language development

1. LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMET
AND SECOND
LANGUAGE

2. At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Explain theories of second language acquisition.
• Compare major theories of second language acquisition.
• Analyze the MTB-MLE curriculum in the Philippines
against the first and second language acquisition theories.
LEARNING OUTCOMES

3. • Let us look at the following utterances from different languages.

4. What is a
linguistic
universal?

6. LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
AND SECOND
LANGUAGE

7. LENNEBERG'S
CRITICAL PERIOD
HYPOTHESIS ON L2
ACQUISITION

8. • Porter (1989) in Bailey (2001), explained that "The optima/
time to learn a second language is between age three and five
or as soon thereafter as possible, and certainly before the
onset of puberty".
• According to Kenji (2001), the critical period hypothesis
for second language (L2) learning has found resonance in
a variety of policy positions regarding when an L2 should
be introduced in the curriculum.

9. KEY ELEMENTS OF A CRITICAL PERIOD IN L2 ACQUISITION (Kenji
Hakuta in Bailey et al.,2001).
1. Clearly specified beginning and endpoints for the period:
• Johnson and Newport (1989) considered age 15 to
be the end of the critical period.
• Pinker considered it to begin at age 6 and end at
puberty
• For present, set by puberty and ends at age 15 in any
event.

10. 2. Well-defined decline in L2 acquisition at the end of the
period:
• The ability to learn things declines with age.
• A general decline in learning is not strong evidence
for a critical period for L2 acquisition.
• The appeal of a critical period hypothesis lies in its
specificity, that is, its ability to target specific
learning mechanisms that get turned off at a given
age (Birdsong, 1999).

11. 3. Evidence of qualitative differences in learning between
acquisition within and outside the critical period:
• A critical period is assumed to be caused by
the shutting down of a specific language
learning mechanism. Therefore, any
learning that happens outside of the critical
period must be the result of alternative
learning mechanisms.

12. 4. Robustness to environmental variation inside the
critical period:
• Another attraction of the critical period hypothesis is
that there is a threshold level of exposure with
uniformed outcomes, even with considerable
environmental variation. The environment might play a
larger role beyond that period and the outcomes would
become more variable.

13. • Lenneberg's critical period hypothesis explains rather rigid stages
of first language acquisition to second language acquisition.
• First language acquisition typically occurs in infancy and early
childhood.
• Critical Period (CP) hypothesis explains that as a child proceeds in
life, his ability to acquire a second language declines and that
acquisition and learning of a second language must be introduced
early on: the earlier the better.

14. • Snow & Hoefnagel-Hoehle (1978) in Parsley (2015),
based on extensive research, claimed that adults and
young adults acquired a second language and had a
better understanding of it as opposed to children in
the age associated with the Critical Period
Hypothesis.

15. TWO (2) MAJOR THEORIES
THAT EXPLAIN SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:

16. • Jim Cummins explained that all
languages have common underlying
proficiency (CUP).
• Dual- iceberg - every language
contains a surface structure or
features that may be different like
phonology, morphology, and syntax;
however, beneath those surface
structures.
CUMMINS' INTERDEPENDENCE HYPOTHESIS.

17. • BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills) describes
the development of conversational fluency in the second
language,
• CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency)
describes the use of language in decontextualized
academic situations.
• The implication of Cummins' interdependence hypothesis
explains greatly how one language can be transitioned to
another language and another language

18. • Professor emeritus at the University of
Southern California.
• He is a linguist and educational researcher.
• Known for his Natural Approach Theory of
second language which he developed with
Tracy Terrell.
KRASHEN's NATURAL APPROACH TO SECOND
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
DR. STEPHEN
KRASHEN

19. Krashen & Terrell's (1998) theory focuses on both oral and
written communication skills. It was developed on the premise
of four principles:
1. Comprehension of language begins before language
production.
2. Language production emerges in stages.
3. Language learning is done using communication and
interaction in the target language.
4. Classroom tasks and activities are centered on students'
interests, and lower their affective filters.

20. • The goal of The Natural Approach is "the ability to communicate with
native speakers of the target language" (Cook, 1994).
There are five hypotheses that outline the Natural
Approach theory:
1.The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis
2.The Natural Order Hypothesis
3.The Input Hypothesis
4.The Monitor Hypothesis
5.The Affective Filter Hypothesis

21. THE ACQUISITION/LEARNING HYPOTHESIS
1
• Krashen (1985), suggested that adults have two different ways
of developing competence in second languages.
• Krashen (2013) and Krashen & Terrel (1998), make a
distinction between language acquisition and language
learning.

22. • Occurs subconsciously.
• We are not aware that it is happening.
• The knowledge is stored in our brains
subconsciously.
• Referred to as "picking up" a language.
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

23. LANGUAGE LEARNING
• Direct and conscious effort.
• Error correction is supposed to help in the
learning process.
• When corrected, our conscious version of
the language changed (Krashen, 2013).

24. • The implication of this hypothesis to
second language acquisition is to strike a
balance between the principles of the
acquisition and learning.

25. 2 THE NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS
• Natural order hypothesis explains that we acquire,
not learn, the parts of a language or grammatical
structures in a predictable progression
• Similar natural order occurs even in second language
acquisition.
• The implication of this hypothesis is that language
materials must be carefully designed to consider the
natural order of the grammatical structures in first and
second or foreign language teaching materials.

26. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
To be continued by Group 5...

27. ARE YOU READY?

28. IDENTIFICATION
1. It is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural
languages, potentially true for all of them (Webster).
2. This hypothesis explains rather rigid stages of first
language acquisition to second language acquisition.
3. This acquisition typically occurs in infancy and early
childhood.
4. It describes the development of conversational fluency in
the second language.
Instruction: Write your answer in a 1/2 crosswise.

29. 5. It describes the use of language in decontextualized
academic situations.
6. Who is a linguist and educational researcher known for
his Natural Approach Theory?
7. It occurs subconsciously and the knowledge is stored in
our brain.
8. It is a Direct and conscious effort to learn the rules that
govern the use of the language.
9-10. Give the two different ways of developing
competence in second language.

30. 1. Linguistic universal
2. Lennberg's critical period hypothesis
3. First language acquisition
4. BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills)
5. CALP (Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency)
6. Dr. Stephen krashen
7. Language acquisition
8. Language learning
9-10. Language acquisition & Language learning.
ANSWER