1. Groupware aims to facilitate collaboration between individuals located remotely by eliminating distance. 2. It refers to software that supports cooperative work, including communication, coordination, and sharing of information. 3. Effective groupware addresses both technical and social aspects of human interaction and collaboration.

2. waqaskhttk@gmail.com

4. “What we really have to do is eliminate
distance between individuals who want to
interact with other people and with other
computers.”

7. CSCW is an acronym for Computer Supported
Cooperative Work. It is the scientific discipline that
motivates and validates groupware design.

8. CSCW is technology independent which means
technology is not the major driving force behind the
discipline.
Instead, CSCW is socially dependent.
It looks at the way people
interact and collaborate
with each other, and
attempts to develop
guidelines for developing
technology to assist in the
communication process.

9. Groupware applications
are not meant to replace
people in an interactive
situation.
Groupware is the
hardware and software
which supports and
augments group work.

10. Groupware refers to
programs that help
people work together
collectively while
located remotely from
each other
It is also used to define workflow, so that as one user
completes a step in a project or process, the person
responsible for the next step is notified automatically.

11. Sometimes called collaborative software,
Groupware is an integral component of a field of
study known as Computer-Supported
Cooperative Work or CSCW.
Groupware may be used to
 Communicate
 Cooperate
 Coordinate
 Solve problems
 Compete or negotiate

12. Some product examples of groupware include
Lotus Notes and Microsoft Exchange, both of
which facilitate
 calendar sharing
 e-mail handling
 and the replication of files across a
distributed system so that all users can view the
same information.
Electronic "face-to-face" meetings are facilitated
by CU-SeeMe and Microsoft NetMeeting.

13. CU-SeeMe Microsoft NetMeeting

14.  Support groups of people engaged in a
common task or goal
 Provides a mechanism to share opinions and
resources
 A centralized repository for documents and
files that users can access and save to
 Idea Generation (Brainstorming)
 Managing Sessions

15.  Document version management and change
management
 Shared calendars and task management
 One platform for managing, controlling and
developing business processes
 Support for working in different time zone
 One Touch (Supports Remote Teaching and
Conferencing)
 Vineyard (Repository of shared information)

16.  Option Finder
 Brainstorm
 weigh alternatives
 identify priorities
 vote
 and work toward consensus in a non-
decision room settings

17. Groupware technologies are typically categorized
along two primary dimensions:
1. whether users of the groupware are working
together at the same time or different times
2. Whether users are working together in the same
place or in different places.

18. This classification system is based on type of support
provides

19. same
place
different
places
same time different times
Face to Face
Interaction
Communication
+
Coordination
Remote
Interaction
Continuous Task

20. There are two basic types of Groupware
“Asynchronous groupware supports communication and
problem solving among groups of individuals who contribute
at different times, and typically also are geographically
dispersed.”

21. same
place
colocated
different
places
remote
same time
synchronous
different times
asynchronous
Face to Face
Interaction
Communication
+
Coordination
Remote
Interaction
Continuous Task

22. same
place
colocated
different
places
remote
same time
synchronous
different times
asynchronous
Face to Face Interaction
Communicati
on +
Coordination
• Remote
Interaction
• Continuous
Task

23. Embeds decision making process
 Dedicated computer-based conference facility
 Real time large group support (5-50)
Embeds a structured meeting process
Typical function
 Explore Problems
 Brainstorm ideas
 Organize/prioritize results
 voting…
Good for brainstorming

24. Multiple people using a single display
 Multiple input devices
 Simultaneous input

25. Display is Shared
between people like
shown in the figures.

26. same
place
colocated
different
places
remote
same time
synchronous
different times
asynchronous
Communicati
on +
Coordination
Remote Interaction
Video conferencing
Instant messaging
Shared screens
Multi-user editors
• Continuous
Task
• Face to Face
Interaction

27. Video communications systems allow two-way or
multi-way calling with live video,
Bandwidth/latency issues

28. Chat systems permit many people to
write messages in real-time in a
public space.

29. Workstation based applications for collaborative
work at a number of desktops.
Involve screen-sharing where a central theme is
WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See).

30. same
place
colocated
different
places
remote
same time
synchronous
different times
asynchronous
• Face to Face
Interaction
Communicati
on +
Coordination
• Remote
Interaction
Continuous Task
Team rooms
Large public displays
Shift work groupware
Project management

31. Post information from various sources to public place
who posts?
how to personalize?
relevance?
from Multimedia Fliers, Churchill, Nelson, Denoue,
Communites and Technoligies 2003

32. Information that goes across shifts
Information is stored
View by relevant People
Shared with others
NASA Control Center

33. same
place
colocated
different
places
remote
same time
synchronous
different times
asynchronous
• Face to Face
Interaction
Communication + Coordination
• Email
• Mailing List
• Group calendars
• Communal Messaging
• Workflow
• Wikis
• Remote
Interaction
• Continuous
Task

34. Email is by far the most common groupware
application. While the basic technology is
designed to pass simple messages between 2
people, even relatively basic email systems today
typically include interesting features for
 Forwarding messages
 Filing messages
 Creating mailing groups
 Attaching files with a message.
etc…

35. Newsgroups and mailing lists are similar in
spirit to email systems except that they are
intended for messages among large groups of
people instead of 1-to-1 communication.

36. Group calendars is also a type of Asynchronous
Groupware which allows
 Scheduling
 Project management
 Coordination among many people

37. Collaborative writing systems may provide
both real-time support and non real-time support.
Word processors may provide asynchronous
support by showing authorship and by allowing
users to track changes and make annotations to
documents.

38. Many types
 Bulletin boards
 Computer conferencing
 Discussion groups
 Blogs

39. Group-viewable / editable web site
community of strangers
to
community of collaborators

41. 1. Complexity
The complexity of groupware development is still an issue. One
reason for this is the socio-technical dimension of groupware.
Groupware designers do not only have to address technical issues (as
in traditional software development) but also consider the social
group processes that should be supported with the groupware
application.

42. 2. Persistency
Persistence is needed in some sessions. Chat and voice
communications are routinely non-persistent and evaporate at the
end of the session. Virtual room and online file cabinets can persist for
years. The designer of the collaborative space needs to consider the
information duration needs and implement accordingly.
3. Authentication
Authentication has always been a problem with groupware. When
connections are made point-to-point, or when log-in registration is
enforced, it's clear who is engaged in the session. However, audio and
un-moderated sessions carry the risk of unannounced 'lurkers' who
observe but do not announce themselves or contribute.

43. 4. Concurrency Issues
Multiple input and output streams bring concurrency issues into
the groupware applications, like with a group editor such as GROVE,
for example, one person might delete a sentence while a second
person inserts a word into the sentence.
5. Session control
Session is the situation where a group is in process of a
conversation. Every session has to be controlled in all kinds of ways,
from setting limits to prevent abuse up to providing ways to facilitate
the communication.

44. 6. Floor Control
Once a user has joined a session it has to be decided the kind of
access (for example whether simultaneous or not or compromising
techniques).
7. Privacy
Privacy has to be ensured (even against aggressive attempts)
mostly by the possibility of the anonymity. One example privacy
policy is the principle of reciprocity: if a user wants information about
another user, he has to provide the equivalent information about
himself.

45. 8. Issues Related to Screen Space Management
Screen space is a limited resource in single-user applications, but it
is even more of a problem with group interfaces in which each user
can create windows that appear on other users' screens. Techniques
for managing window proliferation are needed.
Approaches:
a. One approach is to aggregate windows into functional sets, or rooms,
each of which corresponds to a particular task. When a room is
entered, the windows associated with that room are opened.
b. A second approach is to let one of the users bear some of the burden of
maintaining window order. The LIZA system provides a monitor tool,
for example, which allows one user to open and close windows used by
participants. This approach is particularly useful with inexperienced
users.

46. 9. WYSIWIS Issues
One approach to constructing group interfaces is known as
WYSIWIS . This acronym stands for "What You See Is What I See"
and denotes interfaces in which the shared context is guaranteed to
appear the same to all participants.
Its major disadvantage is that it can be inflexible.
Experience has shown that users often want independent control
over such details as window placement and size, and may require
customized information within the window.

47. 10. Awareness
We don’t know how to be together
Playing together, Working together, and Learning together requires
effort & technique
Group Awareness:
An understanding of the activities of others which provides a context for
your own activity…
Informal: who is around & what they are doing including one’s self
Social: presence & co-presence (perception of being real)
Group-Structural: activities & team-members’, organisation
Workspace: interface activities & interactions
Aim: organization & knowledge convergence

48. Group-Awareness Guidelines
 Presence & Co-presence
 Time continuum
 Context continuum
 Situation experience
 Continuum experience
 Convergence
 Motivation & enjoyment