Grade RubricPoint UniversityBUSI 555 Cost Management & Decision Making Week 3 Excel Assignment

Grade RubricPoint UniversityBUSI 555 Cost Management &
Decision Making Week 3 Excel AssignmentChapters 6, 7 &
9Exercise or ProblemPointsPoints EarnedComments6.115
Dr. Paz: Instructor will enter points earned
here6.1657.1857.1957.34159.29155000%
Ex 6-11Exercise 6.11Name:1.Select the appropriate accounts
from the drop-down menus in the shaded cells in columns B and
C.Enter the appropriate amounts in the shaded cells in columns
I and J.Journal EntriesWork in Process—
Encapsulating64,800Finished GoodsWork in Process—
Mixing64,800Work in Process—BottlingWork in Process—
EncapsulatingWork in Process—Bottling126,000Work in
Process—MixingWork in Process—
Encapsulating126,000Finished Goods194,400Work in Process—
Bottling194,4002.Enter the appropriate amounts in the shaded
cells in columns C, D, F, G, I, J, and L.T-accountsWIP—
MixingWIP—EncapsulatingWIP—BottlingFinished
Goods86,40064,80064,800126,000126,000194,400194,40079,20
072,00021,60018,0003,600194,400
Ex 6.16Exercise 6.16Name:Enter the appropriate amounts in the
shaded cells in column K.1.Physical Flow ScheduleUnitsUnits
to account for:Units, beginning work in process80,000Units
started95,000Units to account for175,000Units accounted
for:Units completed and transferred out:Started and
completed78,000From beginning work in process80,000Units in
ending work in process17,000Total units accounted
for175,000Enter the appropriate amounts in the shaded cells in
columns E, G, I, and K.2.Equivalent Units - Weighted Average
MethodMaterialsConversionUnits
completed158,000158,000Units, ending work in process:Percent
Materials17,000x100%17,000Conversion17,000x25%4,250Equi
valent units of output175,000162,2503.Equivalent Units - FIFO
MethodMaterialsConversionUnits started and

completed78,00078,000Units, beginning work in
process:Percent
Materials80,000x0%0Conversion80,000x70%56,000Units,
ending work in
process:Materials17,000x100%17,000Conversion17,000x25%4,
250Equivalent units of output95,000138,250
gray-shaded cells. The essay answers will not be graded.1.Cost
Driver InformationDept. ADept B.TotalYear 1Actual direct
labor hours24,00036,00060,0002400036000Cost allocation
ratios40%60%100%Year 2Actual direct labor
hours25,00025,00050,0002500025000Cost allocation
ratios50%50%100%Allocation Human Resources
DepartmentProducing DepartmentsYear 1Dept.
ADept B.TotalActual Human Resources Costs$
120,000120000Allocation to producing departmentsDept. A$
120,000x40%$ 48,0000.4Dept. B$ 120,000x60%$
72,0000.6Total$ 48,000$ 72,000$ 120,000Allocation
Human Resources
DepartmentProducing DepartmentsYear 2Dept.
ADept B.TotalActual Human Resources Costs$
120,000120000Allocation to producing departmentsDept. A$
120,000x50%$ 60,0000.5Dept. B$ 120,000x50%$
60,0000.5Total$ 60,000$ 60,000$ 120,0002.The manager of
department B is not controlling HR cost better than manager of
department a. Department A alocation of HR costs increased
because the usage of department B has been decreased.3.[Key
essay answer here]
Prob 7.34Problem 7.34Name:Enter the appropriate amounts in
the gray-shaded cells or select from the drop-down list. Essay
answers will not be graded.1.Allocation Ratios for Fixed
CostsSLCRenoPortlandTotalHours of flight
time2,0004,0002,0008,00020004000200025.00%50.00%25.00%
100.00%No. of
passengers10,00015,0005,00030,0001000015000500033.33%50.
00%16.67%100.00%Variable rates:MaintenanceBaggage

Expected costWrong$240,000=Wrong$150,000=3000064000
Activity level800030000Allocation Based on Budgeted
ActivitySLCRenoPortlandMaintenance—fixed:
Cost:$240,000240000 Ratio:0.250.50.25Maintenance—var.:
Rate:$7,500.00Wrong3.75 Flight hrs.200040002000Baggage—
fixed: Cost:$50,000Wrong150000
Ratio:0.33330.50.1667Baggage—var.: Rate:2.1333
Passengers100001500050002.Allocation Based on Actual
ActivitySLCRenoPortlandMaintenance—fixed:
Cost:$235,000Wrong240000 Ratio:0.250.50.25Maintenance—
var.: Rate:3.75 Flight hrs.180042002500Baggage—fixed:
Cost:$156,000Wrong150000 Ratio:0.33330.50.1667Baggage—
var.: Rate:2.1333 Passengers8000160006000 Do any costs
remain in the two support departments?Yes[Key essay answer
here]
shaded cells in columns J and L.Cost Driver InformationDept.
ADept B.TotalYear 1Expected direct labor
hours20,00020,00040,0002000020000Fixed cost allocation
ratios50%50%100%Year 2Expected direct labor
hours20,00020,00040,0002000020000Fixed cost allocation
ratios50%50%100%Enter the appropriate amounts in the shaded
cells in columns F and H.1.Product Costing AllocationHuman
Resources Dept.Producing DepartmentsYear 1Dept. ADept
B.TotalAllocation to producing departmentsVariable costs:Dept.
A20,000dlh x$ 0.25$ 5,000200000.25Dept. B20,000dlh x$
0.25$ 5,000200000.25Fixed costs:Dept. A$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Dept. B$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Total$ 55,000$ 55,000$ 110,000Product
Costing AllocationHuman Resources Dept.Producing
DepartmentsYear 2Dept. ADept B.TotalAllocation to producing
departmentsVariable costs:Dept. A20,000dlh x$ 0.25$
5,000200000.25Dept. B20,000dlh x$ 0.25$
5,000200000.25Fixed costs:Dept. A$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Dept. B$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Total$ 55,000$ 55,000$

110,0002.Performance Evaluation AllocationHuman Resources
Dept.Producing DepartmentsYear 1Dept. ADept
A24,000dlh x$ 0.25$ 6,000240000.25Dept. B36,000dlh x$
50,0001000000.5Dept. B$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Total$ 56,000$ 59,000$
115,000Performance Evaluation AllocationHuman Resources
Dept.Producing DepartmentsYear 2Dept. ADept
A25,000dlh x$ 0.25$ 6,250250000.25Dept. B25,000dlh x$
50,0001000000.5Dept. B$ 100,000x50%$
50,0001000000.5Total$ 56,250$ 56,250$ 112,500
Prob 9.29Problem 9.29Name:Enter the appropriate amounts in
the gray-shaded cells or select from the drop-down
lists.1.Overhead RatesStandard fixed overhead rate =Budgeted
fixed overheadProjected volume xHours per
unit=$770,000770000100,000x21000002=$3.85per
DLHStandard variable overhead rate =Budgeted variable
overheadProjected volume xHours per
unit=$444,000444000100,000x21000002=$2.22per
DLH2.Applied OverheadApplied fixed overhead =Units
producedxDLR/unitxFixed OH rate
=97,000x2x$3.859700023.85
=$746,900Applied variable overhead =Units
producedxDLR/unitxFixed OH rate
=97,000x2x$2.229700022.22
=$430,680Total fixed overhead variance = Actual fixed
OH−Applied fixed OH =
$780,000−$746,900780000746900 =
$33,100UnderappliedUnderappliedTotal variable overhead
variance = Actual variable OH−Applied variable
OH=$435,600−$430,680435600430680=$4,920UnderappliedUn
derapplied3.Fixed Overhead Variances:Actual Fixed
OverheadDHxSFORSHxSFOR200,000x$3.85(23,100)x$3.85200

0001940003.85-
$10,000$770,000780000SpendingVolume4.Variable Overhead
Variances:Actual Variable
OverheadAHxSVORSHxSVOR196,000x$ 2.22(4,440)x$
2.221960001940002.22$ (480)$
435,120435600SpendingEfficiency5.Three-Variance
AnalysisVolume variance:$22,407U23100UWrongVariable OH
efficiency variance:-$4,440U4440UWrongSpending variance:-
$10,480U10480UWrong6.Journal EntriesDebitCreditWork in
Process1,177,5801177580Cost of Goods SoldFixed Overhead
ControlWrong430,680746,900Fixed Overhead ControlVariable
Overhead ControlWrong746,900430,680Fixed Overhead
Spending VarianceFixed Overhead Volume
VarianceWrong435,600780,000Miscellaneous
Accounts435,600Variable Overhead Control1215600Variable
Overhead Efficiency VarianceVariable Overhead Spending
Variance23,100Work in
Process10,0004,4404803310049203802023,10010,0004,440480
This chart contains all the research you need to write the final
paper for this course. If you do the research and reading on the
religion(s) we study each week, and if you give yourself a good
guide to the religions using this chart, you will have a good
foundation for that final paper. The more information you
provide for yourself with this chart, the easier it will be to write
your final paper. Do not forget to provide adequate material for
any in-text citations and be sure to include a reference page as
well. On the left hand side of the chart are the categories and
the content to be discussed.
Complete and submit the following chart. Provide citations for
any source(s) you used to explain or provide examples for in
your research. List in APA Style full references for any in-text
citations and source(s) made in the above chart. Use full
sentences and correct grammar, etc.

WEEK 2
Provide your response in this column.
· State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart.
· Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart. If there is
more than one religion for the week, do two charts.
Janisim
ORIGIN OF ALL THINGS
Every religion has a cosmology/cosmogony to explain its view
of the universe and the place of humans in it. Explain the
cosmology/cosmogony for this week’s religion. Explain how it
is manifested in the subsequent worldview that develops for that
religion.
Jains believe that the universe we perceive really exists and is
not an illusion. It contains two classes of thing: jivas - living
souls, and ajivas - non-living objects, which include everything
else, including space.
Nothing in the universe is ever destroyed or created, they
simply change from one form to another.
Jains believe that the universe has always existed and will
always exist. It is regulated by cosmic laws and kept going by
its own energy processes. This concept of the universe is
compatible with modern scientific thinking.
Jains do not believe that the universe was created by any sort of
god.
The Jain word that comes closest to the western idea of the
universe is "loka".
The loka is the framework of the universe. It contains the world
we experience now, as well as the worlds of heaven and hell.
The loka exists in space. Space is infinite, the universe is not.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/beliefs/universe
_1.shtml
NATURE OF GOD/CREATOR

In what way does this religion have a God or gods? How does
this worship of deity/deities reflect the cosmology of the
religion? If the religion has no God/gods, in what way does this
absence reflect their cosmology?
Jains do not believe in a God or gods in the way that many other
religions do, but they do believe in divine (or at least perfect)
beings who are worthy of devotion.
This makes it difficult to give a straight answer to the question
"is Jainism atheist?" The scholar Heinrich Zimmer suggested
that a new word was needed: transtheistic, meaning
"inaccessible by arguments as to whether or not a God exists".
God and the problem of evil
The Jain view of God enables Jainism to explain the evil and
suffering that exists in the world without the intellectual
difficulties faced by religions that have an omnipotent, wholly
good, creator God at their heart.
http://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-
religions/jainism/divinity-jainism/
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
· State how this religion views human beings. What is human
nature according to this religion? Why does the view of human
nature matter?
· If you cannot identify how this religion defines human beings,
offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't.
The way the religion views human being is that the soul is the
only living substance, which is consciousness and possesses
knowledge. Similarly, the soul is invisible. An infinite number
of souls exist in the universe. In its pure form (a soul without
attached karma particles), each soul possesses infinite
knowledge, infinite vision, perfect conduct, unobstructed bliss,
and unlimited energy. In its impure form (a soul with attached
karma particles) each soul possesses limited knowledge, vision,

conduct, energy, and bliss.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/160088961727023907/
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
· State how this religion defines the concept of good and evil.
· How does this definition or understanding impact the way
adherents to the religion live their daily lives?
Jains have many beliefs about the souls of not only humans but
the souls of every living thing in the universe. They believe that
humans, animals, and plants have souls and that they should all
be treated respectfully, compassionately, and equally. There are
many things the Jains believe about the soul which are very
different than other religions. Punya is the consequence of evil
and paap is evil meaning whatever you do come back to you if
you do good you've rewarded the good deeds or if you do harm
you’re paid with evil.
Moksha is the elimination of everything good and evil.
You reap what you sow if you kill someone with a gun, you
will get killed by a weapon what goes around comes around
which is karma.
Karma works without the intervention of any other being - gods
or angels have no part to play in dispensing rewards or
punishments.
By behaving well - so no karma is attracted
By having the right mental state so that even if an action draws
karma, the correct psychological attitude of the being means
that karma either doesn't stick to that soul or is discharged
immediately.
VIEW OF SALVATION
· All religions suggest that human beings are faced with a
“problem” that needs to be overcome. What is the “problem”
this religion identifies? Is this problem intrinsic or extrinsic for
the person? Is it individually manifested or is it a collective
problem?
Salvation is achieved through three essential ingredients: right

belief, right knowledge, and proper conduct (also called the
three jewels or the threefold path of liberation. The way to
salvation is compared in Jaina works to a ladder with its two
side poles and the middle rungs forming the steps. The side
poles of the ladder are right belief and the proper knowledge,
and the levels or actions of the ladder are the progressive stages
of right conduct.It is apparent that it is possible to ascend the
ladder only when all the three, i.e., the side poles and the rungs,
are sound, that absence of one makes liberation impossible
Right Belief Consists in believing that the Jaina Arhats
including the Tirthankaras are the real Gods.
https://aboutjainism.weebly.com/path-to-salvation.html
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
· What does this religion teach about “what comes next” after
all is said and done? In what do adherents of this religion place
their hope for any future life or existence? Describe the impact
this belief or non-belief impacts the person daily life and the
structures of society. With such a view of the after-life, what
type of societal structures or institutions would we expect to
develop in the culture?
When Jiva is free from all the eight Karmas, he gets liberated
Once all lousy karma is shed, one achieves ‘moksa’ and escapes
the cycle of rebirth. Moksa is liberation and once completed,
one is ready for their place among the gods.
PRACTICES AND RITUALS
· How do members of this religion “practice” their “faith?”
· What ceremonies, or rituals, do they use to help pass this
religion on to the next generation? If you cannot identify how
this religion is practiced, offer a suggestion as to why it doesn't
have any rituals or practices.

Important days in the Jain calendar are called parvan, and on
these days religious observances, such as structured periods of
fasting and festivals, take place. The principal Jain festivals can
relate to the five significant events in the life of each
Tirthankara: descent into his mother’s womb, birth,
renunciation, attainment of omniscience, and final
emancipation.
The Jain calendar includes many festivals. Among them is the
Shvetambara fasting ceremony, oil, which is celebrated for nine
days twice a year (in March–April and September–October) and
which corresponds to the false celestial worship of the images
of the Tirthankaras. The most significant time of the Jain ritual
year, however, is the four-month period, generally running from
late July to early November, when monks and nuns abandon the
wandering life and live amid lay communities. For
Shvetambaras, the single most important festival, Paryushana,
occurs in the month of Bhadrapada (August–September).
Paryushana (“Abiding”) designates, on the one hand,
pacification by forgiving and service with sincere effort and
devotion and, on the other, staying at one place for the monsoon
season. The festival is characterized by fasting, preaching, and
scriptural recitation. On its last day, Samvatsari (“Annual”),
alms are distributed to the poor, and a Jina image is
ceremonially paraded through the streets. The laity performs a
public confession, and letters are sent asking for forgiveness
and the removal of all ill feelings about conscious or
unconscious misdeeds during the past year. The equivalent
Digambara festival is called Dashalakshanaparvan (“Observance
Day of the 10 Religious Qualities”) and centers on the public
display of relevant text, the Tattvartha-Sutra.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jainism/Ritual-practices-and-
religious-institutions.

CELEBRATIONS AND FESTIVALS
· Identify one or two celebrations and/or festivals that members
of this religion use to express their beliefs in public, or in
private.
Why do religions develop celebrations and/or festivals? How
are these different from practices and rituals?
Mahavir Jayanti (annual)
Mahavira's birthday is on the 13th day of the month of Caitra in
the Indian calendar, which falls in late March or early April.
Mahavira's auspicious birth (kalnayaka) is observed by both
Jain sects, the Digambaras ('sky clad' or naked) and
Svetambaras ('white clad' or clothed).and in India images of
Mahavira are paraded in the streets with much pomp and
celebration.
Paryushana (annual)
This is observed around August or September. This is the oldest
known Jain festival, celebrated for eight days by the
Svetambaras and for ten days as Dasalaksanaparvan by the
Digambaras. Paryushana is a time for fasting and the taking of
vows, whereby participants impose restrictions and hardships on
themselves in order to keep their minds firmly fixed on religion.
Religious festivals play an important part in the Jain
community. They provide a focus for communal celebration and
an opportunity to show devotion and gain merit.
REL212 WORLD VIEW CHART

sentences and correct grammar etc..
WEEK 3
State the name of the Religion being addressed in this chart.
Please address ONLY ONE (1) religion per chart. If there is
Buddahism
religion.
According to the buddah, they believe there is no god to explain
the origin of the universe, they believe one thing leads to the
other that created the universe. Buddahism as religion often see
space and time as cyclical system that came into being, in the
religion they believe this happens naturally without the
intervention of gods.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/univer

se_1.shtml
This religion has no God nor gods they have a different
meaning for God or gods, from the research I made I found out
that buddahism has a different view when it comes to God or
gods, they don’t believe God exist they basically believe in
their gods through their different deities an example of their
deity is tantra, which simply is the use of ritual symbolism and
yoga practices to evoke experiences that enable the realization
of enlightenment. Another thing I noticed is that Buddhism is
sometimes called atheistic religion which is that believing in
God or gods really isn’t the point, they believe there is no God,
so there is no point to them even if you believe in them because
they are not going to do anything for you if you need them.
https://www.thoughtco.com/gods-in-buddhism
nature matter?
The view of this religion in relation to human beings is that
they arise due to certain causes and condition, human believes
human beings soul or atman is an eternally existing spiritual
substance but buddah don’t believe in that, they believe
everything is impermanent which is called anicca. In Buddah
human existence is nothing more than five aggregates namely;
physical form, feelings or sensation, ideations, mental

formations or dispositions and finally consciousness.
http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/human-nature
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
This religion is not about judging the good or the evil of human
being according to a research but what they are after is the
teaching of human pain and sufferings. To achieve these, they
talked about desires which they believe is the main cause of
been good or evil the sole aim of buddahism is to minimize
suffering at the roots by getting humans to reject desires. This
believe as helped the adherents of this religion in ways that
makes them portray themselves within and outside the religion
in a more decent way because they believe it balances their
mental and physical wellbeing.
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
One of the problem I see in this religion is that most people
believe it is not a religion in the real and normal sense but the
basic tenet of buddahist teaching is straight forward and nothing
is fixed or permanent in life all actions have consequences and
finally that they must be responsible for their life.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE

This religion as taught most of their followers that there after
life depends on their present life, that is why most of them live
the kind of life they live, in that they believe in the law of
karma Buddha reveal a step by step path to lasting happiness.
By following this path, anyone can gradually transform his or
her mind from its present confused and self-centered state to the
blissful mind of a Buddha.
The way the members of the religion practice their faith is
through some of their different celebrations and rituals and of
the them is called Parinirvana day. This is also called Nirvana
day; this holiday marks the Buddha’s death. His death is
celebrated because his followers believe that by dying, Buddha
left the world of physical pain and suffering and achieved
enlightenment. Buddha taught enlightenment for 40 years and
was 80 years old when he died. Buddha died while in a
meditative state and entered nirvana, a state in which he would
no longer die and be reborn again.

private.
They practice their faith through different celebrations the most
important of the celebration is the ‘’WESAK’’ and this is there
new year and it is done in April when the full moon is out. It is
celebrated to commemorate the death and birth of BUDDAH
also to remember how Buddah become enlightened. The way
people celebrate this season is by cleaning out their houses and
decorating it as well. Dharma is another celebrated day it is
done to celebrate the teaching of Buddah, it is said after Buddah
as search after his enlightenment to inform his previous
disciples of his enlightenment. Dharma Day recognizes the
beginning of Buddhism.

sentences and correct grammar, etc..
WEEK 4 (A)
Confucious
religion.
According to Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Berthrongof Center
for the Study of World Religions Harvard Divinity School,
Confucianism refers to the fact that the universe is viewed as a
vast integrated unit, not as discrete mechanistic parts. Nature is
seen as unified, interconnected, and interpenetrating, constantly
relating microcosm and macrocosm. This interconnectedness is
already present in the early Confucian tradition in the I
Ching, or Book of Changes, and in the Han correspondences of
the elements with seasons, directions, colors, and even virtues.
Confucianism indeed has a cosmology which can explain the
rise of universe and of the biological lives. It says, "There is
Wu-Ch'i which begets Tai-Ch'i which produces Yin and Yang.

Then Yin and Yang form Eight Kwa (Trigrams). The Sixty-four
Kwa (Hexagram) can then be generated. These Sixty-four Kwa
encompasses the entire universe."
http://www.chinese-word-roots.org/confuciu.htm
http://fore.yale.edu/publications/books/cswr/confucianism-
introduction
religion? If the religion has no
God/gods, in what way does this absence reflect their
cosmology?
This religion does not believe in God, God existence is not their
concern What Confucianism is concerned about is how to live
your life properly. To be a good person, to serve your family
and your nation. It does not take a firm line towards religion.
You don't need to believe in God to be a Confucianist. Nor does
faith in God prevent you from being a Confucianist.
Confucianist use rituals and sacrifice as means to inculcate
values of ethical and social importance for the living. Rituals
were used to encourage greater conformity to this natural order.
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/irc/temples.htm
nature matter?
This religion views human being in a way that most people are
not sages, they are miserable, the only way they can be sage is
to be benevolent Confucian truly believe in humanity and that

humans can become amazing. Confucian believed that humans
are teachable, improvable, and perfectible through proper
ethical and philosophical training.
https://colleenday.wordpress.com/2013/05/10/confucianism-
optimistic-view-of-human-nature/
https://reasonandmeaning.com/2014/09/29/confucius-and-
human-nature/
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
According to some interpretations of Confucianism, suffering
and evil are inevitable in human life, and can promote learning
and growth. A mistake is not a "sin," but an opportunity to learn
and do better next time. Empathy for the suffering of others also
provides motivation to grow morally, but not all humans are
capable of empathy. The most influential Confucian reflections
on suffering and the problem of evil come from Mengzi and
those who sustained Mengzi's tradition, such as Zhu Xi and
Wang Yangming.
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
Some of the major problems for Confucianism comes from
environmentalism. Confucianism has taken note of its important
message and has begun to respond to that problem. Another
major problem is the feminist challenge. Even though
contemporary Confucianism accepts sexual or gender equality,
philosophically significant progress is yet to be made. Another
problem associated with this religion is the most serious of all it

is the problem of Confucianism’s own survival. Given its loss
of state sponsorship, which guaranteed Confucianism’s
continuation over long periods in history, Confucianism must
now find new ways to continue into the future.
www.cpu.edu
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
The religion does not believe in anything after what has happen
on earth as it is not a religion they don’t believe in after life or
what comes next after life all their focus is on earth and how to
live a decent and responsible life. The adherent of this religion
believes there is nothing after life both there is a predominant
emphasis on acting selfless during life on earth, alluding to the
fact that there is no personal soul after the brain dies. The self
is only temporary nothing of the individual prevails after death.
Consciousness as an epiphenomenon of physical and chemical
processes taking place in the brain and all fail utterly.
http://death.findyourfate.com

This religion like another do not hail any deity and they do not
perform any kind of prayer but is ethical to them to perform
rituals at some point in one’s life. Confucionist create rituals
which is known as LI and it is called rite also they perform
another ritual known as Ancestor Worship. Part of the way the
practice there faith once again is by bowing their head down for
elders also when they get to peoples house the take there shoes
off before entering the peoples house.
www.patheos.com
http://brockbaker.pbworks.com
private.
The birthday of Confucius, which is September 28th. This
festival is held each year to pay their respects to the founder of
Confucianism. The holiday lasts 10 days. Also, they celebrate
the Chinese New Year which is held on the 31st of January,
Confucianism go to their ancestor’s graves and give them
offerings such as, paper money and paper cloths. Usually food
is offered after ceremonies, however, with Confucianism they
offer food during the ceremony.
https://10cpconfucianism.weebly.com/holidays-and-
festivals.html

Student Name:
WEEK 4 (B)
Daoism
religion.
Daoism cosmology is devoid of symbolic deities, it focuses on
energetic and elemental principles. The basics of Daoism are

that in the beginning there was an endless void known as Wu
Chi or Tao. As they say Tao is the universal energy where all
things emanated. Also, Tao emerges from this cosmic universe.
As Tao manifested in the world it got divided into two namely
action Yang and inaction Yin the stage of Yang and Yin
represents the emergence of duality or polarity. Yang and Yin
develop five elements namely; wood, fire, water, metal and
earth. Also produced here are the eight trigrams (Bagua) which
form the 64 hexagrams of the Yijing (I Ching). This stage
represents the formation, out of the initial Yin/Yang duality, of
the elemental constituents of the phenomenal world. We can
also describe this cosmology as the stage where the descent
energetic consciousness into physical was form
https://www.thoughtco.com/taoist-cosmology-3182590
Normally Taoism has no God beyond the cosmos that created
the universe and control it, Taoist believes the universe springs
up from the Tao and they guide things their own way, Worship
of the deities is the major cosmology of the Taoist as they have
no God or gods to worship matter and energy are what govern
the five basic movement and the strength and movement wax
this over the years.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/taoism/beliefs/gods.sht
ml
nature matter?

The way the religion view human being is that they believe that
when human nature is aligned with the rest of nature, order and
harmony are the result. So, they believe that Humans can
deviate from the natural order. And when they do so, they bring
destruction upon themselves and those around them. Instead of
this to happen the only way to encourage appropriate behavior
is by modeling it. Human nature according to this religion is
that Taoism are intimately connected with the body through
sciences and experimentation with diet and chemistry, Taoism
had a great influence on the development of traditional Chinese
medicine the reason why views of human nature matters to the
religion is that humans judge things according to how they see
things either good or bad and or maybe ugly or beautiful.
http://www.patheos.com/library/taoism/beliefs/human-nature-
and-the-purpose-of-existence
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
According to the Taode jing and Zhuangzi, nature itself is
moral, it cares nothing for
individuals. The Zhuangzi emphasizes that death is part of a
natural cycle, and that illness, death, and misfortune are
inevitable aspects of human life. Thus, they are not punishments
for misdeeds, or manifestations of evil. What it simply means is
that whatever you sow you reap, it does not matter your believe,
if you do evil, evil will fall on you and if you do good so does
what happens back to you. The way it affects their lives is that
they treat others the way they want to be treated, if a Taoist is
treated unfairly he or she responds back with goodness and
compassion regardless of what has been done to them.
http://www.patheos.com/library/taoism/beliefs/suffering-and-
the-problem-of-evil
http://www.robwaxman.com/id3.html

VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
The common view of Daoism is that it encourages people to live
with detachment and calm, resting in non-action and smiling at
the vicissitudes of the world. Contrary to this common view,
Daoists through the ages have developed various forms of
community and proposed numerous sets of behavioral
guidelines and texts on ethical considerations. Beyond the
ancient philosophers, who are well-known for the moral
dimension of their teachings, religious Daoist rules cover both
ethics, the personal values of the individual, and morality, the
communal norms and social values of the organization. They
range from basic moral rules against killing, stealing, lying, and
sexual misconduct through suggestions for altruistic thinking
and models of social interaction to behavioral details on how to
bow, eat, and wash, as well as to the unfolding of universal
ethics that teach people to think like the Dao itself.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/taoism/taoethics/ethics_
1.shtml
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE

Taoist does not believe afterlife exist according to their belief
and system. It’s in life that they believe eternal in Taoism. The
afterlife is within life itself. They are of the Tao when living
and upon death they believe are of the Tao again. They believe
they are always eternal within. They believe death on the other
hand, is when you are outside of your story. In Taoism, life and
death are merely two aspects of reality, the unchanging Tao.
Death is simply a transformation from being to non-being, from
Yang to Yin. Taoism teaches that humans ought to accept life
and death as complementary aspects of the Tao. Death should be
neither feared nor desired.
http://www.religionfacts.com/taoism/afterlife
The way the members practice their faith is towards rituals and
these rituals are basically done by the priest. Taoist believe that
rituals are the way to bring harmony to many layers of cosmos,
rituals involve purification, meditation and offerings to deities.
The details of Taoist rituals are often highly complex and
technical and therefore left to the priests, with the congregation
playing little part. The rituals involve the priest chanting and
playing instruments (particularly wind and percussion), also
dancing. One major Taoist ritual is the chiao (jiao), a rite of
cosmic renewal, which is itself made up of several rituals.

private.
The following are few of the festivals and celebrations observed
by the Taoist:
The Lantern Festival
The Lantern Festival is a celebration of the first full moon of
the year, and the birthday of Tianguan, one of the Taoist gods
responsible for good fortune. On this day, people walk the
streets carrying lighted lanterns, and red lanterns of all sorts are
released into the sky at various public places. As a tradition of
Lantern Festival, people eat Tangyuan, a kind of dumpling made
of sweet rice and rolled into ping-pong sized balls and filled
with sweet fillings. Eating Tangyuan symbolizes family unity
and happiness.
Tomb Sweeping Day
Tomb Sweeping Day is believed to have originated in the Tang
Dynasty, with Emperor Xuanzong. He noticed that there were an
abundance of overly extravagant ceremonies and festivals being
enacted, in honor of various ancestors. As a way of putting an
end to this over-zealous celebrating, he passed a decree which
stated that such celebrations could only happen at the graves of
the ancestors, and only on one day of the year, Quingming.
Dragon Boat Festival
The Dragon Boat Festival originated in the Zhou Dynasty, in
honor of a man named Qu Yuan, who was a poet and statesman,
and a minister to the Zhou Emperor. Qu Yuan was a wise, kind
and honest man, who did much to eliminate the corruption
rampant in the Zhou court.
https://taoismfacts.weebly.com/holidays-and-festivals.html

WEEK 5
Shinto
religion.
Shinto was the only religion in Japan until the arrival
of Buddism in the 6th century CE. From then on Shinto faiths
and traditions took on Buddhist elements, and later, Confucian
ones. Some Shinto shrines became Buddhist temples, existed
within Buddhist temples, or had Buddhist priests in charge
Buddhist temples were built, and Buddhist ideas were explored.

This religion is also known as the way of the Kami, although
the roots of the religion goes back to at least the 6th century
CE. This religion as no known founder nor sacred texts and no
special way of doctrine, Shinto is formative in developing
Japanese attitudes and sensitivities thereby creating a distinct
Japanese consciousness.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/history
This religion does not really have God but have gods which are
called Kami “(spirit)” the gods of Greco-Roman society, the
kami are really made in the image of man, with their own
shortcomings, weaknesses, sins, and even deaths. The worship
of deity by this religion made them believe Shinto includes
several ideas of kami while these are closely related, they are
not completely interchangeable and reflect not only different
ideas but different interpretations of the same idea.
http://www.truthmagazine.com/archives/volume34/GOT034141.
html
nature matter?
The way this religion view human being is that they believe all
living things exist in the same flow of the river but are
experienced in different times and places. The religion believes
further by saying human beings are also pure and that Shinto
ethics start from the basic idea that human beings are good, and
that the world is good. Evil enters the world from outside,

brought by evil spirits. These affect human beings in a similar
way to disease and reduce their ability to resist temptation.
When human beings act wrongly, they bring pollution and sin
upon themselves, which obstructs the flow of life and blessing
from the kami.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/shintoethics/ethi
cs.shtml
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
Good and Evil are social constructs, morally defined by
humanity, rather than by the world or the gods. The ideas
closest to the western notion of evil are pollution and impurity,
and these are addressed through rituals of purification.
Suffering is not regarded as a form of punishment for human
behavior, but, rather, as a natural element of human experience.
Shinto deities are equally capable of being gentle and loving, or
awesome and terrifying.
http://www.patheos.com/library/shinto/beliefs/suffering-and-
the-problem-of-evil
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
According to Alexander Geig, there are two major problems
faced by this religion one is the strong nationalistic, militaristic
and ethnic influence reminiscent of its pre-WW2 submission to
government interference. He further said that overcoming those
aspects is key for Shinto to become a truly approachable
religion by all individuals the above aspects of Shinto don’t
play a strong role given that the religion is approached more as

a nature religion than an ancestor/Emperor-worship one.
Another reason will be considered that Shinto as an ethnic
religion is originally difficult to establish systematic method of
study. There exist no definite understandings as to what the core
of Shinto beliefs is or when it was formed.
http://www.kt.rim.or.jp/~n-inoue/pub-eng.files/pd05-coe.htm
https://www.quora.com/What-challenges-do-the-Shinto-face-in-
the-modern-world
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
In the old Japanese legends, it is often claimed that the dead go
to a place called “yomi” a gloomy underground realm with a
river separating the living from the dead mentioned in the
legend of Izanami and Izanagi. This is the believe of the
adherent of the religion The Shinto religion teaches that every
human has an eternal soul or spirit. After death, it is believed
that the spirits inhabit the other world, where deities reside.
There is not one other world, but several, including
takamanohara (heaven, where the principal deities reside), yomi
(the underworld and domain of the divine mother of Japan) and
tokoyo (located somewhere past the sea). The other world is
neither a paradise where the good are rewarded, nor a hell
where the bad are punished. It is very much like this world.
https://classroom.synonym.com/after-death-beliefs-japanese-
people-17439.html

The way this religion practize their faith is through different
rituals and each Shinto shrine has several major festivals each
year, including the festival (Haru Matsuri, or Toshigoi-no-
Matsuri, Prayer for Good Harvest Festival, Autumn Festival
(Aki Matsuri, or Niiname-sai, Harvest Festival), an Annual
Festival (Rei-sai), and the Divine Procession (Shinkō-sai). The
Divine Procession usually takes place on the day of the Annual
Festival, and miniature shrines (mikoshi) carried on the
shoulders are transported through the parish. The conventional
order of events in many Shinto festival rituals is as follows:
Purification - this takes place before the main ceremony
Adoration - bowing to the altar
Opening of the sanctuary
Presentation of food offerings (meat cannot be used as an
offering)
Prayers (the form of prayers dates from the 10th century CE)
Music and dance
Offerings - these are symbolic and consist of twigs of a sacred
tree bearing of white paper
Removal of offerings
Closing the sanctuary
Final adoration
Sermon (optional)
Ceremonial meal (this is often reduced to ceremonial sake
drinking)
http://www.world-religions-professor.com/shintorituals.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shinto/Ritual-practices-and-
institutions

The main Shintō rites and festivals are for celebrating the New
Year, child birth, coming of age, planting and harvest,
weddings, and groundbreaking ceremonies for new buildings.
Death, funerals, and graveyards involve Buddhist rituals, not
Shintō. Many national holidays in modern Japan are Shintō in
origin. Shintō shrines hold regular festivals “matsuri” to
commemorate important dates related to the shrine and its
deity(s) and to pray for a wide range of blessings such as
abundant rice harvests, fertility, health, and business success.
The essential meaning of the term matsuri is “welcoming the
descending gods” or “inviting down the gods,” for it is believed
that Shintō’s heavenly deities periodically descend to earth to
visit shrines, villages, and families, and to make their wills
known among the people. The timing of this religion equates to
the timing of Japan’s Shintō festivals. There are countless
festivals in Japan, ranging from public to private, local to
national, and official to unofficial. These celebrations are an
integral part of Japan’s Shintō traditions, and often include
parades, music and dancing, theatrical performances, food and
games, and the carrying of mikoshi (portable shrine or
palanquin used to transport Shintō deities) throughout the
streets. Many localities, hold their own “Fertility” festival,
wherein residents carry around large portable shrines that depict
the male sexual organ.
http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/shinto-festivals.html

WEEK 6
Judaism
religion.
Jewish cosmology, generally known as the Old Testament
account of creation, may be viewed as the Hebrew version of
the beginning of the world, or universe, but particularly the
earth including all things in it. The essential focus of this
version is that God is the creative force, or power, and he
created everything himself, the God being the Jewish god

Yahweh. Hence, God created all things through a series of acts,
or methodology described in the Bible.
https://www.themystica.com/jewish-cosmology/
Jews believe that there is a single God who not only created the
universe, but with whom every Jew can have an individual and
personal relationship with, they believe that God continues to
work in the world, affecting everything that people do. The
Jewish relationship with God is a covenant relationship in
exchange for the many good deeds that God has done and
continues to do for the Jewish People. Prayer builds the
relationship between God and human beings when people pray,
they spend time with God. To pray is to serve God with your
heart by obeying God's commandment.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/worship/prayer
_1.shtml
nature matter?
The way this religion view human beings is that Judaism
teaches that a person is neither inherently good nor inherently
evil. Every individual is born with two conflicting inclinations.
One is called the yetzer hatov, the passive or receptive impulse;
the other is called the yetzer hara, the active or aggressive
impulse. According to this religion human being are said to be
created in Gods way also that God created human in his own
image but the interpretation of this is that human being can

reason by themselves. The reason why the view of human nature
matters is that the human has the capacity to sin, but we rise
and are transformed by our differences, the Bible sees humans
as integrated wholes.
http://old.explorefaith.org/questions.html#faith
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
Jews certainly do maintain that there is good and evil in the
world. But let's clear up some terms first Judaism does not have
a single, unified theory about the origin of good and evil. The
Kabbalists (Jewish mystics) understood the brokenness of the
universe to be the result of shattered vessels that had proven too
weak to hold the primordial light present in the act of creation
and believe that evil developed from the resulting imbalance in
the cosmos.
https://chosenpeople.com/site/the-evil-and-good-inclinations-in-
judaism/
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
One of the problems faced by the Jews is that the, Torah the
most cherished holy book of Judaism, is sometimes translated as
law but this is misleading. Rather, the Jewish see the Torah as a
teaching book that offers ways to more deeply connect to God.
Interpretations of these teachings vary between denominations
and movements, but many Jews today are looking at the core

intent of the teachings of Torah and asking what this means for
them in today’s world.
http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/judaism/galleries/
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE
Jews believe that the importance of life is the way in which it is
lived on earth. Whatever happens after death is in God hands
and should be left to God to arrange. Some scholars claim that
belief in the afterlife is a teaching that developed late in Jewish
history. It is true that the Torah emphasizes immediate,
concrete, physical rewards and punishments rather than abstract
future ones. However, there is clear evidence in the Torah of
belief in existence after death. The Torah indicates in several
places that the righteous will be reunited with their loved ones
after death, while the wicked will be excluded from this
reunion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/death/jubeliefrev2
.shtml
http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm

Brit milah is the ritual circumcision of boys when they are eight
days old. This represents Abraham's commitment to God when
he was circumcised. Boys are expected to study scripture and
learn to read and write in Hebrew. Because women are
considered impure during their menstrual cycle, they are not to
have sex for seven days after the bleeding ends. They also
perform a special deep bath called mikva after their cycle. Jews
also adherreto a kosher diet specified in Leviticus.
https://reformjudaism.org/
private.
The most important Jewish holy days are the Sabbath, the three
pilgrimage festivals (Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot) and the
two High Holy Days (Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur). For
observant Jews, it is forbidden to work on any of these days.
http://www.religionfacts.com/judaism/holidays

WEEK 7
Christianity
religion.
The cosmology of Christianity is simply that God is the creator
of the universe and that in whatever situation we find ourselves
we should give praises and God is not just the cause of all
things, past, present, and future, and he his, the essence of our
being. Christian cosmological concept has remained a three-
status universe namely heaven above, earth in the middle, and
hell below. Even though alternative cosmologies have been
suggested to reflex changes produced from scientific
knowledge, the main theological concept remains.

https://www.themystica.com/christian-cosmology/
The way Christianity has their God is by worshiping in different
ways either by praying, singing, reading sermon from the
scriptures also through different sacraments all this shows how
the religion have God by singing it affects our emotions and the
lyrics can swell our hearts, causing us to become lost in the
experience. Christian praise and worship songs are great tool
for helping us feel closer to God. It's not uncommon for people
to even pick a church because of
the style of its worship music.
https://www.allaboutgod.com/christian-worship.htm
nature matter?
The Bible teaches that God created human beings in His image,
this means that He enables us to have some understanding of
Him and of His vast and complex design. Our human nature
reflects some of God’s attributes, although in a limited way. We
love because we are made in the image of the God who is love
because we are created in His image, we can be compassionate,
faithful, truthful, kind, patient, and just. In us, these attributes
are distorted by sin, which also resides in our nature.
https://www.gotquestions.org/human-nature.html
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL

God did not, has not, and will not, cause evil to happen. It is
against His very being, that is not to say God will not punish,
as just punishment is a good thing. But this does mean that God
is not “responsible” for a baby’s death or cancer. The good
thing that allows us to freely choose to be with God also allows
us to choose evil. Some choose evil in that they simply don’t
seek God, while others choose evil in that they actively seek to
destroy God’s creation. The definition impact their life in a lot
of ways the most important is to love the poor, sick and the
sufferings also they despise and cast out
https://www.allaboutgod.com/good-and-evil.htm
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
Few of the problem this religion face are as follows: The
Christian Church is becoming theologically illiterate. Christians
are becoming more ingrown and less outreach-oriented.
Growing numbers of people are less interested in spiritual
principles and more desirous of learning pragmatic solutions for
life. All this are really causing problem in this religion lately.
This problem are collective problem and needs urgency.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE

Christian view of the afterlife as its foundation in the teaching,
crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, whose birth
marks the beginning of the Common Era, Christian beliefs about
the afterlife vary between denominations and individual
Christians, but most Christians believe in heaven, in which the
deceased enjoy the presence of God and loved ones for eternity
views differ as to what is required to get to heaven, and
conceptions of heaven differ as well. A slightly smaller
majority of Christians believe in hell, a place of suffering where
unbelievers or sinners are punished views differ as to whether
hell is eternal and whether its punishment is spiritual or
physical some Christians reject the notion altogether.
http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/afterlife
When we live the practices of Christian faith, we join with one
another, with Jesus, and with the communion of saints across
time and space in a way of life that resists death in all its forms
, a way of life that is spilling over with the Life of God for
creation, for our neighbors, and for ourselves Christians believe
in justification by faith that through their belief in Jesus as the
Son of God, and in his death and resurrection, they can have a
right relationship with God whose forgiveness was made once
and for all through the death of Jesus Christ. Part of the

ceremony done by this religion to pass it down to next
generation is baptism, confirmation, catechism to say but few
all this keeps the root of the religion in the generations to come
and makes them deep and much more interested in the religion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/beliefs/basi
cs_1.shtml
private.
ADVENT SEASON mid-Nov/Dec The Christian year begins
with a period of preparation for Christmas. It is time for looking
towards Jesus second coming (Parousia). It is a season of
expectation. CHRISTMAS 25 Dec - Jan 6 Celebration of Jesus
birth this festival emphasizes the INCARNATION the
Word/Logos was made flesh and lived amongst us. The festival
lasts twelve days and ends with the EPIPHANY Jan. 6, the
manifestation of God in Jesus, which celebrates Jesus baptism,
the visit of the Magi symbol of Gentiles to the infant Jesus, and
Jesus first miracle when he turned water into wine at a wedding
feast in Cana. LENT March-April Forty-day preparation for
Easter. It corresponds to the 40 days Jesus spent fasting before
beginning his ministry. This penitential season ends with:HOLY
WEEK begins with PALM SUNDAY, commemorating Jesus
entry into Jerusalem. HOLY MAUNDY THURSDAY
commemorates the Last Supper and the institution of the

Eucharist in Catholic, Orthodox and some Protestant
churches. GOOD FRIDAY is the solemn memorial of Jesus'
death by crucifixion. EASTER SUNDAY April the greatest of
Christian festivals celebrates the Resurrection. Every Sunday is
also a commemoration of the Resurrection. ASCENSION
THURSDAY May Forty days after Easter, this festival
celebrates Jesus ascension to heaven. PENTECOST SUNDAY
WHITSUN May/June Ten days after the Ascension 50 after
Easter, this festival celebrates the gift of the Holy Spirit to the
apostles and other disciples. It marks the birth of the Church.
NB: The dates of Easter and, therefore, of Lent, Holy Week,
Ascension and Pentecost vary each year. Easter's date is
determined by the Passover Full Moon, its extreme limits being
21 March and 25 April. There is variation among Christian
communities in the method of determining the date. In Western
Christianity it is the first Sunday after the full moon (of Nisan)
that falls on or after 21 March.
http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/holidays
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/dfg/jesu/festxtn.htm
WEEK 8

Student Name:
RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK
Islam
religion.
The cosmos is also identified with the whole created order
(khalq) that, according to the Qur’an, comes into existence
through the divine creative command kun (“Be!”). For this
reason, the term kawn, which is etymologically related to the
word kun and which conveys the meaning of engendered
existence, is often used by Muslim cosmologists to refer to the
whole cosmos. Consequently, one of the terms used to denote
cosmology is `ilm al-kawn, meaning literally “the science of the
cosmos.”
http://islamicus.org/cosmology/
Worship is the very purpose of our existence so says the Islam.
God declares in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, “I did not
create mankind except to worship Me” (51:56). Muslims
worship God, the Creator and Sustainer of the universe, out of

love and submission. They believe that He is the One God
(Allah in Arabic) who is completely unique and only He
deserves to be worshipped, Worshipping God is a
comprehensive concept within Islam. Along with traditional
rituals, such as praying and fasting, it also consists of any
lawful action a person does with God consciousness and in the
hopes of earning reward from Almighty God.
https://www.whyislam.org/brochures/worship-in-islam/
nature matter?
According to the Glorious Qur'an human being can be the best
and the most perfect creature. As far as our knowledge permits,
we recognize, comprehend and identify these beings according
to given norms. If we compare man to any form of matter or
living things such as plants and animals and so on, we will
immediately draw an important conclusion that human beings
are better, more intelligent and perfect. If man can cultivate a
field and make use of the produce for his own and others'
benefit, capture animals, make use of them and extract natural
resources for upgrading his life and that of the society,
naturally, we know to this result that man is a higher being.
https://www.al-islam.org/self-knowledge-mohammad-ali-
shomali/status-human-beings-glorious-quran
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
The Qur'an defines good and evil as acting without the fear of

Allah, taking other deities beside Him, serving someone else
besides Him and living to please others and to make gains from
this earthly life, all this can lead a person into evil. People
without faith are passionately attached to the values of this
world, which distance them from a good moral life. They always
think first about how they can get the most out of life and set
this above everything else, which leads them into selfishness,
meanness, ingratitude falsity, arrogance, lying, mercilessness
and other such negative moral qualities.
http://harunyahya.com/en/Daily-Comments/12877/good-and-
evil-according-to
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
The Muslim world faces the challenges of war, poor healthcare,
poverty and violations of human rights, illiteracy, lack of
progress, dictatorship, lack of political transparency, ethnic
conflict, and regional divisions. Illiteracy is a problem in
majority of Muslim countries. We know all these problems are
interconnected. The lack of literacy leads to lack of progress,
and lack of progress leads to lack of development, which leads
to dictatorship, which in turn leads to lack of political
transparency, which also leads to power struggles that lead to
regional divisions and ethnic conflict.
http://icsaweb.org/http:/icsaweb.org/the-most-pressing-issues-
for-the-muslim-world/
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE

Islamic beliefs about the afterlife are very important. Muslims
believe in the continued existence of the soul and a transformed
physical existence after death. Islam teaches that there will be a
day of judgment when all humans will be divided between the
eternal destinations of Paradise and Hell. A central doctrine of
the Quran, and one of the most important teachings of
Muhammad, is the Last Day, on which the world will be
destroyed, and Allah will raise all people and jinn from the dead
to be judged. The Last Day is also called the Day of Standing
Up, Day of Separation, Day of Reckoning, Day of Awakening,
Day of Judgment, The Encompassing Day or The Hour.
http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/afterlife
Some rituals are practiced daily, like prayer, others are
practiced annually, like those aligned with specific Islamic
holidays. The religious practices and rituals of Islam are
relatively few in number, but great in importance. The Five
Pillars of Islam are five practices regarded by all sects of the
Islamic religion as essential to the Muslim faith, and they are as
follows:

The Five Pillars consist of:
Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm and Hajj
Shahadah: sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith
· Salat: performing ritual prayers in the proper way five times
each day
· Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and
the needy
· Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan
· Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca
http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices
private.
The following are the major festivals of Islam, Muharram (1
Muharram): The Islamic New Year
The month of Muharram marks the beginning of the Islamic
liturgical year.
Mawlid al-Nabi (12 Rabi 1): Prophet Muhammad's Birthday
This holiday celebrates the birthday of Muhammed, the founder
of Islam
Eid al-Fitr (1 Shawwal): The Celebration concluding Ramadan
Ramadan, the month of fasting, ends with the festival of Eid al-

Fitr.
Eid al-Adha (10 Dhu'l-Hijjah): The celebration concluding the
Hajj
Eid al-Adha, or the Feast of Sacrifice, commemorates the
prophet Abraham’s willingness to obey Allah by sacrificing his
son Ishmael.
https://www.infoplease.com/calendar-holidays/major-
holidays/major-islamic-holidays
Week 9
Student Name:
RELIGION(S) OF THE WEEK
Sikhism

religion.
The cosmology of this religion is that God is not a mere concept
or principle, but Ultimate Reality. True (unchanging) and
eternal, He is the Power that has existed and will continue to
Exist, it is endowed with Will (Hukam) and supported by a
conscious intelligence and unconditional love, all of which
serves as the instruments for the fulfilment of His designs and
purposes. Karta Purekh, karta means creation and Purekh means
consciousness or awareness, therefore, within the Sikh World-
view, Existence is Karta Purekh, creation within which the
creator is Conscious.
http://www.sikh.co.uk/cosmology/index.html
Sikhs believe that there is only one God but that this is the God
of all religions. No single religion can claim to be the only true
way to Waheguru, and different religions are just different ways
towards Waheguru. Sikhs, furthermore believe in God, with
many names who can be known through meditation his concept
is like Islam whose followers believe in a single God who has
99 names.
http://www.religioustolerance.org/sikhism2.htm

nature matter?
Sikhs perceive human life as an opportunity to merge with the
divine will. However, the core problem is that human judgment
is occluded by a false sense of self.
http://www.patheos.com/library/sikhism/beliefs/human-nature-
and-the-purpose-of-existence
VIEW OF GOOD & EVIL
God does not inflict suffering on human beings directly,
suffering is allowed by God as a test of courage and faith God
gave humans free will. Therefore, evil cannot be removed from
the world by God, as otherwise God would not be allowing
humans true free will. Sikhs are encouraged to work to do good
and relieve the consequences of evil. Those who do evil will be
punished suffering is valued for the good that it often brings out
in humans. Sikhs believe that suffering can draw a person closer
to God as people tend to forget God when times are good and
turn to God in bad times.
https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/z24ky4j/revision/3
VIEW OF SALVATION
problem?
Some of the problem encountered by this religion in the western
world is stigmatization by people how people condemn their
hair look and the turban used by the follower of the religion.
VIEW OF AFTERLIFE

Sikhs believe in reincarnation, this means that a person’s soul
may be reborn many times as a human or an animal. Therefore,
for Sikhs, death is not the end. The Sikh sacred text says that
the body is just clothing for the soul and is discarded at death.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/death/sikhbeliefre
v2.shtml
All the Sikh ceremonies like birth, baptism, marriage and death
are simple, inexpensive and have a religious tone. They are held
in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib and include Kirtan, the
singing of appropriate hymns for the occasion, saying of Ardas -
formal prayer, and the distribution of Karah Parshad, sacred
food, to the congregation. The baptism ceremony called Amrit,
is the most important of all Sikh ceremonies.
https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/sikh-ceremonies/the-sikh-
ceremonies

private.
Th following are celebrations or festivals of the religion, Naam
Karan. Naming of a Child As soon as mother and child are able,
the family visits the Gurdwara. Amrit Sanskar. Sikh Initiation.
A sacred ceremony administered by Five Elect Sikhs (Panj
Piaray) who initiate a devotee into the Khalsa brotherhood
accepting to follow the Sikh Code of Conduct (Rehat Maryada).
Anand Karaj. Ceremony of Bliss. Funeral. Following a death, a
full reading of the Guru Granth Sahib is commenced. Akhand
Paath. The uninterrupted non-stop reading of Guru Granth
Sahib. This is performed during occasions marking births,
marriages and deaths.
http://diversiton.com/sikhism/ceremonies-celebrations-and-
festivals/

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