This document provides guidelines and recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related infections. It focuses on the treatment of peritonitis and exit-site/tunnel infections. The guidelines are organized into sections on reporting peritonitis rates, defining and managing exit-site/tunnel infections, initial presentation and management of peritonitis, subsequent management based on organism, and areas for future research. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring infection rates to improve quality and that Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections require aggressive treatment due to the risk of peritonitis.
Health care-associated pneumonia: Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Preventionsiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. The document discusses the epidemiology, sources, common microorganisms, types of infections, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections. It notes that approximately 2 million patients suffer from hospital-acquired infections annually worldwide, with around 100,000 deaths. Common types of nosocomial infections mentioned include urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and septicemia. Prevention strategies focus on proper hand hygiene, limiting unnecessary procedures and devices, and following infection control protocols.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within hospitals. Risk factors for hospital acquired infections can be iatrogenic (related to medical procedures), organizational (related to facility conditions), or patient-related (underlying illness/immunocompromised state). Common types include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections. Diagnosis involves physical exams, cultures, and imaging tests. Treatment involves removing any invasive devices if possible, empiric use of broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals/antivirals, and consulting infectious disease specialists if needed. Preventing the spread of infections within hospitals remains an important
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Icu infection and its medical management by Dr. Aniket GeeteAniket Geete
- ICU infections are a leading cause of death in non-cardiac ICUs and account for 40% of healthcare expenditures. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections is over 26% in Indian ICUs.
- Common infections include UTIs, surgical site infections, and device-associated infections which have densities up to 13 times higher than in the US. Risk factors include immunosuppression, use of catheters/tubes, surgery, and prolonged antibiotic exposure.
- Aggressive investigation and treatment of infections with antibiotics is needed while also focusing on prevention through hand hygiene, using copper alloy surfaces, and devices that filter infected air to reduce transmission in ICUs.
The document discusses evidence for and against the use of care bundles to reduce surgical site infections (SSIs). Several studies found that implementing bundles focusing on best practices like proper antibiotic use and maintaining normothermia reduced SSIs in colorectal surgeries by 30-60%. However, other evidence showed that while individual practices reduced SSIs, compliance with bundles alone did not consistently decrease rates. Overall, the evidence suggests bundles can reduce SSIs when components address established risk factors, but variation between hospitals still impacts outcomes.
1. Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are infections acquired during healthcare treatment. The most common HAIs in pediatric ICUs are bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
2. Bloodstream infections have higher incidence rates in developing countries compared to developed countries. Common pathogens include coagulase-negative staphylococci and gram-negative bacteria.
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia typically develops after 48-72 hours of intubation and the etiology depends on the duration of mechanical ventilation.
Health care-associated pneumonia: Pathogenesis Diagnosis and Preventionsiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. The document discusses the epidemiology, sources, common microorganisms, types of infections, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections. It notes that approximately 2 million patients suffer from hospital-acquired infections annually worldwide, with around 100,000 deaths. Common types of nosocomial infections mentioned include urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and septicemia. Prevention strategies focus on proper hand hygiene, limiting unnecessary procedures and devices, and following infection control protocols.
Hospital acquired infections, also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within hospitals. Risk factors for hospital acquired infections can be iatrogenic (related to medical procedures), organizational (related to facility conditions), or patient-related (underlying illness/immunocompromised state). Common types include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections. Diagnosis involves physical exams, cultures, and imaging tests. Treatment involves removing any invasive devices if possible, empiric use of broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals/antivirals, and consulting infectious disease specialists if needed. Preventing the spread of infections within hospitals remains an important
Clinical Research Centre (CRC) Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) just released their new e-newsletter. This edition focused on COVID-19 experiences by health care providers.
Icu infection and its medical management by Dr. Aniket GeeteAniket Geete
- ICU infections are a leading cause of death in non-cardiac ICUs and account for 40% of healthcare expenditures. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections is over 26% in Indian ICUs.
- Common infections include UTIs, surgical site infections, and device-associated infections which have densities up to 13 times higher than in the US. Risk factors include immunosuppression, use of catheters/tubes, surgery, and prolonged antibiotic exposure.
- Aggressive investigation and treatment of infections with antibiotics is needed while also focusing on prevention through hand hygiene, using copper alloy surfaces, and devices that filter infected air to reduce transmission in ICUs.
The document discusses evidence for and against the use of care bundles to reduce surgical site infections (SSIs). Several studies found that implementing bundles focusing on best practices like proper antibiotic use and maintaining normothermia reduced SSIs in colorectal surgeries by 30-60%. However, other evidence showed that while individual practices reduced SSIs, compliance with bundles alone did not consistently decrease rates. Overall, the evidence suggests bundles can reduce SSIs when components address established risk factors, but variation between hospitals still impacts outcomes.
1. Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are infections acquired during healthcare treatment. The most common HAIs in pediatric ICUs are bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
2. Bloodstream infections have higher incidence rates in developing countries compared to developed countries. Common pathogens include coagulase-negative staphylococci and gram-negative bacteria.
3. Ventilator-associated pneumonia typically develops after 48-72 hours of intubation and the etiology depends on the duration of mechanical ventilation.
This document discusses nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections. It provides definitions and discusses the highest incidence locations. It then presents a case scenario of a patient developing nosocomial pneumonia after surgery. Risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and specific types of infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia and central line-associated bloodstream infections are explained. Management involves prompt empiric antibiotics guided by cultures and symptoms while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use.
We the Editorial team of e-newsletter on ICT and IFCAI with the support of everyone present the current news letter
Volume 1 | Issue 4 | July 2019 Circulation: Quarterly | All-India | e-Copy format
CHIEF EDITOR Dr. Ranga Reddy
EDITOR Dr. T V Rao
EDITOR & CONCEPT Dr. Dhruv Mamtora
TEAM MEMBER Sister Solbymol
SPECIAL EDITION ON SPECIAL EDITION ON MYCOBACTERIOLOGY
WE CONSIDER MOST IMPORTANT WORLD IN OUR LIVES IS WE
WE ALL MADE IT WISHING MORE COOPERATION FROM YOU TO REACH GREATER HEIGHTS TO SUPPORT EDUCATE MANY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS DOCTORS NURSES AND THE SOCIETY
EDITORIAL TEAM OF ICT, AUTHORS AND ALL THE MEMBERS OF ICT
Evidance based managment of COVID-19 patientsSaren Azer
This document provides guidance on evidence-based management of the COVID-19 outbreak from Dr. Saren Azer, an immunologist and critical care physician. It summarizes recommendations from WHO on screening, infection control, treatment of mild and severe cases, and specimen collection. It emphasizes the importance of infection control and preparing for a potential humanitarian crisis from this pandemic.
The document provides guidance on preventing and controlling infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. It recommends 7 key interventions: 1) providing clean injection equipment, 2) vaccination, 3) drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution treatment, 4) voluntary testing and linking to treatment, 5) treatment for infectious diseases, 6) health promotion, and 7) targeted delivery of services. The interventions should be combined and delivered according to user needs to maximize effectiveness in reducing infections.
Nosocomial Infections by Mohammad MufarrehMMufarreh
Reviews the definition, risk factors, types, sources, causes, and modes of transmission of healthcare-associated infections and the preventive measures that can be applied to minimize the risks.
Stepping Forward: Urologists' Effort During the COVID-19 Outbreak in SingaporeValentina Corona
Urologists in Singapore played an important role in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak. One quarter of the urology department staff were deployed to screen patients at the National Centre for Infectious Disease. This reduced urology services and impacted training. Lessons learned include maintaining emergency plans, effective administration, senior doctors leading by example, embracing technology, and remembering doctors' role in serving public health during crises.
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masksValentina Corona
1) The study identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.
2) Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols. There was also a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.
3) The results indicate that surgical face masks could help prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.
- 84 of the 201 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (41.8%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and of those 84 patients, 44 (52.4%) died.
- Risk factors for developing ARDS included older age, pre-existing comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, and signs of disease severity like dyspnea.
- Risk factors for progression from ARDS to death included older age, signs of immune system overactivation and organ dysfunction like neutrophilia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase and D-dimer levels.
- Treatment with the corticosteroid methylprednisolone was associated with decreased risk of death among patients with ARDS.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
The 2015 Global Tuberculosis Report provides an overview of TB epidemiology and programmatic data from countries and regions around the world. It finds that in 2014 there were an estimated 9.6 million new TB cases and 1.5 million TB deaths. While case detection and treatment success rates have improved, global targets for reductions in prevalence and mortality rates by 2015 were not achieved. Drug-resistant TB also remains a major public health problem, with an estimated 480,000 new cases of MDR-TB in 2014. The report calls for increased investment and accelerated progress to end the global TB epidemic.
Health care associated infection (HAI)Ahmed Beshir
HAI
are infections caused by a wide variety of common and unusual bacteria, fungi and viruses during the course of receiving medical care.
HAI not present at time of admission
HAI can be diagnosed 48-72 hours after admission
Causative Infectious Agents:
Exogenous Agents
Endogenous Agents
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It covers the causative agent, classification, risk factors, global and local burden, and strategies for management. TB is caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major global health problem exacerbated by HIV. In Kenya, TB prevalence was 103,159 in 2012, with 39% co-infected with HIV. The Stop TB strategy aims to reduce the global TB burden by 50% by 2015 through improved detection and treatment programs.
COVID-19: in gastroenterology a clinical perspectiveValentina Corona
This document discusses gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement in COVID-19. It notes that while fever and cough are the most commonly reported COVID-19 symptoms, diarrhea is reported in 17% of cases in Singapore. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in stool samples. Abnormal liver function tests occurred in around 50% of COVID-19 patients in Chinese studies. The causes of diarrhea and liver abnormalities in COVID-19 are likely multifactorial and may involve the virus binding to ACE2 receptors in the gut and bile ducts. Gastroenterologists need to be aware of atypical COVID-19 presentations that can mimic other gastrointestinal or liver conditions.
This chapter introduces communicable diseases and their epidemiology in Ethiopia. It defines key epidemiological terms used to describe diseases. Communicable diseases pose a major health burden in Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to their transmission, including poverty, poor sanitation and lack of access to health care. The major communicable diseases affecting Ethiopia are described.
This document discusses issues in selecting appropriate non-inferiority margins or "deltas" in clinical trials comparing a new drug to an active control drug. It examines challenges in setting deltas for acute bacterial meningitis and hospital-acquired pneumonia based on historical data, disease severity, and practical trial considerations. For both conditions, the magnitude of benefit from antibiotics over placebo is unclear from old studies. A smaller delta reflecting less acceptable inferiority is preferable for severe diseases, but may require impractically large trials.
This document provides recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) for the prevention and treatment of peritonitis. It discusses monitoring peritonitis rates, prevention strategies like catheter placement techniques and training programs, initial presentation and management of peritonitis, and subsequent management. The document is organized into sections on peritonitis rate, prevention of peritonitis, initial presentation and management, subsequent management, and future research. It provides evidence-based recommendations where evidence exists and is intended to help PD programs improve peritonitis outcomes.
This document provides a consensus on the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in solid organ transplant recipients from experts in Spain. It summarizes recommendations on screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, prophylaxis and treatment of UTIs, management of recurrent UTIs, and interactions between antimicrobials and immunosuppressants. The recommendations are based on a systematic review of the literature and provide evidence levels for each. The goal is to support optimal care of this patient population by incorporating the latest scientific evidence on UTIs in transplant recipients.
This document provides an outline and instructions for an education session on hand hygiene for trainers, observers, and healthcare workers. The session aims to raise awareness of key hand hygiene messages and teach the WHO guidelines. It will cover topics like the impact of healthcare-associated infections, transmission risks, and the WHO's hand hygiene implementation strategy. Practical sessions are recommended to demonstrate hand hygiene procedures during patient care.
This document discusses nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections. It provides definitions and discusses the highest incidence locations. It then presents a case scenario of a patient developing nosocomial pneumonia after surgery. Risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and specific types of infections like ventilator-associated pneumonia and central line-associated bloodstream infections are explained. Management involves prompt empiric antibiotics guided by cultures and symptoms while avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use.
We the Editorial team of e-newsletter on ICT and IFCAI with the support of everyone present the current news letter
Volume 1 | Issue 4 | July 2019 Circulation: Quarterly | All-India | e-Copy format
CHIEF EDITOR Dr. Ranga Reddy
EDITOR Dr. T V Rao
EDITOR & CONCEPT Dr. Dhruv Mamtora
TEAM MEMBER Sister Solbymol
SPECIAL EDITION ON SPECIAL EDITION ON MYCOBACTERIOLOGY
WE CONSIDER MOST IMPORTANT WORLD IN OUR LIVES IS WE
WE ALL MADE IT WISHING MORE COOPERATION FROM YOU TO REACH GREATER HEIGHTS TO SUPPORT EDUCATE MANY HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS DOCTORS NURSES AND THE SOCIETY
EDITORIAL TEAM OF ICT, AUTHORS AND ALL THE MEMBERS OF ICT
Evidance based managment of COVID-19 patientsSaren Azer
This document provides guidance on evidence-based management of the COVID-19 outbreak from Dr. Saren Azer, an immunologist and critical care physician. It summarizes recommendations from WHO on screening, infection control, treatment of mild and severe cases, and specimen collection. It emphasizes the importance of infection control and preparing for a potential humanitarian crisis from this pandemic.
The document provides guidance on preventing and controlling infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. It recommends 7 key interventions: 1) providing clean injection equipment, 2) vaccination, 3) drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution treatment, 4) voluntary testing and linking to treatment, 5) treatment for infectious diseases, 6) health promotion, and 7) targeted delivery of services. The interventions should be combined and delivered according to user needs to maximize effectiveness in reducing infections.
Nosocomial Infections by Mohammad MufarrehMMufarreh
Reviews the definition, risk factors, types, sources, causes, and modes of transmission of healthcare-associated infections and the preventive measures that can be applied to minimize the risks.
Stepping Forward: Urologists' Effort During the COVID-19 Outbreak in SingaporeValentina Corona
Urologists in Singapore played an important role in responding to the COVID-19 outbreak. One quarter of the urology department staff were deployed to screen patients at the National Centre for Infectious Disease. This reduced urology services and impacted training. Lessons learned include maintaining emergency plans, effective administration, senior doctors leading by example, embracing technology, and remembering doctors' role in serving public health during crises.
Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masksValentina Corona
1) The study identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.
2) Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols. There was also a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.
3) The results indicate that surgical face masks could help prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.
- 84 of the 201 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (41.8%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and of those 84 patients, 44 (52.4%) died.
- Risk factors for developing ARDS included older age, pre-existing comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, and signs of disease severity like dyspnea.
- Risk factors for progression from ARDS to death included older age, signs of immune system overactivation and organ dysfunction like neutrophilia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase and D-dimer levels.
- Treatment with the corticosteroid methylprednisolone was associated with decreased risk of death among patients with ARDS.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
The 2015 Global Tuberculosis Report provides an overview of TB epidemiology and programmatic data from countries and regions around the world. It finds that in 2014 there were an estimated 9.6 million new TB cases and 1.5 million TB deaths. While case detection and treatment success rates have improved, global targets for reductions in prevalence and mortality rates by 2015 were not achieved. Drug-resistant TB also remains a major public health problem, with an estimated 480,000 new cases of MDR-TB in 2014. The report calls for increased investment and accelerated progress to end the global TB epidemic.
Health care associated infection (HAI)Ahmed Beshir
HAI
are infections caused by a wide variety of common and unusual bacteria, fungi and viruses during the course of receiving medical care.
HAI not present at time of admission
HAI can be diagnosed 48-72 hours after admission
Causative Infectious Agents:
Exogenous Agents
Endogenous Agents
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It covers the causative agent, classification, risk factors, global and local burden, and strategies for management. TB is caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major global health problem exacerbated by HIV. In Kenya, TB prevalence was 103,159 in 2012, with 39% co-infected with HIV. The Stop TB strategy aims to reduce the global TB burden by 50% by 2015 through improved detection and treatment programs.
COVID-19: in gastroenterology a clinical perspectiveValentina Corona
This document discusses gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement in COVID-19. It notes that while fever and cough are the most commonly reported COVID-19 symptoms, diarrhea is reported in 17% of cases in Singapore. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in stool samples. Abnormal liver function tests occurred in around 50% of COVID-19 patients in Chinese studies. The causes of diarrhea and liver abnormalities in COVID-19 are likely multifactorial and may involve the virus binding to ACE2 receptors in the gut and bile ducts. Gastroenterologists need to be aware of atypical COVID-19 presentations that can mimic other gastrointestinal or liver conditions.
This chapter introduces communicable diseases and their epidemiology in Ethiopia. It defines key epidemiological terms used to describe diseases. Communicable diseases pose a major health burden in Ethiopia. Many factors contribute to their transmission, including poverty, poor sanitation and lack of access to health care. The major communicable diseases affecting Ethiopia are described.
This document discusses issues in selecting appropriate non-inferiority margins or "deltas" in clinical trials comparing a new drug to an active control drug. It examines challenges in setting deltas for acute bacterial meningitis and hospital-acquired pneumonia based on historical data, disease severity, and practical trial considerations. For both conditions, the magnitude of benefit from antibiotics over placebo is unclear from old studies. A smaller delta reflecting less acceptable inferiority is preferable for severe diseases, but may require impractically large trials.
This document provides recommendations from the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) for the prevention and treatment of peritonitis. It discusses monitoring peritonitis rates, prevention strategies like catheter placement techniques and training programs, initial presentation and management of peritonitis, and subsequent management. The document is organized into sections on peritonitis rate, prevention of peritonitis, initial presentation and management, subsequent management, and future research. It provides evidence-based recommendations where evidence exists and is intended to help PD programs improve peritonitis outcomes.
This document provides a consensus on the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in solid organ transplant recipients from experts in Spain. It summarizes recommendations on screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria, prophylaxis and treatment of UTIs, management of recurrent UTIs, and interactions between antimicrobials and immunosuppressants. The recommendations are based on a systematic review of the literature and provide evidence levels for each. The goal is to support optimal care of this patient population by incorporating the latest scientific evidence on UTIs in transplant recipients.
This document provides an outline and instructions for an education session on hand hygiene for trainers, observers, and healthcare workers. The session aims to raise awareness of key hand hygiene messages and teach the WHO guidelines. It will cover topics like the impact of healthcare-associated infections, transmission risks, and the WHO's hand hygiene implementation strategy. Practical sessions are recommended to demonstrate hand hygiene procedures during patient care.
Guidance isth _management_of_coagulopathy_in_covid-19 Dr. Freddy Flores Malpa...Freddy Flores Malpartida
1) This document provides interim guidance from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) on recognizing and managing coagulopathy in COVID-19.
2) It recommends measuring D-dimers, prothrombin time, and platelet count in all COVID-19 patients to help stratify risk, with increased D-dimers indicating a higher risk of severe illness.
3) For hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the guidance suggests regular monitoring of D-dimers, prothrombin time, platelet count, and fibrinogen to identify worsening coagulopathy, which correlates with poorer outcomes. More aggressive care may be warranted for patients with worsening markers.
The document provides guidance on preventing and controlling infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. It recommends 7 key interventions: 1) providing clean injection equipment, 2) vaccination, 3) drug dependence treatment such as opioid substitution treatment, 4) voluntary testing and linking to treatment, 5) treatment for infectious diseases, 6) health promotion, and 7) targeted delivery of services. The interventions should be combined and delivered according to user needs to maximize effectiveness and prevention synergy.
INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME IN HEALTH CARE FACCILITYTauseef Jawaid
Infection control aims to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare facilities through specific policies and procedures. Key aspects of infection control include disinfecting surfaces and equipment to eliminate microbes, and sterilizing medical equipment and devices to destroy all microbial life. Nosocomial infections contracted by patients or staff in a healthcare setting are a concern as they can increase costs and negatively impact patient outcomes. Effective infection control through surveillance of infection rates, preventive measures, and staff training is important for reducing the transmission of infections and improving patient safety.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to an infection. It is difficult to diagnose but prompt treatment is important to prevent serious complications like organ failure and death. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker that has been shown to help diagnose sepsis and guide antibiotic treatment decisions. PCT levels rise more significantly in response to bacterial infections compared to other conditions. Several studies have found that using PCT levels to guide antibiotic therapy can reduce antibiotic use without worsening outcomes for patients with sepsis. While PCT is not a perfect diagnostic tool, it provides useful information when interpreted together with a patient's full clinical picture.
The document provides guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. It discusses several topics:
1. It summarizes the Revised Atlanta Classification and Determinant-based Classification systems for establishing the diagnosis and severity of acute pancreatitis. Persistent organ failure for over 48 hours is the key criteria for severe acute pancreatitis and highest risk of death.
2. Patients with organ failure and infected pancreatic or peripancreatic necrosis have the highest mortality risk. All patients with organ failure should be admitted to the intensive care unit if possible.
3. Imaging such as CT scan and MRI are important for diagnosis. Follow up imaging is also important for monitoring complications over time. Laboratory tests and severity scores can help
The document presents guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis from an expert panel meeting. It discusses criteria for diagnosing severe acute pancreatitis, which includes persistent organ failure lasting over 48 hours and high mortality rates. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and includes CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds to identify necrosis and complications. Severity is assessed using scoring systems like the Revised Atlanta Classification and Determinant-Based Classification, which both rely on the presence of organ failure to determine severity. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis and organ failure should be admitted to the intensive care unit.
The document presents guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis from an expert panel meeting. It discusses criteria for diagnosing severe acute pancreatitis, which includes persistent organ failure lasting over 48 hours and high mortality rates. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and includes CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds to identify necrosis and complications. Severity is assessed using scoring systems like the Revised Atlanta Classification and Determinant-Based Classification, which both rely on the presence of organ failure to determine severity. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis and organ failure should be admitted to the intensive care unit.
An infection control nurse informed the PICU consultant that two patients have been found to have MDR Acinetobacter infections. This may constitute an Acinetobacter outbreak. The consultant should confirm it is an outbreak by investigating patients and the environment, calculating the attack rate, and comparing it to the background rate. If confirmed, treatment and prevention measures should be implemented, including isolation, cohorting, strict sterilization and disinfection procedures.
Challenges in healthcare and infection controlLee Oi Wah
The document discusses various challenges in healthcare-associated infection control and prevention. It outlines key challenges like multidrug-resistant organisms, changing healthcare settings, and emerging diseases. It also summarizes strategies like surveillance, standard and transmission-based precautions, and the roles of infection control personnel in outbreak prevention and management. Effective infection control requires a multifaceted approach including education, environmental controls, and collaboration across the healthcare system.
2015 ESC Guidelines on Infective Endocarditis ppt. by Dr Abhishek Rathore MDdrabhishekbabbu
The document summarizes guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis (IE). It recommends an endocarditis team approach in a reference center for complicated IE cases. It emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, and consideration of early surgery. It also discusses new recommendations for specific IE situations, antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical management, and the roles of imaging and multidisciplinary care in IE management.
The study examined the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescriptions and the risk of community acquired pneumonia using data from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Three analytical methods were used: a cohort study comparing PPI users to non-users adjusted for confounders, a self-controlled case series comparing periods before and after PPI use, and a prior event rate ratio analysis comparing periods before and after the first PPI prescription. All three methods suggested that confounding factors present before PPI use, rather than PPI use itself, best explained the increased rate of community acquired pneumonia seen in PPI patients. The association between PPI use and pneumonia risk observed in previous studies is likely entirely due to
The study examined the association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescriptions and the risk of community acquired pneumonia using data from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Three methods were used: a cohort study comparing PPI users to non-users adjusted for confounders, a self-controlled case series comparing periods before and after PPI use, and examining event rates before and after the first PPI prescription. All methods suggested the observed association between PPI use and pneumonia was likely due entirely to underlying confounding factors present before PPI use, rather than being caused by PPI use itself.
Public-private partnerships in healthcare involve governments partnering with private businesses to jointly fund and operate health services. In Pakistan, tuberculosis is a major public health issue, with over 268,000 new cases reported annually. USAID works with the Pakistani government and other partners to strengthen tuberculosis control programs in the country through activities like expanding diagnostic and treatment services, improving monitoring and evaluation, and training healthcare workers.
This document discusses the importance of urologists being aware of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. It notes that some early cases of COVID-19 in Italy were initially attributed to urosepsis by internal medicine physicians due to fever in patients with urological devices. However, these cases were later determined to be pneumonia. The document emphasizes that the symptoms of COVID-19 can overlap with urosepsis, so urologists evaluating patients with fever should consider COVID-19 to avoid missed or delayed diagnoses and unnecessary exposure. Laboratory findings like procalcitonin levels can help differentiate between viral COVID-19 infection and bacterial urosepsis.
Disseminated fungal infections occur when fungi spread through the bloodstream and infect organs beyond the original site of infection. Risk factors include immunosuppression, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and indwelling medical devices. Candida species are a leading cause, and symptoms can range from fever to organ failure. Blood cultures have low sensitivity, so empiric antifungal therapy should start promptly for high-risk patients based on risk factors rather than waiting for positive cultures. Echinocandins, polyenes like amphotericin B, and azoles are major antifungal drug classes used to treat disseminated fungal infections.
This document discusses disseminated fungal infections, including candidiasis. It notes that fungal infections are increasing in ICUs due to rising immunosuppression. Candida species are the most common cause. Risk factors for disseminated candidiasis include ICU stay, immunosuppression, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and central lines. Symptoms can range from fever to sepsis. Treatment involves removing central lines and starting antifungals without waiting for cultures, as cultures are often negative. Options include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins like caspofungin. Prevention strategies focus on hand hygiene and targeted prophylaxis in high-risk groups.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis