and digital signatures. It begins by explaining that while encryption provides confidentiality, it does not prevent message modification. Hash functions map messages to fixed-length values and can detect message tampering, but secure cryptographic hash functions with properties like collision resistance are required. HMACs use a key to authenticate messages hashed with a shared key. Digital signatures use public key cryptography for a sender to authenticate a message by encrypting its hash with their private key.
Asian Elephant Adaptations - Chelsea P..pptxssuserec53e73
The Asian elephant has several adaptations for survival including its massive size, specialized trunks for manipulating objects, tough tusks for defense, floppy ears to regulate temperature, the ability to communicate using infrasound calls, an interesting diet of plants, and resources were found at http://animals.pawnation.com/adaptations-survival-elephants6658.html.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts in Python, including class definitions, objects/instances, methods, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, method overriding, and operator overloading. Key points covered are:
1. A class defines the blueprint for an object, while an instance is a specific object created from a class. Methods are functions defined inside a class.
2. Inheritance allows a child class to inherit attributes and behaviors from a parent class. Encapsulation restricts access to attributes and methods.
3. Polymorphism enables using a common interface for multiple forms or data types. Method overriding allows redefining inherited methods. Operator overloading customizes operator behaviors for user
Here are the key steps to solve this cryptarithmetic puzzle as a constraint satisfaction problem:
1. Define the variables - In this case, the variables are the letters A,E,N,R,S,T. Each variable can take on the values 0-9.
2. Define the constraints - The constraints are that the letters must add up correctly based on the sum, no two letters can have the same value, and M=1 is given.
3. Specify the domain of possible values for each variable. In this case, the domain is 0-9 for each variable.
4. Systematically assign values to the variables while making sure each assignment is consistent with the constraints. Backtrack and
The document discusses planning in artificial intelligence. It introduces the Strips planning framework which uses operators with preconditions, add lists, and delete lists to describe how actions change the world. It describes how Strips can be used to solve a blocks world problem. The document also discusses partial order planning as an alternative to Strips, and represents planning problems using the situation calculus logical framework. It provides an example of representing the monkeys and bananas problem in the situation calculus.
The document discusses different types of knowledge and representations in artificial intelligence, including declarative and procedural knowledge. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between declarative and procedural representations. Specifically, it examines how the order assertions are examined can impact the answer obtained when using a procedural representation compared to a declarative representation. The document also discusses logic programming and the differences between logical assertions and Prolog representations.
Dr. Jose Reena K received a Certificate of Participation for attending a guest lecture titled "Teaching for Tomorrow: Embracing a Research-Oriented Approach" organized by the Internal Quality Assurance Cell of VISTAS on December 18, 2023. The certificate was signed by Dr. N. Kanya of the IQAC, Dr. Malini Pande the Director of IQAC and ASC, and Dr. C.B. Palanivelu the Registrar.
Enumeration involves querying target systems to gather information that can help attackers find vulnerabilities to exploit. It provides details like IP addresses, hostnames, network services, shares, and more. Common enumeration techniques include NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP, NTP, SMTP, and DNS enumeration, which use tools and protocols like network scanners, SNMP agents, LDAP directories, and cleartext protocols to extract usernames, passwords, device details, email addresses and other data from systems and services. The information gathered through enumeration serves as an initial step for attackers to identify entry points for further attacks.
This document discusses techniques for footprinting and scanning target systems during the early stages of a penetration test or cyber attack. It describes footprinting as gathering open source information on a target through methods like searching online databases and websites. Scanning involves using tools like ping sweeps, port scanning and OS detection to learn more about a target's network configuration and running services. The document provides examples of specific tools attackers can use and also discusses some countermeasures organizations can take to limit the information available through these techniques.
The document discusses concurrency control in database management systems. Concurrency control ensures that transactions are performed concurrently without conflicting results by using methods like locking and timestamps. It prevents issues like lost updates, dirty reads, and non-repeatable reads. The main concurrency control protocols discussed are lock-based protocols using techniques like two-phase locking, and timestamp-based protocols.
The document discusses the key components and technologies that enable the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as physical objects embedded with sensors and software that connect and exchange data over the internet. The main technologies that make IoT possible are sensors and actuators to interact with the physical world, various connectivity technologies, cloud computing infrastructure to store and analyze vast amounts of data, big data analytics tools to extract insights from data, and security technologies to protect connected devices and data.
This document provides an overview of an IoT reference architecture, describing its functional, information, and deployment views. The functional view outlines several functional groups including device and application, communication, IoT service, virtual entity, process management, service organization, security, and management. The information view describes different patterns for handling information between functional components, such as push, request/response, subscribe/notify, and publish/subscribe. The deployment view focuses on the main real-world components that make up the system.
This document proposes a gait recognition insole to be placed in shoes to monitor the health of elderly individuals. It was submitted by Ms. K. Jose Reena and Dr. R. Parameswari from the Department of Computer Science at Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies. The insole would collect gait data to identify changes that could indicate health issues. The inventors have submitted initial claims and responded to questions from a patent office review. They provide methodology, existing proof of concept work, and plans to acquire more validation data.
Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity to a known standard unit. There are two types of units - standard and non-standard. Standard units like meters and kilograms are fixed, while non-standard units vary between people and places. The SI system was developed to provide consistent standard units used worldwide. It defines units for length, mass, time, and other physical quantities. Proper measurement requires selecting the appropriate unit and following rules for writing unit symbols. Accuracy is important for scientific work and daily tasks.
Machine learning is the process of using algorithms to analyze data and learn from it. The document discusses several machine learning concepts including supervised and unsupervised learning, decision trees, and inductive learning. It provides examples of using decision trees to classify restaurant customers as waiting or leaving based on attributes like reservation status and restaurant fullness. Key algorithms like ID3 use information gain to build decision trees from training data in a top-down greedy manner.
This document discusses instance-based learning (IBL) methods in machine learning. IBL methods simply store training data and classify new query instances based on similarity to stored instances. The document focuses on k-nearest neighbor learning, which classifies queries based on the classes of the k most similar training instances. It also discusses distance-weighted k-NN, locally weighted regression, radial basis function networks, and case-based reasoning as other IBL methods. The advantages and disadvantages of IBL methods are outlined.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
3. • Internet has grown very fast and security has
lagged behind.
• Legions of hackers have emerged as impedance to
entering the hackers club is low.
• It is hard to trace the perpetrator of cyber attacks
since the real identities are camouflaged
• It is very hard to track down people because of the
ubiquity of the network.
• Large scale failures of internet can have a
catastrophic impact on the economy which relies
heavily on electronic transactions
Crisis
4. • In 1988 a "worm program" written by a
college student shut down about 10 percent
of computers connected to the Internet.
This was the beginning of the era of cyber
attacks.
• Today we have about 10,000 incidents of
cyber attacks which are reported and the
number grows.
Computer Crime – The Beginning
5. • A 16-year-old music student called Richard Pryce,
better known by the hacker alias Datastream
Cowboy, is arrested and charged with breaking into
hundreds of computers including those at the
Griffiths Air Force base, Nasa and the Korean Atomic
Research Institute. His online mentor, "Kuji", is
never found.
• Also this year, a group directed by Russian hackers
broke into the computers of Citibank and
transferred more than $10 million from customers'
accounts. Eventually, Citibank recovered all but
$400,000 of the pilfered money.
Computer Crime - 1994
6. • In February, Kevin Mitnick is arrested for a second
time. He is charged with stealing 20,000 credit card
numbers. He eventually spends four years in jail
and on his release his parole conditions demand
that he avoid contact with computers and mobile
phones.
• On November 15, Christopher Pile becomes the first
person to be jailed for writing and distributing a
computer virus. Mr Pile, who called himself the
Black Baron, was sentenced to 18 months in jail.
• The US General Accounting Office reveals that US
Defense Department computers sustained 250,000
attacks in 1995.
Computer Crime - 1995
7. • In March, the Melissa virus goes on the rampage
and wreaks havoc with computers worldwide. After
a short investigation, the FBI tracks down and
arrests the writer of the virus, a 29-year-old New
Jersey computer programmer, David L Smith.
• More than 90 percent of large corporations and
government agencies were the victims of computer
security breaches in 1999
Computer Crime - 1999
8. • In February, some of the most popular websites in
the world such as Amazon and Yahoo are almost
overwhelmed by being flooded with bogus requests
for data.
• In May, the ILOVEYOU virus is unleashed and clogs
computers worldwide. Over the coming months,
variants of the virus are released that manage to
catch out companies that didn't do enough to
protect themselves.
• In October, Microsoft admits that its corporate
network has been hacked and source code for future
Windows products has been seen.
Computer Crime - 2000
9. • Some of the sites which have been compromised
– U.S. Department of Commerce
– NASA
– CIA
– Greenpeace
– Motorola
– UNICEF
– Church of Christ …
• Some sites which have been rendered ineffective
– Yahoo
– Microsoft
– Amazon …
Why Security?
10. • Because they can
– A large fraction of hacker attacks have been pranks
• Financial Gain
• Espionage
• Venting anger at a company or organization
• Terrorism
Why do Hackers Attack?
11. • Active Attacks
– Denial of Service
– Breaking into a site
• Intelligence Gathering
• Resource Usage
• Deception
• Passive Attacks
– Sniffing
• Passwords
• Network Traffic
• Sensitive Information
– Information Gathering
Types of Hacker Attack
12. • Over the Internet
• Over LAN
• Locally
• Offline
• Theft
• Deception
Modes of Hacker Attack
13. Definition:
An attacker alters his identity so that some one thinks he
is some one else
– Email, User ID, IP Address, …
– Attacker exploits trust relation between user and
networked machines to gain access to machines
Types of Spoofing:
1. IP Spoofing:
2. Email Spoofing
3. Web Spoofing
Spoofing
14. Definition:
Attacker uses IP address of another computer to acquire
information or gain access
IP Spoofing – Flying-Blind
Attack
Replies sent back to 10.10.20.30
Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30
Attacker
10.10.50.50
John
10.10.5.5
From Address: 10.10.20.30
To Address: 10.10.5.5
• Attacker changes his own IP address
to spoofed address
• Attacker can send messages to a
machine masquerading as spoofed
machine
• Attacker can not receive messages
from that machine
15. Definition:
Attacker spoofs the address of another machine and
inserts itself between the attacked machine and the
spoofed machine to intercept replies
IP Spoofing – Source Routing
Replies sent back
to 10.10.20.30
Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30
Attacker
10.10.50.50
John
10.10.5.5
From Address: 10.10.20.30
To Address: 10.10.5.5
• The path a packet may change can vary over time
• To ensure that he stays in the loop the attacker uses source routing
to ensure that the packet passes through certain nodes on the
network
Attacker intercepts packets
as they go to 10.10.20.30
16. Definition:
Attacker sends messages masquerading as some one else
What can be the repercussions?
Types of Email Spoofing:
1. Create an account with similar email address
– Sanjaygoel@yahoo.com: A message from this account can
perplex the students
2. Modify a mail client
– Attacker can put in any return address he wants to in the mail
he sends
3. Telnet to port 25
– Most mail servers use port 25 for SMTP. Attacker logs on to this
port and composes a message for the user.
Email Spoofing
17. • Basic
– Attacker registers a web address matching an entity e.g.
votebush.com, geproducts.com, gesucks.com
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack
– Attacker acts as a proxy between the web server and the client
– Attacker has to compromise the router or a node through which
the relevant traffic flows
• URL Rewriting
– Attacker redirects web traffic to another site that is controlled by
the attacker
– Attacker writes his own web site address before the legitimate
link
• Tracking State
– When a user logs on to a site a persistent authentication is
maintained
– This authentication can be stolen for masquerading as the user
Web Spoofing
18. • Web Site maintains authentication so that the
user does not have to authenticate repeatedly
• Three types of tracking methods are used:
1. Cookies: Line of text with ID on the users cookie file
– Attacker can read the ID from users cookie file
2. URL Session Tracking: An id is appended to all the links
in the website web pages.
– Attacker can guess or read this id and masquerade as user
3. Hidden Form Elements
– ID is hidden in form elements which are not visible to user
– Hacker can modify these to masquerade as another user
Web Spoofing – Tracking
State
19. Definition:
Process of taking over an existing active session
Modus Operandi:
1. User makes a connection to the server by
authenticating using his user ID and password.
2. After the users authenticate, they have access to the
server as long as the session lasts.
3. Hacker takes the user offline by denial of service
4. Hacker gains access to the user by impersonating the
user
Session Hijacking
20. • Attacker can
– monitor the session
– periodically inject commands into session
– launch passive and active attacks from the session
Session Hijacking
Bob telnets to Server
Bob authenticates to Server
Bob
Attacker
Server
Die! Hi! I am Bob
21. • Attackers exploit sequence numbers to hijack sessions
• Sequence numbers are 32-bit counters used to:
– tell receiving machines the correct order of packets
– Tell sender which packets are received and which are lost
• Receiver and Sender have their own sequence numbers
• When two parties communicate the following are needed:
– IP addresses
– Port Numbers
– Sequence Number
• IP addresses and port numbers are easily available so once
the attacker gets the server to accept his guesses
sequence number he can hijack the session.
Session Hijacking – How Does it
Work?
22. Definition:
Attack through which a person can render a system unusable or
significantly slow down the system for legitimate users by
overloading the system so that no one else can use it.
Types:
1. Crashing the system or network
– Send the victim data or packets which will cause system to crash or
reboot.
2. Exhausting the resources by flooding the system or network with
information
– Since all resources are exhausted others are denied access to the
resources
3. Distributed DOS attacks are coordinated denial of service attacks
involving several people and/or machines to launch attacks
Denial of Service (DOS)
Attack
23. Types:
1. Ping of Death
2. SSPing
3. Land
4. Smurf
5. SYN Flood
6. CPU Hog
7. Win Nuke
8. RPC Locator
9. Jolt2
10. Bubonic
11. Microsoft Incomplete TCP/IP Packet Vulnerability
12. HP Openview Node Manager SNMP DOS Vulneability
13. Netscreen Firewall DOS Vulnerability
14. Checkpoint Firewall DOS Vulnerability
Denial of Service (DOS)
Attack
24. • This attack takes advantage of the way in which
information is stored by computer programs
• An attacker tries to store more information on the stack
than the size of the buffer
How does it work?
Buffer Overflow Attacks
•
Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Buffer 1
Local Variable 1
Return Pointer
Function Call
Arguments
•
Fill
Direction
Bottom of
Memory
Top of
Memory
Normal Stack
•
Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Machine Code:
execve(/bin/sh)
New Pointer to
Exec Code
Function Call
Arguments
•
Fill
Direction
Bottom of
Memory
Top of
Memory
Smashed Stack
Return Pointer Overwritten
Buffer 1 Space Overwritten
25. • Programs which do not do not have a rigorous memory
check in the code are vulnerable to this attack
• Simple weaknesses can be exploited
– If memory allocated for name is 50 characters, someone can
break the system by sending a fictitious name of more than 50
characters
• Can be used for espionage, denial of service or
compromising the integrity of the data
Examples
– NetMeeting Buffer Overflow
– Outlook Buffer Overflow
– AOL Instant Messenger Buffer Overflow
– SQL Server 2000 Extended Stored Procedure Buffer Overflow
Buffer Overflow Attacks
26. • A hacker can exploit a weak passwords & uncontrolled
network modems easily
• Steps
– Hacker gets the phone number of a company
– Hacker runs war dialer program
• If original number is 555-5532 he runs all numbers in the 555-55xx
range
• When modem answers he records the phone number of modem
– Hacker now needs a user id and password to enter company
network
• Companies often have default accounts e.g. temp, anonymous with no
password
• Often the root account uses company name as the password
• For strong passwords password cracking techniques exist
Password Attacks
27. • Password hashed and stored
– Salt added to randomize password & stored on system
• Password attacks launched to crack encrypted password
Password Security
Hash
Function
Hashed
Password
Salt
Compare
Password
Client
Password
Server
Stored Password
Hashed
Password
Allow/Deny Access
28. • Find a valid user ID
• Create a list of possible passwords
• Rank the passwords from high probability to low
• Type in each password
• If the system allows you in – success !
• If not, try again, being careful not to exceed password
lockout (the number of times you can guess a wrong
password before the system shuts down and won’t let
you try any more)
Password Attacks - Process
29. • Dictionary Attack
– Hacker tries all words in dictionary to crack password
– 70% of the people use dictionary words as passwords
• Brute Force Attack
– Try all permutations of the letters & symbols in the alphabet
• Hybrid Attack
– Words from dictionary and their variations used in attack
• Social Engineering
– People write passwords in different places
– People disclose passwords naively to others
• Shoulder Surfing
– Hackers slyly watch over peoples shoulders to steal passwords
• Dumpster Diving
– People dump their trash papers in garbage which may contain
information to crack passwords
Password Attacks - Types
30. • Computer Security is a continuous battle
– As computer security gets tighter hackers are getting smarter
• Very high stakes
Conclusions