This document summarizes several medically important Gram-positive bacilli. It discusses three main groups: endospore-formers like Bacillus and Clostridium, non-endospore-formers like Listeria and Erysipelothrix, and irregularly shaped bacteria like Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. Key details are provided on pathogenic species from each genus, including Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Their characteristics, diseases caused, transmission, diagnosis and treatment are outlined.
This document discusses spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli including Bacillus and Clostridium species. It notes that spores are highly resistant resting cells that allow bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. Bacillus species are aerobic, catalase-positive, and found in soil. Two medically important species are B. anthracis and B. cereus. Clostridium species are anaerobic, catalase-negative, and found in soil and feces. They produce exotoxins and cause infections. C. botulinum produces a toxin that causes botulism from ingesting improperly preserved foods,
The document provides information about the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. It defines food infection and food poisoning. It discusses common foodborne diseases such as cholera, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and shigellosis. It also covers staphylococcal food intoxication, botulism, and salmonellosis - describing their causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. The document is intended to educate midwifery students on foodborne illnesses.
Scientists divide Gram-positive bacilli into spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera. The two spore-forming genera are Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus forms endospores centrally and is aerobic. Important pathogenic Bacillus species include B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes anthrax through its toxin and spores. Clostridium forms terminal or subterminal spores and is anaerobic. Important pathogenic Clostridium species are C. perfringens, C. tetani, and C. botulinum, which cause myonecrosis, tetanus, and botulism respectively through their tox
This document discusses several types of meat borne intoxications caused by toxins produced by bacteria. It provides details on Clostridium botulinum, which produces the most potent neurotoxin known and can cause botulism from consuming contaminated meat. It also discusses Staphylococcus aureus, which can produce enterotoxins in meat that cause vomiting within 1-6 hours. Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens are also covered, which can contaminate meat and produce emetic or diarrheal toxins upon consumption. The document emphasizes proper food handling and cooking to prevent the growth and toxin production of these pathogenic bacteria in meat.
Comparative analysis on food infections and food intoxicationsProximaDhiman
This document provides a comparative analysis of food infections and food intoxications. It defines foodborne diseases as illnesses caused by consuming contaminated food or water. There are two main types of foodborne diseases: food infections caused by pathogenic microbes like bacteria, viruses, and parasites; and food intoxications caused by toxins produced by microbes or present in plants, animals, or added chemicals. Food infections spread from person to person but intoxications do not. Common forms of food infections are caused by bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, while intoxications can result from toxins in foods like ciguatera fish poisoning or mycotoxins produced by molds. Proper food handling and hygiene can help prevent contamination
This document discusses bacterial food poisoning, describing common causative agents, symptoms, pathogenesis, and methods of diagnosis. The major bacterial causes outlined are Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, and Escherichia coli. Symptom onset times and clinical manifestations are provided for classifying different types of food poisoning. The document also covers food contamination and poisoning prevention methods.
This document discusses spore-forming, gram-positive bacilli including Bacillus and Clostridium species. It notes that spores are highly resistant resting cells that allow bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. Bacillus species are aerobic, catalase-positive, and found in soil. Two medically important species are B. anthracis and B. cereus. Clostridium species are anaerobic, catalase-negative, and found in soil and feces. They produce exotoxins and cause infections. C. botulinum produces a toxin that causes botulism from ingesting improperly preserved foods,
The document provides information about the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. It defines food infection and food poisoning. It discusses common foodborne diseases such as cholera, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and shigellosis. It also covers staphylococcal food intoxication, botulism, and salmonellosis - describing their causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. The document is intended to educate midwifery students on foodborne illnesses.
Scientists divide Gram-positive bacilli into spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera. The two spore-forming genera are Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus forms endospores centrally and is aerobic. Important pathogenic Bacillus species include B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes anthrax through its toxin and spores. Clostridium forms terminal or subterminal spores and is anaerobic. Important pathogenic Clostridium species are C. perfringens, C. tetani, and C. botulinum, which cause myonecrosis, tetanus, and botulism respectively through their tox
This document discusses several types of meat borne intoxications caused by toxins produced by bacteria. It provides details on Clostridium botulinum, which produces the most potent neurotoxin known and can cause botulism from consuming contaminated meat. It also discusses Staphylococcus aureus, which can produce enterotoxins in meat that cause vomiting within 1-6 hours. Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens are also covered, which can contaminate meat and produce emetic or diarrheal toxins upon consumption. The document emphasizes proper food handling and cooking to prevent the growth and toxin production of these pathogenic bacteria in meat.
Comparative analysis on food infections and food intoxicationsProximaDhiman
This document provides a comparative analysis of food infections and food intoxications. It defines foodborne diseases as illnesses caused by consuming contaminated food or water. There are two main types of foodborne diseases: food infections caused by pathogenic microbes like bacteria, viruses, and parasites; and food intoxications caused by toxins produced by microbes or present in plants, animals, or added chemicals. Food infections spread from person to person but intoxications do not. Common forms of food infections are caused by bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, while intoxications can result from toxins in foods like ciguatera fish poisoning or mycotoxins produced by molds. Proper food handling and hygiene can help prevent contamination
This document discusses bacterial food poisoning, describing common causative agents, symptoms, pathogenesis, and methods of diagnosis. The major bacterial causes outlined are Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum, and Escherichia coli. Symptom onset times and clinical manifestations are provided for classifying different types of food poisoning. The document also covers food contamination and poisoning prevention methods.
This document outlines a presentation on the genus Clostridium. It begins with an introduction to Clostridium, noting that they are gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rods that can form endospores. It then covers the taxonomy and classification of Clostridium. The document discusses several important pathogenic Clostridium species - C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. difficile. For each species, it covers transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention. The final section discusses various diagnostic methods for Clostridium such as culture methods, gram staining, and molecular detection techniques.
This document summarizes key information about Brucellosis, including:
- Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It causes undulant fever in humans and remains endemic in parts of the world.
- Clinical manifestations in humans include intermittent fever, loss of weight, and nausea. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood culture, serological tests like SAT and ELISA to detect antibodies, and PCR to detect bacterial DNA.
- Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin for several weeks to prevent relapse of the infection. Adhering to food safety practices and avoiding direct contact with infected animals helps
This document provides an overview of Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It discusses the taxonomy of Brucella, describing the nine recognized species. It covers the pathogenesis of Brucellosis, noting that it is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic Brucellosis are explained. The document also summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis, including culture, serology, PCR and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics. Prevention strategies include pasteurizing milk, vaccinating animals and slaughtering infected herds.
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces the potent neurotoxin botulinum toxin. It is found worldwide in soil and can contaminate improperly canned foods. There are 7 antigenic varieties of botulinum toxin (A-G) produced by C. botulinum that cause the disease botulism in humans through foodborne transmission, wounds, or infant ingestion. Symptoms include double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, and descending flaccid paralysis. The toxin blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Definitive diagnosis requires detecting the toxin through mouse bioassay. Treatment involves antitoxin administration
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
This document discusses food hygiene and safety. It defines food and food safety, and outlines several key aspects of ensuring food is safe for consumption, including preventing contamination, removing microorganisms, inhibiting microbial growth, and destroying microorganisms. Several food preservation methods are described, such as pasteurization, canning, drying, fermentation, and radiation treatment. Factors that influence microbial growth and food spoilage are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of immunological products and vaccines. It discusses the history of vaccines and introduces key concepts like conventional versus recombinant vaccines. The main types of traditional vaccines are described as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and pathogen-derived antigen vaccines. Production methods for various traditional vaccines are also outlined. Recombinant vaccine technologies like viral vectors, bacterial vectors, subunit vaccines, and DNA vaccines are then summarized. The advantages of using recombinant DNA technology for vaccine development are noted as producing safer subunit vaccines and enabling specific alterations to enhance safety and efficacy.
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can divide indefinitely.
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can grow indefinitely.
The document discusses characteristics and morphology of various types of Bacilli. It describes 7 common Bacilli - Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus coagulans, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae. For each one, it provides details on where they are found, optimal growth temperatures, presence of toxins or virulence factors, cell structure, staining, and whether they are aerobic or endospore-forming.
This document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It begins by classifying Bacillus anthracis and other related bacteria. It then outlines the key discoveries and developments regarding B. anthracis, including being the first bacterium observed under a microscope, isolated in pure culture, and shown to cause disease. The document goes on to describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical reactions, resistance, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, prophylaxis, treatment, and role in bioterrorism of B. anthracis. It also discusses the three forms of anthrax disease in humans and their symptoms.
This document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It begins by classifying Bacillus anthracis and other related bacteria. It then outlines the key discoveries and developments regarding B. anthracis, including being the first bacterium observed under a microscope, isolated in pure culture, and shown to cause disease. The document goes on to describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical reactions, resistance, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, prophylaxis, treatment, and role in bioterrorism of B. anthracis. It also discusses the three forms of anthrax disease in humans and their symptoms.
Food poisoning can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemicals/toxins contaminating food. Common bacterial causes include Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and history of ingesting contaminated food. Proper food handling and cooking is important to prevent food poisoning.
The document discusses the normal microbiota that inhabits the human body, the causes of dysbiosis or imbalance in the microbiota, and the effects of dysbiosis. It describes the various bacteria that normally colonize different areas like the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics, stress, and diet are among the factors that can disrupt the normal microbiota and cause dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been associated with diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may help treat dysbiosis and restore the normal microbiota.
Mycotoxins from seed pathology perspective.pptxYuvraj Devkota
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. Over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, with major ones including aflatoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins, and citrinin. Mycotoxins can contaminate crops pre-harvest via field fungi or post-harvest via storage fungi, posing risks to human and animal health such as liver damage and cancer. Detection methods include ELISA, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and biosensors. Prevention strategies involve proper storage conditions, hygiene practices, and regular testing to minimize mycotoxicosis.
The document discusses various topics related to food microbiology including the study of microorganisms in food, food preservation techniques, foodborne diseases, and food contamination. It provides details on industrial canning processes, irradiation, high pressure processing, and common foodborne pathogens and diseases. The goal of food preservation techniques is to prolong the shelf life of food by inhibiting spoilage microorganisms through methods like thermal sterilization, freezing, drying, fermentation and addition of preservatives.
This document provides information on the enteric bacilli Salmonella typhi. It describes S. typhi as a gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. The document outlines the clinical symptoms of typhoid fever such as sustained fever, headache and abdominal issues. It discusses the virulence factors that allow S. typhi to cause disease, including its ability to invade non-phagocytic cells and inhibit the immune response. Prevention is focused on proper sanitation and hygiene to avoid contamination of food and water from human feces carrying the bacteria.
This document discusses various types of food poisoning caused by bacteria and toxins. It describes Salmonella food poisoning in detail, noting that Salmonella is a common cause. It is typically caused by eating contaminated meat, milk, eggs or their products. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within 12-24 hours. Staphylococcus and Clostridium perfringens food poisonings are also discussed. Botulism is described as the most serious type, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, with symptoms of muscle weakness that can lead to paralysis or death.
Acute gastro-enteritis caused by the ingestion of the food or drink contaminated with either living bacteria or their toxins or inorganic chemical substances and poison delivered from plants and animals.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and bacteria. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms using microscopes. It describes the basic structures and types of bacteria, including how they are classified by shape, staining properties, gas requirements, temperature dependence, and nutrition. It also discusses the importance of microorganisms, the history of microbiology, and the requirements and factors that enable bacteria to cause disease.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
This document introduces permutation methods for statistical testing. It begins with background on permutation principles and explains that most biostatistics texts only cover rank-based permutation methods but this text will cover both rank-based and non-rank-based methods. It then reviews key mathematical concepts of permutations and combinations that are important for understanding permutation methods. It provides examples of calculating permutations and combinations. Finally, it states that several permutation-based tests will be presented, with the first using original observations and the second using ranks to test different statistical concepts like correlation in a distribution-free manner.
This document outlines a presentation on the genus Clostridium. It begins with an introduction to Clostridium, noting that they are gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rods that can form endospores. It then covers the taxonomy and classification of Clostridium. The document discusses several important pathogenic Clostridium species - C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. difficile. For each species, it covers transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention. The final section discusses various diagnostic methods for Clostridium such as culture methods, gram staining, and molecular detection techniques.
This document summarizes key information about Brucellosis, including:
- Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that can be transmitted from animals to humans. It causes undulant fever in humans and remains endemic in parts of the world.
- Clinical manifestations in humans include intermittent fever, loss of weight, and nausea. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood culture, serological tests like SAT and ELISA to detect antibodies, and PCR to detect bacterial DNA.
- Treatment consists of a combination of doxycycline and streptomycin for several weeks to prevent relapse of the infection. Adhering to food safety practices and avoiding direct contact with infected animals helps
This document provides an overview of Brucella, the bacteria that causes brucellosis. It discusses the taxonomy of Brucella, describing the nine recognized species. It covers the pathogenesis of Brucellosis, noting that it is a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans. The clinical manifestations of both acute and chronic Brucellosis are explained. The document also summarizes methods for laboratory diagnosis of Brucellosis, including culture, serology, PCR and skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics. Prevention strategies include pasteurizing milk, vaccinating animals and slaughtering infected herds.
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces the potent neurotoxin botulinum toxin. It is found worldwide in soil and can contaminate improperly canned foods. There are 7 antigenic varieties of botulinum toxin (A-G) produced by C. botulinum that cause the disease botulism in humans through foodborne transmission, wounds, or infant ingestion. Symptoms include double vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, and descending flaccid paralysis. The toxin blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Definitive diagnosis requires detecting the toxin through mouse bioassay. Treatment involves antitoxin administration
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
This document discusses food hygiene and safety. It defines food and food safety, and outlines several key aspects of ensuring food is safe for consumption, including preventing contamination, removing microorganisms, inhibiting microbial growth, and destroying microorganisms. Several food preservation methods are described, such as pasteurization, canning, drying, fermentation, and radiation treatment. Factors that influence microbial growth and food spoilage are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of immunological products and vaccines. It discusses the history of vaccines and introduces key concepts like conventional versus recombinant vaccines. The main types of traditional vaccines are described as live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, and pathogen-derived antigen vaccines. Production methods for various traditional vaccines are also outlined. Recombinant vaccine technologies like viral vectors, bacterial vectors, subunit vaccines, and DNA vaccines are then summarized. The advantages of using recombinant DNA technology for vaccine development are noted as producing safer subunit vaccines and enabling specific alterations to enhance safety and efficacy.
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can divide indefinitely.
Viruses can only be grown within living host cells. The document discusses three main methods for cultivating viruses: inoculation into animals, embryonated eggs, and tissue culture. It provides details on each method, including commonly used animal and egg types, inoculation sites, advantages and limitations. Tissue culture involves growing viruses in cultured cells, including primary cultures that can only grow briefly, diploid cell strains for limited passages, and continuous cell lines that can grow indefinitely.
The document discusses characteristics and morphology of various types of Bacilli. It describes 7 common Bacilli - Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus coagulans, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae. For each one, it provides details on where they are found, optimal growth temperatures, presence of toxins or virulence factors, cell structure, staining, and whether they are aerobic or endospore-forming.
This document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It begins by classifying Bacillus anthracis and other related bacteria. It then outlines the key discoveries and developments regarding B. anthracis, including being the first bacterium observed under a microscope, isolated in pure culture, and shown to cause disease. The document goes on to describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical reactions, resistance, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, prophylaxis, treatment, and role in bioterrorism of B. anthracis. It also discusses the three forms of anthrax disease in humans and their symptoms.
This document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It begins by classifying Bacillus anthracis and other related bacteria. It then outlines the key discoveries and developments regarding B. anthracis, including being the first bacterium observed under a microscope, isolated in pure culture, and shown to cause disease. The document goes on to describe the morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical reactions, resistance, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, prophylaxis, treatment, and role in bioterrorism of B. anthracis. It also discusses the three forms of anthrax disease in humans and their symptoms.
Food poisoning can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemicals/toxins contaminating food. Common bacterial causes include Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and history of ingesting contaminated food. Proper food handling and cooking is important to prevent food poisoning.
The document discusses the normal microbiota that inhabits the human body, the causes of dysbiosis or imbalance in the microbiota, and the effects of dysbiosis. It describes the various bacteria that normally colonize different areas like the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics, stress, and diet are among the factors that can disrupt the normal microbiota and cause dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been associated with diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may help treat dysbiosis and restore the normal microbiota.
Mycotoxins from seed pathology perspective.pptxYuvraj Devkota
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. Over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, with major ones including aflatoxins, ochratoxin, fumonisins, and citrinin. Mycotoxins can contaminate crops pre-harvest via field fungi or post-harvest via storage fungi, posing risks to human and animal health such as liver damage and cancer. Detection methods include ELISA, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and biosensors. Prevention strategies involve proper storage conditions, hygiene practices, and regular testing to minimize mycotoxicosis.
The document discusses various topics related to food microbiology including the study of microorganisms in food, food preservation techniques, foodborne diseases, and food contamination. It provides details on industrial canning processes, irradiation, high pressure processing, and common foodborne pathogens and diseases. The goal of food preservation techniques is to prolong the shelf life of food by inhibiting spoilage microorganisms through methods like thermal sterilization, freezing, drying, fermentation and addition of preservatives.
This document provides information on the enteric bacilli Salmonella typhi. It describes S. typhi as a gram-negative facultative anaerobe that causes the systemic disease typhoid fever. The document outlines the clinical symptoms of typhoid fever such as sustained fever, headache and abdominal issues. It discusses the virulence factors that allow S. typhi to cause disease, including its ability to invade non-phagocytic cells and inhibit the immune response. Prevention is focused on proper sanitation and hygiene to avoid contamination of food and water from human feces carrying the bacteria.
This document discusses various types of food poisoning caused by bacteria and toxins. It describes Salmonella food poisoning in detail, noting that Salmonella is a common cause. It is typically caused by eating contaminated meat, milk, eggs or their products. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within 12-24 hours. Staphylococcus and Clostridium perfringens food poisonings are also discussed. Botulism is described as the most serious type, caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, with symptoms of muscle weakness that can lead to paralysis or death.
Acute gastro-enteritis caused by the ingestion of the food or drink contaminated with either living bacteria or their toxins or inorganic chemical substances and poison delivered from plants and animals.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and bacteria. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms using microscopes. It describes the basic structures and types of bacteria, including how they are classified by shape, staining properties, gas requirements, temperature dependence, and nutrition. It also discusses the importance of microorganisms, the history of microbiology, and the requirements and factors that enable bacteria to cause disease.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
This document introduces permutation methods for statistical testing. It begins with background on permutation principles and explains that most biostatistics texts only cover rank-based permutation methods but this text will cover both rank-based and non-rank-based methods. It then reviews key mathematical concepts of permutations and combinations that are important for understanding permutation methods. It provides examples of calculating permutations and combinations. Finally, it states that several permutation-based tests will be presented, with the first using original observations and the second using ranks to test different statistical concepts like correlation in a distribution-free manner.
Lecture-8 (Demographic Studies and Health Services Statistics).ppthabtamu biazin
This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and health services statistics. It discusses the study of demography, including the static and dynamic aspects of populations. It also describes sources of demographic data like censuses, vital registration, and surveys. Other topics covered include demographic transition, population pyramids, vital rates like fertility and mortality rates, and population projections methods.
The chi-square test is a non-parametric method used to analyze categorical data to evaluate hypotheses about populations. It can be used for goodness of fit, independence, and homogeneity. The chi-square test involves calculating expected frequencies, verifying assumptions, selecting a significance level, computing the chi-square statistic and comparing it to a critical value to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The document discusses t-tests and one-way ANOVA statistical tests. It provides details on how to conduct one-sample t-tests, paired t-tests, two independent sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. It includes the assumptions, test statistics, and procedures for each test. An example is also provided to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA comparing red blood cell folate levels between three patient groups receiving different nitrous oxide treatments.
The document provides an overview of survival analysis. It defines survival analysis as a branch of statistics that focuses on time-to-event data and their analysis. It discusses censored and truncated data, the life table method, the Kaplan-Meier estimator for estimating survival functions when there is censoring, and the Cox regression model for assessing relationships between covariates and survival times. The key aspects of survival analysis are estimating the probability of surviving past a certain time point and comparing survival distributions between groups while accounting for censored observations.
This document provides an overview of logistic regression. It begins by explaining that linear regression is not appropriate when the dependent variable is dichotomous. Logistic regression uses an S-shaped logistic function to model the probabilities of different outcomes. The logistic function transforms the non-linear probabilities into linear-looking data that can be modeled using linear regression. Examples are provided to demonstrate how logistic regression can be used to predict the probability of coronary heart disease based on age and to analyze the relationship between patient satisfaction and residence.
Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between daily food intake (independent variable) and weight gain (dependent variable) in a sample of 20 children. The regression equation obtained was: Weight gained = 0.16 + 0.643(food weight). This indicates that for each additional 1kg of daily food intake, a child's weight increases by 0.643kg on average. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.81, meaning 81% of the variation in children's weight gain was explained by differences in daily food intake.
Lecture-3 Probability and probability distribution.ppthabtamu biazin
This document provides an overview of key concepts in probability and probability distributions that will be covered in the chapter. The objectives are to understand probability, the difference between probability and probability distributions, conditional probability, and different types of distributions for categorical and continuous variables. Specific distributions discussed include the normal, student t, and chi-square distributions. Examples are provided on probability, conditional probability, counting rules for permutations and combinations, sampling with and without replacement, and the binomial distribution.
1) The document discusses descriptive statistics and methods for summarizing categorical and numerical data through tables, graphs, and numerical measures.
2) Descriptive statistics are used to describe and characterize data through methods like frequency tables, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability.
3) Various graphs like bar charts, pie charts, histograms and frequency polygons are demonstrated to visually depict distributions of categorical and numerical variables.
Fungi constitute an important group of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts and molds. Anti-fungal drugs target differences between fungal and human cells, such as fungal cell walls and sterol composition. Major classes of anti-fungals include polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles, and allylamines. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that disrupt membrane function. It has broad antifungal activity but can cause renal toxicity. Newer lipid formulations reduce this toxicity. Nystatin is a polyene used topically due to toxicity concerns. Griseofulvin and flucytosine inhibit fung
The document discusses opportunistic fungal infections, focusing on Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, and other mycoses. It provides details on:
- The causative fungi and their incidence in opportunistic infections
- Clinical manifestations of various fungal infections in different organ systems like the lungs and central nervous system
- Laboratory methods for diagnosing fungal infections through microscopy, culture, serology and molecular identification
- Specific details on presentations of Aspergillosis, Candidiasis and Cryptococcosis in the lungs, skin and brain
The document discusses immunology and immunopathology of human parasitic infections. It covers:
1) Microparasites multiply within host cells and pose an immediate threat, while macroparasites (helminths) do not multiply within the host and do not present an immediate threat.
2) Infections by protozoa and helminths are long-lasting and can induce immunopathological changes over years that are more dangerous than the initial infection.
3) During any infection, dying or killed parasites can deposit molecules on host cells and elicit autoimmune responses, contributing to pathology.
5,6,7. Protein detection Western_blotting DNA sequencing.ppthabtamu biazin
1. The document describes the process of isolating and detecting proteins from various samples through cell lysis, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, and western blotting. Key steps include lysing cells with detergents and inhibitors, boiling samples with loading buffer, running proteins on a gel, transferring proteins to a membrane, and detecting proteins with antibodies and chemiluminescent reagents.
2. Common components of lysis buffers and SDS loading buffers are described, as well as tips for pouring gels and troubleshooting western blots. The process allows estimation of protein molecular weights and analysis of post-translational modifications.
3. Proper controls and testing antibody specificity are emphasized for accurate analysis of western blot results.
6. aa sequencing site directed application of biotechnology.ppthabtamu biazin
Protein sequencing involves an eight step strategy to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein. The steps include separating polypeptide chains, reducing disulfide bonds, determining amino acid composition, identifying terminal residues, cleaving chains into fragments, sequencing the fragments, reconstructing the sequence from overlapping fragments, and determining disulfide bond positions. Frederick Sanger developed the first method for protein sequencing by determining the structure of insulin in 1953. Advances now allow sequencing entire proteins or genomes using techniques like mass spectrometry and determining gene sequences.
Genetic engineering involves purposefully manipulating genetic material to alter organism characteristics. There are five techniques: genetic fusion, protoplast fusion, gene amplification, recombinant DNA technology, and hybridoma creation. Genetic engineering tools include specialized enzymes, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing machines, RNA primers, and gene probes. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, mapped the human genome consisting of 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes. 'Omics' fields like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics emerged from studying entire genomes and cellular components.
The document provides an overview of real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It discusses extracting RNA from tissue, converting the RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, performing real-time PCR, and analyzing the results. Several key steps are described, including the importance of RNA quality, using appropriate reverse transcriptase primers and PCR primers, including necessary controls, and selecting appropriate reference standards for normalization.
2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure.pptxhabtamu biazin
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus. They contain a single, circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, while eukaryotes use mitosis or meiosis. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and contain DNA.
This document outlines the fundamentals of microbiology, including the historical development and significance of studying microbes. It discusses key topics like the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, bacterial taxonomy, and bacterial genetics. The objectives are to understand the historical background of microbiology, classify medically significant bacteria, describe bacterial metabolism and growth, and explain methods of disinfection.
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that includes the species that cause tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. It contains obligate parasites like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, which cause diseases, as well as opportunistic pathogens like non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium species are acid-fast bacilli with a cell wall rich in lipids, making them resistant to disinfectants and host immune responses. They can survive outside of hosts for weeks. M. tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 and is the main cause of TB, appearing as thin rods in tissue.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
5. 5
General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus
– Gram-positive, endospore-forming, motile rods
– Mostly saprobic, Primary habitat is soil
– Aerobic and catalase positive
– Versatile in degrading complex macromolecules
– Source of antibiotics
– 2 species of medical importance:
– Bacillus anthracis
– Bacillus cereus
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6. 6
Bacillus anthracis
– Large, block-shaped rods
– Central spores that develop under all conditions
except in the living body
– Virulence factors
• polypeptide capsule and exotoxins
– Zoonotic
– Biological weapon –spore
4/1/2023
7. B. anthracis ….
– 3 types of anthrax:
– Cutaneous anthrax
» spores enter through skin, black sore- eschar;
» least dangerous form of anthrax
»commonest form(>90% of anthrax cases)
» low mortality with treatment, 20%
mortality without
7
4/1/2023
8. Clinical forms of anthrax…
Pulmonary anthrax- inhaling large spores
– Caused by inhaling large numbers of B. anthracis
spores (‘wool sorters’ disease).
– Infections are usually fatal.
– fever, chest pain, shortness of breath(dyspnea).
gastrointestinal – ingested spores
– due to ingesting infected meat.
– Septicemia often develops
4/1/2023 8
9. Cutaneous anthrax
4/1/2023 9
The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling
that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center
10. 10
Control and Treatment
– Treated with penicillin, tetracycline, or ciprofloxacin
– Vaccines
– live spores and toxoid to protect livestock
– purified toxoid
» for high risk occupations and military personnel
» toxoid 6X over 1.5 years
» annual boosters
4/1/2023
12. 12
Bacillus cereus
– Common airborne and dust borne;
– usual methods of disinfection and antisepsis are
ineffective
– Grows in foods, spores survive cooking and reheating
– Ingestion of toxin-containing food causes nausea,
vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea;
– 24 hour duration
– No treatment
– Increasingly reported in immunosuppressed
4/1/2023
13. 13
The Genus Clostridium
– Gram-positive, spore-forming rods
– Anaerobic and catalase negative
– 120 species
– Oval or spherical spores produced only under
anaerobic conditions
– Synthesize organic acids, alcohols, and exotoxins
– Cause wound infections, tissue infections, and food
intoxications
4/1/2023
15. 15
Gas Gangrene
– Caused by C.perfringens
– It is soft tissue and wound infections - myonecrosis
– Spores found in soil, human skin, intestine, and
vagina
4/1/2023
Gas Gangrene or myonecrosis
18. 18
Pathology
– Not highly invasive; requires damaged and dead
tissue and anaerobic conditions
– Conditions stimulate spore germination, vegetative
growth and release of exotoxins, and other
virulence factors.
– Fermentation of muscle carbohydrates results in the
formation of gas and further destruction of tissue.
4/1/2023
20. 20
Treatment and Prevention
– Immediate cleansing of dirty wounds, deep wounds,
decubitus ulcers, compound fractures, and infected
incisions
– Debridement of disease tissue
– Large doses of cephalosporin or penicillin
– Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
– No vaccines available
4/1/2023
21. 21
Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease
(CDAD)
– Normal resident of colon, in low numbers
– Causes antibiotic-associated colitis
• relatively non-invasive; treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics
kills the other bacteria, allowing C. difficile to overgrow
– Produces enterotoxins that damage intestines
– Major cause of diarrhea in hospitals
– Increasingly more common in community acquired diarrhea
4/1/2023
22. 22
Treatment and Prevention
– Mild uncomplicated cases respond to fluid and
electrolyte replacement and withdrawal of
antimicrobials.
– Severe infections treated with oral Vancomycin or
metronidazole and replacement cultures
– Increased precautions to prevent spread
4/1/2023
23. 23
Tetanus
– Caused Clostridium tetani
– Common resident of soil and GI tracts of animals
– Causes tetanus or lockjaw, a neuromuscular disease
– Most commonly among geriatric patients and IV
drug abusers; neonates in developing countries.
4/1/2023
24. 24
Pathology
– Spores usually enter through accidental puncture wounds,
burns, umbilical stumps, frostbite, and crushed body parts.
– Anaerobic environment is ideal for vegetative cells to grow
and release toxin.
– Tetanospasmin – neurotoxin causes paralysis by binding to
motor nerve endings; blocking the release of neurotransmitter
for muscular contraction inhibition; muscles contract
uncontrollably
– Death most often due to paralysis of respiratory muscles
4/1/2023
27. 27
Treatment and Prevention
– Treatment aimed at deterring degree of toxemia and
infection and maintaining homeostasis
– Antitoxin therapy with human tetanus immune
globulin; inactivates circulating toxin but does not
counteract that which is already bound
– Control infection with penicillin or tetracycline;
and muscle relaxants
– Vaccine available; booster needed every 10 years
4/1/2023
28. 28
Clostridial Food Poisoning
– Clostridium botulinium
» rare but severe intoxication usually from
home canned food
– Clostridium perfringens
» mild intestinal illness;
»second most common form of food
poisoning worldwide.
4/1/2023
29. 29
Botulinum Food Poisoning
– Botulism
–intoxication associated with inadequate food
preservation
– Clostridium botulinium
– spore-forming anaerobe;
–commonly inhabits soil and water
4/1/2023
30. 30
Pathogenesis
– Spores are present on food when gathered and
processed.
– If reliable temperature and pressure are not achieved
air will be evacuated but spores will remain.
– Anaerobic conditions favor spore germination and
vegetative growth.
– Potent toxin, botulin, is released.
4/1/2023
31. Pathogenesis …
– Toxin is carried to neuromuscular junctions and
– blocks the release of acetylcholine, necessary for
muscle contraction to occur.
– Double or blurred vision, difficulty swallowing,
neuromuscular symptoms
31
4/1/2023
33. 33
Infant and Wound Botulism
– Infant botulism – caused by ingested spores that
germinate and release toxin; flaccid paralysis
– Wound botulism – spores enter wound and cause
food poisoning symptoms
4/1/2023
34. 34
Treatment and Prevention
– Determine presence of toxin in food, intestinal
contents or feces
– Administer antitoxin; cardiac and respiratory support
– Infectious botulism treated with penicillin
– Practice proper methods of preserving and handling
canned foods; addition of preservatives.
4/1/2023
35. 35
Clostridial Gastroenteritis
– Clostridium perfringens
– Spores contaminate food that has not been cooked
thoroughly enough to destroy spores.
– Spores germinate and multiply (especially if
unrefrigerated).
– When consumed, toxin is produced in the intestine;
acts on epithelial cells, acute abdominal pain,
diarrhea, and nausea
4/1/2023
37. 37
Listeria monocytogenes
– Non-spore-forming Gram-positive
– Ranging from coccobacilli to long filaments
– 1-4 flagella
– No capsules
– Resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH extremes and bile
– Virulence attributed to ability to replicate in the
cytoplasm of cells after inducing phagocytosis;
avoids humoral immune system
4/1/2023
39. 39
Epidemiology and Pathology
– Primary reservoir is soil and water; animal intestines
– Can contaminate foods and grow during refrigeration
– Listeriosis - most cases associated with dairy products,
poultry, and meat
– Often mild or subclinical in normal adults
– Immunocompromised patients, fetuses and neonates; affects
brain and meninges
• 20% death rate
4/1/2023
40. 40
Diagnosis and Control
– Culture requires lengthy cold enrichment process.
– Rapid diagnostic tests using ELISA available
– Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
– Prevention – pasteurization and cooking
4/1/2023
41. 41
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
– Gram-positive rod widely distributed in animals
and the environment
– Primary reservoir – tonsils of healthy pigs
– Enters through skin abrasion, multiples to produce
erysipeloid, dark red lesions
– Penicillin or erythromycin
– Vaccine for pigs
4/1/2023
43. Gram-Positive Irregular Bacilli
– Pleomorphic;
– Non-Spore-Forming
– stain unevenly
– 20 genera; Corynebacterium
– Mycobacterium
– Nocardia
– Actinomyces
greatest clinical significance
All produce catalase, possess mycolic
acids, and a unique peptidoglycan.
4/1/2023 43
44. 44
Corynbacterium diptheriae
– Gram-positive irregular bacilli
– Virulence factors assist in attachment and growth.
• Diphtherotoxin – exotoxin
–2 part toxin
»part B binds and induces endocytosis;
»part A arrests protein synthesis
4/1/2023
46. 46
Epidemiology and Pathology
– Reservoir of healthy carriers;
– potential for diphtheria is always present
– Most cases occur in non-immunized children living in
crowded, unsanitary conditions.
– Acquired via respiratory droplets from carriers or
actively infected individuals
4/1/2023
51. 51
Treatment and Prevention
– Antitoxin
– Penicillin or erythromycin
– Prevented by toxoid vaccine series and boosters
4/1/2023
52. 52
Genus Proprionibacterium
– Propionibacterium acnes most common
– Gram-positive rods
– Aerotolerant or anaerobic
– Non-toxigenic
– Common resident of sebaceous glands
– Causes acne
4/1/2023
53. 53
Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– M. leprae
– M. avium complex
– M. fortuitum
– M. marinum
– M. scrofulaceum
– M. paratuberculosis
4/1/2023
54. 54
Genus Mycobacterium
– Gram-positive irregular bacilli
– Acid-fast staining
– Strict aerobes
– Produce catalase
– Possess mycolic acids and a unique type of
peptidoglycan
– Do not form capsules, flagella or spores
– Grow slowly
4/1/2023
56. 56
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– Tubercle bacillus
– Produces no exotoxins or enzymes that contribute
to infectiousness
– Virulence factors - contain complex waxes and
cord factor that prevent destruction by lysosomes
or macrophages
4/1/2023
57. 57
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
– Predisposing factors include: inadequate nutrition,
debilitation of the immune system, poor access to medical
care, lung damage, and genetics.
– Estimate 1/3rd of world population and 15 million in U.S.
carry tubercle bacillus; highest rate in U.S. occurring in
recent immigrants
– Bacillus very resistant; transmitted by airborne respiratory
droplets
4/1/2023
58. 58
Course of Infection and Disease
– Only 5% infected people develop clinical disease
– Untreated, the disease progresses slowly;
– majority of TB cases contained in lungs
– Clinical tuberculosis divided into:
– primary tuberculosis
– secondary tuberculosis (reactivation or reinfection)
– disseminated tuberculosis
4/1/2023
59. 59
Primary TB
– Infectious dose 10 cells
– Phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and multiply
intracellular
– After 3-4 weeks immune system attacks, forming
tubercles, granulomas consisting of a central core
containing bacilli surrounded by WBCs – tubercle
– If center of tubercle breaks down into necrotic
caseous lesions, they gradually heal by calcification.
4/1/2023
61. 61
Secondary TB
– If patient doesn’t recover from primary tuberculosis,
reactivation of bacilli can occur.
– Tubercles expand and drain into the bronchial tubes
and upper respiratory tract.
– Gradually the patient experiences more severe
symptoms.
– violent coughing, greenish or bloody sputum, fever, anorexia,
weight loss, fatigue
– Untreated, 60% mortality rate
4/1/2023
62. 62
Extrapulmonary TB
– During secondary TB, bacilli disseminate to regional
lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract,
brain, and meninges.
– These complications are grave.
4/1/2023
63. 63
Diagnosis
1. In vivo or tuberculin testing
Monteux test
local intradermal injection of purified protein derivative
(PPD);
look for red wheal to form in 48-72 hours -induration;
established guidelines to indicate interpretation of result
based on size of wheal and specific population factors
4/1/2023
64. Diagnosis…
2. X rays
3. Direct identification of acid-fast bacilli in
specimen
4. Cultural isolation and biochemical testing
64
4/1/2023
66. 66
Management and Prevention of TB
– 6-24 months of at least 2 drugs from a list of 11
– One pill regimen called Rifater (isoniazid,
rifampin, pyrazinamide)
– Vaccine based on attenuated bacilli Calmet-Guerin
strain of M. bovis used in other countries
4/1/2023
67. 67
Mycobacterium laprae:
The Leprosy Bacillus
– Hansen’s bacillus/Hansen’s Disease
– Strict parasite – has not been grown on artificial media or
tissue culture
– Slowest growing of all species
– Multiplies within host cells in large packets called globi
– Causes leprosy, a chronic disease that begins in the skin and
mucous membranes and progresses into nerves
4/1/2023
68. 68
Epidemiology and Transmission of Leprosy
– Endemic regions throughout the world
– Spread through direct inoculation from leprosies
– Not highly virulent; appears that health and living
conditions influence susceptibility and the course
of the disease
– May be associated with specific genetic marker
4/1/2023
69. 69
Course of Infection and Disease
– Macrophages phagocytize the bacilli, but a weakened
macrophage or slow T cell response may not kill bacillus.
– Incubation from 2-5 years;
– if untreated, bacilli grow slowly in the skin macrophages and
Schwann cells of peripheral nerves
4/1/2023
70. Courses of infection
–2 forms possible:
– Tuberculoid
– superficial infection without skin disfigurement which
damages nerves and
– causes loss of pain perception
– Lepromatous
– a deeply nodular infection that causes severe
disfigurement of the face and extremities
70
4/1/2023
71. Courses of infection…
• Skin smear result (WHO) classification:
– 1. Paucibacillary leprosy (PB) – few Bacilli;
• Two to five skin lesions with negative skin smear
results at all sites.
– 2. Multibacillary leprosy (MB);
• Any form of leprosy in which the patient shows
positive smears at any site.
4/1/2023 71
72. Ridley- Jopling classification
• Most widely accepted
– Divides Leprosy cases into 5 groups according to their
position on an immunohistological scale.
• It can be used only when full research facilities are available :
– Tuberculoid (TT)
– Borderline Tuberculoid (BT)
– Borderline Borderline (BB)
– Borderline Lepromatous (BL)
– Lepromatous (LL)
4/1/2023 72
73. 73
Diagnosing
– Combination of symptomology, microscopic
examination of lesions, and patient history
– Numbness in hands and feet, loss of heat and cold
sensitivity, muscle weakness, thickened earlobes,
chronic stuffy nose
– Detection of acid-fast bacilli in skin lesions, nasal
discharges, and tissue samples
4/1/2023
74. 74
Treatment and Prevention
– Treatment by long-term combined therapy
– Prevention requires constant surveillance of high
risk populations.
– WHO sponsoring a trial vaccine
4/1/2023
75. 75
Infections by Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria
(NTM)
– M. avium complex – third most common cause of death in
AIDS patients
– M. kansaii – pulmonary infections in adult white males with
emphysema or bronchitis
– M. marinum – water inhabitant; lesions develop after scraping
on swimming pool concrete
4/1/2023
76. NTM…
– M. scrofulaceum – infects cervical lymph nodes
– M. paratuberculosis – raw cow’s milk; recovered from 65%
of individuals diagnosed with Crohn’s disease
4/1/2023 76
77. 77
Actinomycetes:
– Filamentous or branched bacilli
– 2 Genera : Actinomyces & Nocardia
– are non-motile filamentous bacteria related to mycobacteria.
– May cause chronic infection of skin and soft tissues
– Actinomyces israelii
• responsible for diseases of the oral cavity, thoracic or
intestines - actinomycoses
– Nocardia brasiliensis causes pulmonary disease similar to
TB.
4/1/2023