Business writing skills. Verb tenses (Past) Present perfect Past Perfect Simple Past

1. Business Writing Skills: Grammar Part 2
November 27, 2015 Rachael Walker

2. Overview
Part 1: Verb Tenses
Present
Future
Past
Conditional

3. Overview
Part 1: Verb Tenses
Present
Future
Past
Conditional

4. Overview
Part 1: Verb Tenses
Present
Future
Past
Conditional

5. Past Tense

6. Past Tense
Simple

7. Past Tense
Simple
I did.

8. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous

9. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.

10. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect

11. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.

12. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.

13. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect

14. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.

15. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.
I have been doing.

16. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.
I have been doing.

17. Past Simple

18. Past Simple
1) Completed actions

19. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment

20. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions

21. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions
Now

22. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions
Now

23. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions
Now

24. Past simple
Completed Actions
Now

25. Past simple
Completed Actions
I read the recommendations. (Active)
Now

26. Past simple
Completed Actions
I read the recommendations. (Active)
The report was submitted. (Passive)
Now

27. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions
Now

28. Past simple
Definite moments
Now

29. Past simple
Definite moments
In 2010, we signed the contract.
Now

30. Past simple
Definite moments
In 2010, we signed the contract.
They lost 5% of their business last year.
Now

31. Past simple
Definite moments
In 2010, we signed the contract.
They lost 5% of their business last year.
When did you receive your promotion?
Now

32. Past Simple
1) Completed actions
2) Definite moment
3) Descriptions
Now

33. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
Now

34. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
The Kellogg company was founded in 1906.
Now

35. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
The Kellogg company was founded in 1906.
The Kellogg brothers thought the public needed healthier
breakfast options.
Now

36. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
The Kellogg company was founded in 1906.
The Kellogg brothers thought the public needed healthier
breakfast options.
When I was young, I went to the seaside.
Now

37. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
Now

38. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
Reports:
Now

39. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
Reports:
The company earned more than $1 billion.
Now

40. Past simple
Descriptions in the past
Reports:
The company earned more than $1 billion.
We generated record cash flow.
Now

41. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.
I have been doing.

42. Past Continuous
Now

43. Past Continuous
Now

44. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
Now

45. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
Now

46. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
Now

47. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
Now

48. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

49. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

50. Past Continuous
Emphasize duration
Now

51. Past Continuous
Emphasize duration
He was working on the report all day.
Now

52. Past Continuous
Emphasize duration
He was working on the report all day.
In the 1990s, computer scientists were dealing with the
millennium bug.
Now

53. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

54. Past Continuous
Create context
Now

55. Past Continuous
Create context
Now
Ongoing action

56. Past Continuous
Create context
Now
Ongoing action
Primary action

57. Past Continuous
Create context
We were talking
Now
Ongoing action
Primary action

58. Past Continuous
Create context
We were talking when the fire alarm went off.
Now
Ongoing action
Primary action

59. Past Continuous
Create context
We were talking when the fire alarm went off.
I was just leaving when he arrived.
Now
Ongoing action
Primary action

60. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

61. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
Now

62. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
Now

63. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
Now

64. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
Now

65. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
Now

66. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
He was visiting clients all last week.
Now

67. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
He was visiting clients all last week.
Different clients
Now

68. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
He was visiting clients all last week.
Different clients
Last year we were having problems with production.
Now

69. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
He was visiting clients all last week.
Different clients
Last year we were having problems with production.
Different problems
Now

70. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
Production stopped 5 times yesterday.
Now

71. Past Continuous
Repeated events in the past
1) Finished
2) Slightly different
3) Not a habit
Production stopped 5 times yesterday.
I wrote reports every day when I first started.
Now

72. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

73. Past Continuous
Planned events that did not occur

74. Past Continuous
Planned events that did not occur
I was planning on going to the park, but it rained.

75. Past Continuous
Planned events that did not occur
I was planning on going to the park, but it rained.
She was going to phone them, but she forgot.

76. Past Continuous
1) Emphasize duration
2) Create context
3) Repeated events
4) Events that did not occur
5) Polite requests
Now

77. Past Continuous
Polite requests

78. Past Continuous
Polite requests
I was wondering if you could help me.

79. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.
I have been doing.

80. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past

81. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past
2) Continuous

82. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past
2) Continuous
3) Conditional

83. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past
2) Continuous
3) Conditional

84. Past Perfect
The past of the past
Now

85. Past Perfect
The past of the past
NowPast

86. Past Perfect
The past of the past
NowPastEarlier Past

87. Past Perfect
The past of the past
NowPastEarlier Past

88. Past Perfect
The past of the past
The accident happened because the employee had not
received proper training.
NowPastEarlier Past

89. Past Perfect
The past of the past
The accident happened because the employee had not
received proper training.
NowPastEarlier Past
The Accident

90. Past Perfect
The past of the past
The accident happened because the employee had not
received proper training.
NowPastEarlier Past
The AccidentNo training

91. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
NowPast

92. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now

93. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now

94. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now
Walking
Context

95. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now
Walking
Context

96. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now
Walking
Context

97. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
Now
Walking
Context
Past
Realized

98. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
NowPast
Realized
Walking
Context

99. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
NowPast
Realized
Walking
Context

100. Past Perfect
The past of the past
I was walking when I realized I had left my windows open.
NowPastEarlier Past
RealizedLeft windows open
Walking
Context

101. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past
2) Continuous
3) Conditional

102. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
NowPastEarlier Past

103. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
NowPastEarlier Past

104. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
They had been testing the product for many years before it came
to market.
NowPastEarlier Past

105. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
They had been testing the product for many years before it came
to market.
She was forced to take off because she had been working too
hard.
NowPastEarlier Past

106. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities

107. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.

108. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.

109. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.
Now

110. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.
NowPast
Saw her

111. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.
NowPastEarlier Past
Strategy planned Saw her

112. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.
NowPast
NowPastEarlier Past
Strategy planned Saw her
Saw her

113. Past Perfect
Finished and unfinished activities
When I saw her she had planned a new strategy.
When I saw her she had been planning a new strategy.
NowPastEarlier Past
NowPastEarlier Past
Strategy planned Saw her
Saw herStrategy planning

114. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
They had been testing the product for many years before it came
to market.
She was forced to take off because she had been working too
hard.
NowPastEarlier Past

115. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
NowPastEarlier Past

116. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
*use with how long
NowPastEarlier Past

117. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
*use with how long
They closed the subsidiary because it had been losing money ever
since it was set up.
NowPastEarlier Past

118. Past Perfect
The past of the past – continuous
Emphasizing the duration
*use with how long
I had been walking for twenty minutes when I realized I had left my
windows opened.
NowPastEarlier Past

119. Past Perfect
1) The past of the past
2) Continuous
3) Conditional

120. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive

121. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive
Talk about events that did not happen

122. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive
Talk about events that did not happen
I wish I had studied harder in high school.

123. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive
Talk about events that did not happen
I wish I had studied harder in high school.
If I had studied, I would have graduated with honors.

124. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive
Talk about events we wish had not happened

125. Past Perfect
Conditional and subjunctive
Talk about events we wish had not happened
He wishes he hadn't left his job.

126. Past Tense
Simple
I did.
Continuous
I was doing.
Past perfect
I had done.
I had been doing.
Present perfect
I have done.
I have been doing.

127. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions

128. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news

129. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now

130. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences

131. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities

132. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

133. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

134. Present Perfect
Now

135. Present Perfect
Now

136. Present Perfect
Now
Effect / Importance

137. Present Perfect
Now
Effect / ImportanceI have lost my keys.
I lost my keys.

138. Present Perfect
Now
Effect / ImportanceI have lost my keys.
I lost my keys.
He has gone out.
He went out.

139. Present Perfect
Present results of past actions
The new system has caused sweeping changes in the
industry.
Now
Effect / Importance

140. Present Perfect
Present results of past actions
The new system has caused sweeping changes in the
industry.
IT has changed the way we do business.
Now
Effect / Importance

141. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

142. Present Perfect
Announcing news
Now
Effect / Importance

143. Present Perfect
Announcing news
We have changed our policy regarding overtime.
Now
Effect / Importance

144. Present Perfect
Announcing news
We have changed our policy regarding overtime.
They have updated our website.
Now
Effect / Importance

145. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

146. Present Perfect
Time until now
Now
Effect / Importance

147. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Now
Effect / Importance

148. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Since
Now
Importance

149. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Since
The factory has been operational since 2006.
Now
Importance

150. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Since
The factory has been operational since 2006.
The factory opened in 2006.
Now
Importance

151. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
She has always been creative.
Now
Importance

152. Present Perfect
Time until now
The company has expanded rapidly in the last few years
Now
Importance

153. Present Perfect
Time until now
Now
Importance

154. Present Perfect
Time until now
1) We have not decided what to do yet.
Now
Importance

155. Present Perfect
Time until now
1) We have not decided what to do yet.
2) We have already decided.
Now
Importance

156. Present Perfect
Time until now
1) We have not decided what to do yet.
2) We have already decided.
3) We have just decided.
Now
Importance

157. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

158. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Now
Importance

159. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Now
Importance

160. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Have you ever been to Beijing?
Now
Importance

161. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never been married.
Now
Importance

162. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Have you ever been to Beijing?
I have never been married.
He has had many jobs in his life.
Now
Importance

163. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Has the company ever been bankrupt?
Now
Importance

164. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Has the company ever been bankrupt?
No, it has never been bankrupt.
Now
Importance

165. Present Perfect
Time until now (unfinished)
Life experiences
Has the company ever been bankrupt?
No, it has never been bankrupt.
However, we have had times when we had to do layoffs.
Now
Importance

166. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

167. Present Perfect
Repeated activities
Now
Effect / Importance

168. Present Perfect
Repeated activities
Now
Effect / Importance

169. Present Perfect
Repeated activities
The plant has malfunctioned three times.
Now
Effect / Importance

170. Present Perfect
Repeated activities
The plant has malfunctioned three times.
This is the first complaint we have received.
Now
Effect / Importance

171. Present Perfect
1) Present results of past actions
2) Announcing news
3) Time until now
4) Experiences
5) Repeated activities
6) Conditional future

172. Present perfect
Conditional future

173. Present perfect
Conditional future
I'll phone you when I've received confirmation.

174. Present perfect
Conditional future
I'll phone you when I've received confirmation.
I won't make a decision until I've spoken to the CEO.

175. Present perfect
Conditional future
I'll phone you when I've received confirmation.
I won't make a decision until I've spoken to the CEO.
I'll leave as soon as I've finished my work.

176. Present perfect
Conditional future
I'll phone you when I've received confirmation.
I won't make a decision until I've spoken to the CEO.
I'll leave as soon as I've finished my work.
I can't make a decision if I haven't received the data.

177. Present perfect
Conditional future
I'll phone you when I've received confirmation.
I won't make a decision until I've spoken to the CEO.
I'll leave as soon as I've finished my work.
I can't make a decision if I haven't received the data.
The present is OK, too!

178. Present Perfect Continuous
1) Continuous activities
2) Repeated actions

179. Present Perfect Continuous
1) Continuous activities
2) Repeated actions

180. Continuous activities
Now
Importance
Present Perfect Continuous

181. Continuous activities
Exports have been growing steadily.
Now
Importance
Present Perfect Continuous

182. Continuous activities
Exports have been growing steadily.
Exports have grown steadily.
Now
Importance
Present Perfect Continuous

183. Continuous activities
I have been reading your reports.
I have read your reports.
Now
Importance
Present Perfect Continuous

184. Present Perfect Continuous
Focus on the duration

185. Present Perfect Continuous
Focus on the duration
I'm dirty because I've been working on my car all day.

186. Present Perfect Continuous
Focus on the duration
I'm dirty because I've been working on my car all day.
I've been studying English for twelve years.

187. Present Perfect Continuous
1) Continuous activities
2) Repeated actions

188. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
Now
Importance

189. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
Have you seen my wife?
Now
Importance

190. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
Have you seen my wife?
Have you been seeing my wife?
Now
Importance

191. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
You cannot use quantity
Now
Importance

192. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
You cannot use quantity
I've been playing a lot of golf recently.
Now
Importance

193. Present Perfect Continuous
Repeated actions
You cannot use quantity
I've been playing a lot of golf recently.
I've played golf twice this week.
Now
Importance

194. RCMP Activity
Write an RCMP file on a wanted criminal and add some details
on the crime committed.
Try to use each tense once
Examples:
They have robbed 15 banks so far.
They were wearing a black ski mask.
Witnesses say they had been waiting at the bank when...

195. Tenses
Present
He does.
He is doing.
Past
He did.
He was doing.
He had done.
He had been doing.
He has done.
He has been doing.
Future
He is doing.
He is going to do.
He will do.
He will have done.
He will have been doing.
He is to do.
Bonus! Conditional
If he does, then he will (possible)
If he did, then he would
(impossible)
If he had done, then he would
have done (past)

196. Overview
Part 1: Verb Tenses
Present
Future
Past
Conditional

197. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future (possible)
Future or present (impossible)
Past
In use

198. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide

199. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Future Possible

200. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Future
I will win tomorrow.
I hope
Possible

201. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Future
I will win tomorrow.
I hope I win tomorrow.
Possible

202. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Future
You will give a mouse a cookie.
If you give a mouse a
cookie, he will
want a glass of milk.
Possible

203. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
You will give a mouse a cookie.
If you give a mouse a
cookie, he will
want a glass of milk.
Possible

204. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future (possible)
Future or present (impossible)
Past
In use

205. Conditional and Subjunctive
Present
I have a dog.
I wishBackslide
impossible

206. Conditional and Subjunctive
Present
I have a dog.
I wish I had a dog.
Backslide
impossible

207. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
I wish
Backslide
impossible

208. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
I wish I would win $1million.
Backslide
impossible

209. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
If I won $1million, I
would be happy.
impossibleFuture possible
I will win tomorrow.
If I win tomorrow, I will
be happy.

210. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
If I won $1million, I
would be happy.
impossibleFuture possible
I will win tomorrow.
If I win tomorrow, I will
be happy.

211. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
If I won $1million, I
would be happy.
impossibleFuture possible
I will win tomorrow.
If I win tomorrow, I will
be happy.

212. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
If I won $1million, I
would be happy.
impossiblePresent impossible
I have a dog.
If I had a dog, I would
be happy.

213. Conditional and Subjunctive
BE
I wish I were taller.
If
Backslide

214. Conditional and Subjunctive
BE
I wish I were taller.
If I were taller, I would play
basketball.
Backslide

215. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future (possible)
Future or present (impossible)
Past
In use

216. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
I wish

217. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
I wish I had studied in high school.

218. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
If I

219. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
If I had studied, I

220. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
If I had studied, I would have graduated early.

221. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
If I had studied, I would have graduated early.

222. Conditional and Subjunctive
Backslide
Past
I studied in high school.
If I had studied, I would have graduated early.
would did

223. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future
I will win $1million.
If I won $1million, I
would be happy.
impossiblePast
I studied.
If I had studied, I
would have
graduated early.

224. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future Possible
If I win tomorrow, I will be happy.
Future Impossible
If I won $1million, I would be happy.
Past
If I had won $1milliom, I would have been happy.
Backslide

225. Conditional and Subjunctive
Future (possible)
Future or present (impossible)
Past
In use

226. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

227. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

228. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

229. Conditional in Context
Stating a general rule or habit
Simple present:
When she arrives at work, she checks her email.
If you order bulk, you get a discount.
If the paperwork is incomplete, the order is usually
delayed.

230. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

231. Conditional in Context
Speculating about the future
Future possible:
If we implement the new system, there will be a
marked increase in efficiency.
If we fail to update the database, we will lose
revenue.

232. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

233. Conditional in Context
Unless and if
Unless = if + not
If we do not update the
database...
Unless we update the
database...

234. Conditional in Context
Unless and if
Unless = if + not
If we do not update the
database...
Unless we update the
database...
we will lose revenue.

235. Conditional in Context
Promises, warnings, and threats
Future possible
Promise
Warning
Threat
If you order now, you will get a free gift.

236. Conditional in Context
Promises, warnings, and threats
Future possible
Promise
Warning
Threat
If you order now, you will get a free gift.
We cannot continue production unless the factory
complies with our policy.

237. Conditional in Context
Promises, warnings, and threats
Future possible
Promise
Warning
Threat
If you order now, you will get a free gift.
We will not continue production unless the factory
complies with our policy.
Unless we receive the payment this week, we will
be forced to pursue legal action.

238. Conditional in Context
Promises, warnings, and threats
Future possible
Promise
Warning
Threat
If you order now, you will get a free gift.
We will not continue production unless the factory
complies with our policy.
Unless we receive the payment this week, we will
be forced to pursue legal action.

239. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

240. Conditional in Context
Imagining
Unlikely or impossible
If we hired an agency, we would recover debt more easily.

241. Conditional in Context
Imagining
Less probable situations
If we hired an agency, we would recover debt more easily.
we could recover debt more easily.
we might recover debt more easily.
What would happen if the stock market crashed?

242. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

243. Conditional in Context
Bargaining
If you give a us a 5% discount, we will make a repeat order.
If you gave us a 5% discount, we would make a repeat order.

244. Conditional in Context
Bargaining
If you give a us a 5% discount, we will make a repeat order.
If you gave us a 5% discount, we would make a repeat order.

245. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

246. Conditional in Context
Past speculation
Past
If the price-earnings ration had been higher, we would have
purchased more shares.

247. Conditional in Context
Past speculation
Past
If the price-earnings ration had been higher, we would have
purchased more shares.
Had we anticipated the power failure, we would have updated
sooner.

248. Conditional in Context
Past speculation
Past
If the price-earnings ration had been higher, we would
have purchased more shares.
Had we anticipated the power failure, we would have
updated sooner.
The program could have succeeded if management had
been competent.

249. Conditional in Context
Past speculation
Past
If the price-earnings ration had been higher, we would
have purchased more shares.
Had we anticipated the power failure, we would have
updated sooner.
The program could have succeeded if management had
been competent.

250. Conditional and Subjunctive
Stating a general rule
Future speculations
Promises and threats
Imagining
Bargaining
Past speculation
Varying language

251. Conditional in context
Varying language
Provided (that)
On condition that
In case of
Provided they don't renege on
their offer, we will sign the
contract next week.

252. Conditionals in Context
Mixed conditionals
If the factory weren't so far (present)
we would have bought it already. (past)
If we had bought it earlier (past)
we wouldn't need to deal with Mr. Smith. (present)

253. Conditionals in Context
Polite requests
If you will come this way, I'll show you to your office.
If you come this way,
We would be grateful if you would please refrain from
spreading the news just yet.

254. RCMP Activity
Write an RCMP file on a wanted criminal and add some details
on the crime committed.
Try to use each tense once
Examples:
They have robbed 15 banks so far.
They were wearing a black ski mask.
Witnesses say they had been waiting at the bank
when...

255. Tenses
Present
He does.
He is doing.
Past
He did.
He was doing.
He had done.
He had been doing.
He has done.
He has been doing.
Future
He is doing.
He is going to do.
He will do.
He will have done.
He will have been doing.
He is to do.
Conditional
If he does, then he will (possible)
If he did, then he would
(impossible)
If he had done, then he would
have done (past)