Government Employs Backdoor Searches ACSB standards: Social and Ethical Issues, Technology in Society he Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) conducts foreign covert operations, counterintelligence operations, and collects and analyzes foreign intelligence for the president and his staff to aid in national ecurity decisions. The National Security Agency (NSA) is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes. The Federal sureau of Investigation ( FBI ) conducts domestic counterintelligence and counterterrorism operations in addition to its role as the lead law enforcement agency in the country. hese three agencies have implemented sophisticated programs to capture, store, and analyze electronic communications. The Downstream program (formerly called PRISM) extracts data from the ervers of nine major American Intemet companies including AOL, Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsof, Paltalk, Skype, Yahoo, and YouTube to obtain direct access to audio, video, photographs, emails, ocuments, and connection logs for each of these systems. The Upstream program taps into the infrastructure of the Internet to capture the online communications of foreigners outside the United States ulile their communications are in transit. The leaders of the intelligence agencies argue that these programs are essential to fighting terrorism. The agencies can also provide a dozen or more examples of ow use of the data gathered by these programs has thwarted the efforts of terrorists around the world. he programs are authorized by Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act which authorizes surveillance of any foreigner overgeas, provided the purpose is to obtain "foreign intelligence " The Act loosely efines "foreign intelligence" to mean any information that "relates to" the conduct of foreign affairs. This broad definition mears that the target being survelled need not be a terrorist. The target needs only be thought to have information that is relevant to the government's foreign intelligence objective-whatever that may be. he process of gathering foreign electronic communications necessarily means the incidental capture of many conversations involving an American (who may be here in the United States) and a foreign arget. They may well be having a totally innocent communication with a foreign triend, relative, or business partner who is not suspected of any wrongdoing whatsoever. The total number of Americans' ommunications "incidentally" collected since the inception of Section 702 is well into the millions. fection 702 also allows the government to pool all the messages it intercepts into a giant database and then search the database, including conversations involving Americans - without a warrant. Varrantless survelliance of communications between Americans and foreigners is known as a "backdoor search because it effectively evades other provisions of United States law that require an ndiv.
US mining data from 9 leading internet firms and companies deny knowledgetrupassion
The National Security Agency and the FBI are tapping directly into the central servers of nine leading U.S. Internet companies, extracting audio and video chats, photographs, e-mails, documents, and connection logs that enable analysts to track one target or trace a whole network of associates, according to a top-secret document obtained by The Washington Post.
The program, code-named PRISM, has not been made public until now. It may be the first of its kind. The NSA prides itself on stealing secrets and breaking codes, and it is accustomed to corporate partnerships that help it divert data traffic or sidestep barriers. But there has never been a Google or Facebook before, and it is unlikely that there are richer troves of valuable intelligence than the ones in Silicon Valley.
Gabrielle HetlandAlthough the United States has a very stron.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabrielle Hetland
Although the United States has a very strong and effective intelligence community, there are several unavoidable challenges that set back some of the processes and hinders the intelligence community from working to its full potential. The most important challenges that I see include flow of information, civil liberties and secrecy.
Since the United States does not have one large domestic intelligence agency that completes all intelligence-related tasks, it is much more difficult for them to be able to transfer information to the right people in a timely manner. I think it is very beneficial that we are able to have such a wide variety of intelligence agencies, each with a specific mission set so subject matter experts can focus on their mission to the best of their abilities, however, on the flip side, many of them have to jump through hoops to get additional information on certain subjects or track down the originator of a product. Having so many different agencies requires a lot more work to get a good flow of communication between the agencies and a lot of valuable information can be lost in the process.
Civil liberties always has and always will be a major challenge for the intelligence community. In order to do their job effectively, intelligence personnel need to be able to conduct surveillance around the clock. Especially in today’s world, people do not want their rights to private taken away, making this jobs very difficult for intelligence and law enforcement personnel. With the rise of domestic terrorism and homegrown extremists, the IC will continue to need increased access in to people’s lives and workplace in order to detect these criminals and prevent future activity.
Lastly, secrecy has been a major challenge to the IC because much of the information dealt with is classified and needs to remain a secret for national security concerns, however, people do not want information kept from there. It is difficult to determine what information should be released to the public to ensure their safety while at the same time, not disrupting an operation. I think the IC has done everything right so far in regards to these issues. There is really no way to fix these challenges while at the same time maintain the high level of national security that we have.
Resources:
Aftergood, S. (1996). Three categories of secrecy. Secrecy and accountability in U.S. intelligence. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/147
Burch, J. (2007). A domestic intelligence agency for the United States? A comparative analysis of domestic intelligence agencies and their implications for homeland security. Homeland Security Affairs 3, 2. Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/147
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. (n.d.). Organization. Retrieved from http://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization
Marissa Austin
Intelligence is the act of sound understanding, planning, ...
The digital forensic examinations and criminal investigationsICFECI
The results of forensic science is likely the number one factor in solving cold cases. Image for over 30 years, having an unsolved criminal case hanging over your head. One of the largest serial crimes was solved by the use of computer forensic services. ICFECI could be the key that provides the answers that are desperately needed.
504 Part II Criminal Procedure# 151053 Cust Cengage .docxtroutmanboris
504 Part II Criminal Procedure
# 151053 Cust: Cengage Au: Hall Pg. No. 504
Title: Criminal Law and Procedure Server: __________________
K
Short / Normal
DESIGN SERVICES OF
S4-CARLISLE
Publishing Services
information or access to their systems for the government to collect data. In others, the
government has obtained FISC orders. In recent years third-party authority has been
scrutinized in the context of metadata, or non content information. An example of
metadata is the government’s collection of phone numbers dialed but not the content
of those conversations. In its review of an application for an order to capture a huge
amount of “telephony metadata,” FISC ruled in 2013 that such intelligence gathering is
analogous to the phone records sought in Smith v. Maryland.37 In that case the Supreme
Court held that when an individual dials a phone number he is transmitting the data
to a third party, the telephone company, and as a consequence loses his privacy in the
number he dialed. For this reason the acquisition of the number dialed, but not the
content of the call, does not raise implicate the Fourth Amendment. FISC held that
this conclusion is not changed because of the size of the data request.38 The amendments
to the FISA mentioned earlier empowered the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
to review and approve programs that collect metadata, in addition to individual orders
of surveillance.
One particularly controversial authority created by the Patriot Act is the National
Security Letter. Without subpoena, the government is empowered to demand non-
content data from Internet service providers, communication companies, and busi-
nesses about their clients. Again, non content data include web sites visited, telephone
numbers called, and e-mail addresses. Thousands, in some years tens of thousands, of
NSLs have been issued yearly since 9/11. NSLs come with a “gag” order. That is, the
recipient of the NSL is ordered, under criminal penalty, to not disclose to anyone, in-
cluding the client who is named in the NSL, that the letter has been received. A federal
district judge found this and other provisions of the NSL law to be contrary to the First
Amendment’s protection of free speech and the Fourth Amendment in 2013.39
FISC is aimed at foreign governments and its agents, abroad. As you can see, the
authority of the United States to spy on U.S. persons abroad is limited to when U.S.
persons are acting as foreign agents and when engaged in terrorism. If the United
States wants to conduct a search within the United States, the Fourth Amendment and
Title III rules you have already learned apply, even if the underlying offense is a viola-
tion of a national security law. If the government acquires otherwise protected infor-
mation during an otherwise legitimate surveillance, the information is to be destroyed
unless the contents indicate a threat of serious bodily harm or death to any person.
An ex.
US mining data from 9 leading internet firms and companies deny knowledgetrupassion
The National Security Agency and the FBI are tapping directly into the central servers of nine leading U.S. Internet companies, extracting audio and video chats, photographs, e-mails, documents, and connection logs that enable analysts to track one target or trace a whole network of associates, according to a top-secret document obtained by The Washington Post.
The program, code-named PRISM, has not been made public until now. It may be the first of its kind. The NSA prides itself on stealing secrets and breaking codes, and it is accustomed to corporate partnerships that help it divert data traffic or sidestep barriers. But there has never been a Google or Facebook before, and it is unlikely that there are richer troves of valuable intelligence than the ones in Silicon Valley.
Gabrielle HetlandAlthough the United States has a very stron.docxhanneloremccaffery
Gabrielle Hetland
Although the United States has a very strong and effective intelligence community, there are several unavoidable challenges that set back some of the processes and hinders the intelligence community from working to its full potential. The most important challenges that I see include flow of information, civil liberties and secrecy.
Since the United States does not have one large domestic intelligence agency that completes all intelligence-related tasks, it is much more difficult for them to be able to transfer information to the right people in a timely manner. I think it is very beneficial that we are able to have such a wide variety of intelligence agencies, each with a specific mission set so subject matter experts can focus on their mission to the best of their abilities, however, on the flip side, many of them have to jump through hoops to get additional information on certain subjects or track down the originator of a product. Having so many different agencies requires a lot more work to get a good flow of communication between the agencies and a lot of valuable information can be lost in the process.
Civil liberties always has and always will be a major challenge for the intelligence community. In order to do their job effectively, intelligence personnel need to be able to conduct surveillance around the clock. Especially in today’s world, people do not want their rights to private taken away, making this jobs very difficult for intelligence and law enforcement personnel. With the rise of domestic terrorism and homegrown extremists, the IC will continue to need increased access in to people’s lives and workplace in order to detect these criminals and prevent future activity.
Lastly, secrecy has been a major challenge to the IC because much of the information dealt with is classified and needs to remain a secret for national security concerns, however, people do not want information kept from there. It is difficult to determine what information should be released to the public to ensure their safety while at the same time, not disrupting an operation. I think the IC has done everything right so far in regards to these issues. There is really no way to fix these challenges while at the same time maintain the high level of national security that we have.
Resources:
Aftergood, S. (1996). Three categories of secrecy. Secrecy and accountability in U.S. intelligence. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/147
Burch, J. (2007). A domestic intelligence agency for the United States? A comparative analysis of domestic intelligence agencies and their implications for homeland security. Homeland Security Affairs 3, 2. Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/147
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. (n.d.). Organization. Retrieved from http://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization
Marissa Austin
Intelligence is the act of sound understanding, planning, ...
The digital forensic examinations and criminal investigationsICFECI
The results of forensic science is likely the number one factor in solving cold cases. Image for over 30 years, having an unsolved criminal case hanging over your head. One of the largest serial crimes was solved by the use of computer forensic services. ICFECI could be the key that provides the answers that are desperately needed.
504 Part II Criminal Procedure# 151053 Cust Cengage .docxtroutmanboris
504 Part II Criminal Procedure
# 151053 Cust: Cengage Au: Hall Pg. No. 504
Title: Criminal Law and Procedure Server: __________________
K
Short / Normal
DESIGN SERVICES OF
S4-CARLISLE
Publishing Services
information or access to their systems for the government to collect data. In others, the
government has obtained FISC orders. In recent years third-party authority has been
scrutinized in the context of metadata, or non content information. An example of
metadata is the government’s collection of phone numbers dialed but not the content
of those conversations. In its review of an application for an order to capture a huge
amount of “telephony metadata,” FISC ruled in 2013 that such intelligence gathering is
analogous to the phone records sought in Smith v. Maryland.37 In that case the Supreme
Court held that when an individual dials a phone number he is transmitting the data
to a third party, the telephone company, and as a consequence loses his privacy in the
number he dialed. For this reason the acquisition of the number dialed, but not the
content of the call, does not raise implicate the Fourth Amendment. FISC held that
this conclusion is not changed because of the size of the data request.38 The amendments
to the FISA mentioned earlier empowered the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
to review and approve programs that collect metadata, in addition to individual orders
of surveillance.
One particularly controversial authority created by the Patriot Act is the National
Security Letter. Without subpoena, the government is empowered to demand non-
content data from Internet service providers, communication companies, and busi-
nesses about their clients. Again, non content data include web sites visited, telephone
numbers called, and e-mail addresses. Thousands, in some years tens of thousands, of
NSLs have been issued yearly since 9/11. NSLs come with a “gag” order. That is, the
recipient of the NSL is ordered, under criminal penalty, to not disclose to anyone, in-
cluding the client who is named in the NSL, that the letter has been received. A federal
district judge found this and other provisions of the NSL law to be contrary to the First
Amendment’s protection of free speech and the Fourth Amendment in 2013.39
FISC is aimed at foreign governments and its agents, abroad. As you can see, the
authority of the United States to spy on U.S. persons abroad is limited to when U.S.
persons are acting as foreign agents and when engaged in terrorism. If the United
States wants to conduct a search within the United States, the Fourth Amendment and
Title III rules you have already learned apply, even if the underlying offense is a viola-
tion of a national security law. If the government acquires otherwise protected infor-
mation during an otherwise legitimate surveillance, the information is to be destroyed
unless the contents indicate a threat of serious bodily harm or death to any person.
An ex.
Krempley 1
POL 300
Google/Multi-National Corporations, International Surveillance, and Human Rights
Abstract
The many news reports on cyber security, identity theft, Wikileaks, and NSA intelligence gathering programs over the past few years have shown the international community that the World Wide Web is anything but a safe place to store sensitive information, or any information for that matter. This study will examine how closely multi-national corporations in the information technology sector, such as Google, are involved with national governments on these issues. The study will analyze events in the U.S. and China and attempt to uncover whether or not these have directly infringed upon peoples’ basic human rights.
Question
With emerging information regarding the NSA's PRISM program and China's "Golden Shield Project", has either country directly infringed on peoples' basic human rights?
Hypothesis
As more information is uncovered regarding the true nature of the aims of these internationally implemented programs, it has become increasingly clear that there have been multiple violations of peoples' human rights in both the United States and China with their respective monitoring programs.
The NSA and the PRISM Project
"Since September 11th, 2001, the United States government has dramatically increased the ability of its intelligence agencies to collect and investigate information on both foreign subjects and US citizens. Some of these surveillance programs, including a secret program called PRISM, capture the private data of citizens who are not suspected of any connection to terrorism or any wrongdoing." (Sottek&Kopstein, 2013) Under the guise of a "war on terror", the United States government has consistently upped its efforts to gather as much information as possible regarding the activities of international and domestic citizens alike. Most U.S. citizens were wholly unaware that the government had been running a secret filtration program to determine threat levels of individual citizens both domestically and abroad. This PRISM project and its intentions have recently been leaked in the Edward Snowden fiasco that took the country and the media by storm.
"PRISM is a tool used by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to collect private electronic data belonging to users of major internet services like Gmail, Facebook, Outlook, and others. It’s the latest evolution of the US government’s post-9/11 electronic surveillance efforts, which began under President Bush with the Patriot Act, and expanded to include the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) enacted in 2006 and 2007." (Sottek&Kopstein, 2013) FISA, "...may be the most powerful court you have never heard of -- operating out of a bunker-like complex blocks from the Capitol and the White House -- sealed tightly to prevent eavesdropping.The FISA Court's larger mission is to decide whether to grant certain types of government requests-- wiretapping, data anal ...
Causes of the Growing Conflict Between Privacy and SecurityDon Edwards
The struggle of maintaining an acceptable level of individual privacy is inherent in any society which values group protection from both internal and external threats. This paper illustrates the competing priorities that are the source of the conflict between privacy and security.
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 250 words each.Post 11. What vafelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 250 words each.
Post 1
1. What value does Open Source information have for law enforcement intelligence?
In today’s information age, open source information is extremely valuable to law enforcement today. The modernization of technology is accelerating at a fast pace. In the very near future, almost everything that someone says or does will be recorded in some way or another. The way open source information is used today has already shown a great potential in solving past crimes, addressing current crimes, and predicting crimes of the future. According to Friedman (1998), there are several categories of open source information, and some of the major sources are the media, databases, and everyone’s favorite, the internet. The reason why it is extremely valuable in law enforcement is because open source information is a repository of information. Some examples of open source information are DNA repositories, social media posts, photos with geotags, and statistical information. Just from the four examples mentioned, one can see the relevance to law enforcement. DNA databases can be used to link DNA evidence; statistical information can be used to develop crime maps, and help in predictive policing (Joh, 2014). Not so smart felons can leave geotags on photos or have Instagram photos that show their whereabouts.
2. Provide two examples of Open Sources that can be beneficial to law enforcement and explain what those benefits are.
Something that comes quickly to mind is that open source information can be used to develop a pattern of life of an area. Using information gained from public databases, law enforcement officials can identify where the next crime might occur. Another way to use open source information is to monitor social media. Social media posts can indicate where protests will occur, or even where a crime is occurring. Recently, a mass shooting in New Zealand was live-streamed on social media. There are some things that law enforcement can learn from that video in terms of the attacker’s timeline and tactics he employed. Joh (2014) posits that open source information from the internet can be used in mass surveillance, and in predictive policing.
3. What concerns must be factored in if utilizing Open Source information?
The top concern with open source information is the validity of it. Additionally, is the information from a reputable source? How old is the information? The validity of the information critical especially with the internet; there is a lot of junk information on the web that must be disregarded by intelligence experts. Something else to also consider is that open source information can also be used by criminals. For example, criminals can observe the actions of a police force if the media is doing a live-broadcast of a crime in progress.
4. Can police lawfully use insincere or fraudulent means to access social media information? (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest...)
As state ...
1Figures title5Civil Liberties and the Supreme Court.docxdrennanmicah
1
Figures title: 5 Civil Liberties and the Supreme Court
Carpenter V. United States
In what was a big criminal case in Detroit, several suspects cell phone locations were tracked to prove a drug rings activity. This was going on for several months with no warrant granted with probable cause. Carpenter and his legal team argued after his conviction and in the appeals court that this very action violated his fourth amendment right and should vacate his conviction. This appeal set up a long and important fight that took our courts into a crossroads with regards to digital right being a part of the fourth amendment.
The Original Case and Information Seizure
Carpenter was convicted back in 2013 for a string of burglaries in the Detroit area. The FBI obtained his locations through a seizure of his stored location data for past months. Almost 13,000 data points were obtained by the agency. These data points showed everything about his life in the timeframe received. Agents were able to tell when and where he slept, went to church and much more. According to Chief Justice John Roberts, “when the Government tracks the location of a cell phone it achieves near perfect surveillance, as if it had attached an ankle monitor to the phone’s user.” (Wessler, 2018). The only problem being this perfect surveillance was done without any warrants. This set up the argument that all of this was done against his fourth amendment right.
The Fourth Amendment Right
The fourth amendment states that we all have ”The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized” ("America’s Founding Documents", n.d.). At the time this was written there were no such things as cell phones, but our court system was tasked throughout this case to properly interpret its meaning regarding our security and privacy with cell phone use and data. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Carpenter in “Fourth Amendment must apply to records of such unprecedented breadth and sensitivity” ("America's Founding Documents", n.d.). By viewing someone’s mapped out timestamped locations we get to see very intimately where a person is going and quite possibly what they are doing, and when there are doing it. Not that we have things to hide for some of us, but I still think we are entitled to that level of privacy.
FBI Claims no Right Infringement
The Governments lawyers argues that when we share our information with a “third party” in this case the cellphone company that we forfeit our Fourth Amendment right for that information when doing so. That would mean that phone call information, text messages, and even our GPS data would no longer be our information to protect as it is shared with the cellphone company and that we.
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin®.Instructions (100GrazynaBroyles24
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin®.
Instructions (100% Original Work)
This assignment will not be accepted late.
The term paper consists of two parts:
Part 1 - Select a domestic or international terrorist organization that threatens the U.S. homeland and complete a profile of that organization. The group profile should be approximately 50 percent of the final paper and must include a discussion of the group's ideology, targeting, tactics, capability, and overall goals, analysis of attacks, and any statements or propaganda released by the group. Make sure you have enough information on the group to address all these factors and how it affects the US homeland.
A foreign terrorist group for this project must be on the official list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) maintained by the U.S. Department of State. In the case of domestic terrorist groups, there is no sanctioned list from which to choose, but the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has made significant arrests from several groups that would fit the description of a domestic terrorist group. The FBI also names many other groups in congressional testimony. Materials presented in the first module, as well as recent news and congressional testimony, are good sources of information on how to identify domestic groups for this project.
Part 2 - Use the group profile to conduct an analysis of one or more U.S. homeland security policies studied in module 2, to assess the ability of the policy or policies to counter the threat posed by the group profiled. This analysis should begin with an introduction and explanation of the policy, followed by an analysis addressing the breadth of the information (from part 1) gathered on that terrorist group. The policy you analyze should be consistent with the group; for example, if you choose a domestic terrorist group, it would be improper to analyze the Secure Border Initiative and its ability to counter a domestic threat, because the members of the group are already within the nation's borders. If you find the policy deficient, make specific recommendations for policy change to counter the threat. If you deem the policy sufficient to counter the threat, explain the rationale for your conclusion.
To complete part 2 of the paper. Conduct the required analysis on the USA PATRIOCT ACT security policy. See below.
The USA PATRIOT Act, which was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush on October 26, 2001, broadened the ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to interdict terrorism in four ways (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2002). First, it applied toward the fight against terrorism a number of investigative tools that had previously been available to fight other forms of organized crime. Second, the act removed many of the legal barriers that prevented the intelligence community (IC) from sharing information with law enforcement. Third, it updated laws to reflect new technology and new threats. Four ...
Choose the scenario that uses social engineering- 1- Bob pretends t.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Choose Four out of Six below essay questions to answer. Be sure to provide complete answers to the questions (Total: 40 marks). All Your discussion should be argumentative. 1. How consumers' purchasing and consumption behaviour has been changed during the Pandemic and post Pandemic era in the hospitality and Tourism industry and in general. Discuss it. (10 marks). 2. Write a short essay about your present visit at the restaurants and discuss about the food, wine, and meal experiences? (10 marks). 3. Describe your decision-making process while you are eating out? (10 marks). 4. How corporate social responsibility can be integrated into a hospitality and Tourism Organizations' Business Performance from the aspect of employees, customers, and reputation? (10 marks). 5. Consumers are continually adopting the digital channels. This is paramount now. Discuss how Food Delivery Mobile applications has impacted during the pandemic? (10 marks). 6. Find a hospitality or tourism organization or an ecotourism place where you have recently visited and argue how they are meeting the requirement of sustainable development goals from the environment, social, and economic perspectives. (10 marks).
.
Ciastion- Bextint- Hand to tovinitroct- Guarution 7pirect n Requiremen.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Choose the type of RNA that correctly completes each statement. Each answer is used once. A ( n ) base sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Each type of carries a specific amino acid to ribosomes to be added to polypeptides. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal proteins and Question 18 Which of these is NOT a correct statement about the genetic code? In general, prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same genetic code to make proteins. 61 codons specify the 20 types of amino acids. A codon is a sequence of three bases. Each type of amino acid is only specified by one codon. Question 19 Which of these is a correct statement about translation in prokaryotes? An RNA molecule can only include one protein-coding sequence. Ribosomes move along an RNA in the 3 ' to 5 direction.
.
Choose the correct statement- A- A chartered bank is a private firm- c.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Choose an indigenous people in a particular country (except the United States and New Zealand). Document their original and current population, education level, employment, and workforce participation. How do their education, employment, and participation levels compare to those of the dominant group in that country?
.
ClearView Investment Company reported the following data retrieved fro.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
CI 2436:01L Data Structures Lab 4 - Chapter 6 Stack Implementation using a Linked List 2/14 Using the StackInterface created in Lab3, define a class LinkedStack that implements methods and creates an inner class Node . import java.util.EmptyStackException; public class LinkedStack implements StackInterface \{ private Node topNode; // References the first node in the chain public LinkedStack() i topNode = null; \} eoverride public void push (T newEntry) \& Node newNode = new Node (newEntry, topNode); topNode = newNode ; \} eoverride public T pop () 1 T top = peek ( ) ; topNode = topNode getNextNode () ; return top; \} eoverride public T peek () i if (isEmpty ()) throw new EmptyStackException(); else // Your code here \} public T pop() f T top = peek () ; // Might throw EmptyStackException topNode = topNode. getNextNode (); return top; \} public boolean isEmpty() 1 return topNode == null; \} public void clear() 1 topNode = null; // Causes deallocation of nodes in the chain \} 3. Write java tester code to find the contents of the myStack after the following statements are completed and executed. \}
.
choose a country (not Canada- and not your home country) and create a.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Chocking accourt of Su006smengs account of $4 , 000 Monthy car payment of $200 Monthly credit cand paymont of Se00Monthly studont load of $400 Monithly income of $2.500 10. What are the twa prinary ways to pay noomo taxes in abvinoe? And, explain why you night recewo a refund whon you flesyour income tax refuen (4 points) 11. Determene it dem inust be repoted as income when cakulating fedorat income tawes. (4 points) a) 525 ,000 won on a game show b). s12 interest eamed on a semngs accoint of $1 , 000 received tram grandparent d) 5500 lrom seling old furniture in yard sale
.
Cindy Nelson is a real estate property manager who has just quit her p.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Choose two products that you or your family have purchased recently. The first should be a product that costs less than $3 and the second should be a product that costs more than $250.
Think about each product from the perspective of the consumer decision process. How long did you go through the process for each of the two decisions? How intense was the research phase? How critical have you been during the post-product evaluation stage?
.
choose the correct answer- choose the correct answer- financia instrum.docxLeonardN9WWelchw
Choose a specific skill (NOT one of the categories, but a specific skill)
Which category of Fundamental Movement Skills does your skill fall under. Describe.
How would you assess your chosen skill? Describe whether this assessment is a subjective or objective measure of assessment?
Describe one advantage for this method.
Describe one disadvantage for this method.
.
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Krempley 1
POL 300
Google/Multi-National Corporations, International Surveillance, and Human Rights
Abstract
The many news reports on cyber security, identity theft, Wikileaks, and NSA intelligence gathering programs over the past few years have shown the international community that the World Wide Web is anything but a safe place to store sensitive information, or any information for that matter. This study will examine how closely multi-national corporations in the information technology sector, such as Google, are involved with national governments on these issues. The study will analyze events in the U.S. and China and attempt to uncover whether or not these have directly infringed upon peoples’ basic human rights.
Question
With emerging information regarding the NSA's PRISM program and China's "Golden Shield Project", has either country directly infringed on peoples' basic human rights?
Hypothesis
As more information is uncovered regarding the true nature of the aims of these internationally implemented programs, it has become increasingly clear that there have been multiple violations of peoples' human rights in both the United States and China with their respective monitoring programs.
The NSA and the PRISM Project
"Since September 11th, 2001, the United States government has dramatically increased the ability of its intelligence agencies to collect and investigate information on both foreign subjects and US citizens. Some of these surveillance programs, including a secret program called PRISM, capture the private data of citizens who are not suspected of any connection to terrorism or any wrongdoing." (Sottek&Kopstein, 2013) Under the guise of a "war on terror", the United States government has consistently upped its efforts to gather as much information as possible regarding the activities of international and domestic citizens alike. Most U.S. citizens were wholly unaware that the government had been running a secret filtration program to determine threat levels of individual citizens both domestically and abroad. This PRISM project and its intentions have recently been leaked in the Edward Snowden fiasco that took the country and the media by storm.
"PRISM is a tool used by the US National Security Agency (NSA) to collect private electronic data belonging to users of major internet services like Gmail, Facebook, Outlook, and others. It’s the latest evolution of the US government’s post-9/11 electronic surveillance efforts, which began under President Bush with the Patriot Act, and expanded to include the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) enacted in 2006 and 2007." (Sottek&Kopstein, 2013) FISA, "...may be the most powerful court you have never heard of -- operating out of a bunker-like complex blocks from the Capitol and the White House -- sealed tightly to prevent eavesdropping.The FISA Court's larger mission is to decide whether to grant certain types of government requests-- wiretapping, data anal ...
Causes of the Growing Conflict Between Privacy and SecurityDon Edwards
The struggle of maintaining an acceptable level of individual privacy is inherent in any society which values group protection from both internal and external threats. This paper illustrates the competing priorities that are the source of the conflict between privacy and security.
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 250 words each.Post 11. What vafelipaser7p
Reply to post 1 & 2 with 250 words each.
Post 1
1. What value does Open Source information have for law enforcement intelligence?
In today’s information age, open source information is extremely valuable to law enforcement today. The modernization of technology is accelerating at a fast pace. In the very near future, almost everything that someone says or does will be recorded in some way or another. The way open source information is used today has already shown a great potential in solving past crimes, addressing current crimes, and predicting crimes of the future. According to Friedman (1998), there are several categories of open source information, and some of the major sources are the media, databases, and everyone’s favorite, the internet. The reason why it is extremely valuable in law enforcement is because open source information is a repository of information. Some examples of open source information are DNA repositories, social media posts, photos with geotags, and statistical information. Just from the four examples mentioned, one can see the relevance to law enforcement. DNA databases can be used to link DNA evidence; statistical information can be used to develop crime maps, and help in predictive policing (Joh, 2014). Not so smart felons can leave geotags on photos or have Instagram photos that show their whereabouts.
2. Provide two examples of Open Sources that can be beneficial to law enforcement and explain what those benefits are.
Something that comes quickly to mind is that open source information can be used to develop a pattern of life of an area. Using information gained from public databases, law enforcement officials can identify where the next crime might occur. Another way to use open source information is to monitor social media. Social media posts can indicate where protests will occur, or even where a crime is occurring. Recently, a mass shooting in New Zealand was live-streamed on social media. There are some things that law enforcement can learn from that video in terms of the attacker’s timeline and tactics he employed. Joh (2014) posits that open source information from the internet can be used in mass surveillance, and in predictive policing.
3. What concerns must be factored in if utilizing Open Source information?
The top concern with open source information is the validity of it. Additionally, is the information from a reputable source? How old is the information? The validity of the information critical especially with the internet; there is a lot of junk information on the web that must be disregarded by intelligence experts. Something else to also consider is that open source information can also be used by criminals. For example, criminals can observe the actions of a police force if the media is doing a live-broadcast of a crime in progress.
4. Can police lawfully use insincere or fraudulent means to access social media information? (LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest...)
As state ...
1Figures title5Civil Liberties and the Supreme Court.docxdrennanmicah
1
Figures title: 5 Civil Liberties and the Supreme Court
Carpenter V. United States
In what was a big criminal case in Detroit, several suspects cell phone locations were tracked to prove a drug rings activity. This was going on for several months with no warrant granted with probable cause. Carpenter and his legal team argued after his conviction and in the appeals court that this very action violated his fourth amendment right and should vacate his conviction. This appeal set up a long and important fight that took our courts into a crossroads with regards to digital right being a part of the fourth amendment.
The Original Case and Information Seizure
Carpenter was convicted back in 2013 for a string of burglaries in the Detroit area. The FBI obtained his locations through a seizure of his stored location data for past months. Almost 13,000 data points were obtained by the agency. These data points showed everything about his life in the timeframe received. Agents were able to tell when and where he slept, went to church and much more. According to Chief Justice John Roberts, “when the Government tracks the location of a cell phone it achieves near perfect surveillance, as if it had attached an ankle monitor to the phone’s user.” (Wessler, 2018). The only problem being this perfect surveillance was done without any warrants. This set up the argument that all of this was done against his fourth amendment right.
The Fourth Amendment Right
The fourth amendment states that we all have ”The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized” ("America’s Founding Documents", n.d.). At the time this was written there were no such things as cell phones, but our court system was tasked throughout this case to properly interpret its meaning regarding our security and privacy with cell phone use and data. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Carpenter in “Fourth Amendment must apply to records of such unprecedented breadth and sensitivity” ("America's Founding Documents", n.d.). By viewing someone’s mapped out timestamped locations we get to see very intimately where a person is going and quite possibly what they are doing, and when there are doing it. Not that we have things to hide for some of us, but I still think we are entitled to that level of privacy.
FBI Claims no Right Infringement
The Governments lawyers argues that when we share our information with a “third party” in this case the cellphone company that we forfeit our Fourth Amendment right for that information when doing so. That would mean that phone call information, text messages, and even our GPS data would no longer be our information to protect as it is shared with the cellphone company and that we.
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin®.Instructions (100GrazynaBroyles24
This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin®.
Instructions (100% Original Work)
This assignment will not be accepted late.
The term paper consists of two parts:
Part 1 - Select a domestic or international terrorist organization that threatens the U.S. homeland and complete a profile of that organization. The group profile should be approximately 50 percent of the final paper and must include a discussion of the group's ideology, targeting, tactics, capability, and overall goals, analysis of attacks, and any statements or propaganda released by the group. Make sure you have enough information on the group to address all these factors and how it affects the US homeland.
A foreign terrorist group for this project must be on the official list of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs) maintained by the U.S. Department of State. In the case of domestic terrorist groups, there is no sanctioned list from which to choose, but the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has made significant arrests from several groups that would fit the description of a domestic terrorist group. The FBI also names many other groups in congressional testimony. Materials presented in the first module, as well as recent news and congressional testimony, are good sources of information on how to identify domestic groups for this project.
Part 2 - Use the group profile to conduct an analysis of one or more U.S. homeland security policies studied in module 2, to assess the ability of the policy or policies to counter the threat posed by the group profiled. This analysis should begin with an introduction and explanation of the policy, followed by an analysis addressing the breadth of the information (from part 1) gathered on that terrorist group. The policy you analyze should be consistent with the group; for example, if you choose a domestic terrorist group, it would be improper to analyze the Secure Border Initiative and its ability to counter a domestic threat, because the members of the group are already within the nation's borders. If you find the policy deficient, make specific recommendations for policy change to counter the threat. If you deem the policy sufficient to counter the threat, explain the rationale for your conclusion.
To complete part 2 of the paper. Conduct the required analysis on the USA PATRIOCT ACT security policy. See below.
The USA PATRIOT Act, which was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush on October 26, 2001, broadened the ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to interdict terrorism in four ways (Congressional Research Service [CRS], 2002). First, it applied toward the fight against terrorism a number of investigative tools that had previously been available to fight other forms of organized crime. Second, the act removed many of the legal barriers that prevented the intelligence community (IC) from sharing information with law enforcement. Third, it updated laws to reflect new technology and new threats. Four ...
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1. Government Employs Backdoor Searches ACSB standards: Social and Ethical Issues,
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ocuments, and connection logs for each of these systems. The Upstream program taps into the
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Amendments Act which authorizes surveillance of any foreigner overgeas, provided the purpose
is to obtain "foreign intelligence " The Act loosely efines "foreign intelligence" to mean any
information that "relates to" the conduct of foreign affairs. This broad definition mears that the
target being survelled need not be a terrorist. The target needs only be thought to have
information that is relevant to the government's foreign intelligence objective-whatever that may
be. he process of gathering foreign electronic communications necessarily means the incidental
capture of many conversations involving an American (who may be here in the United States)
and a foreign arget. They may well be having a totally innocent communication with a foreign
triend, relative, or business partner who is not suspected of any wrongdoing whatsoever. The
total number of Americans' ommunications "incidentally" collected since the inception of
Section 702 is well into the millions. fection 702 also allows the government to pool all the
messages it intercepts into a giant database and then search the database, including conversations
involving Americans - without a warrant. Varrantless survelliance of communications between
Americans and foreigners is known as a "backdoor search because it effectively evades other
provisions of United States law that require an ndividualized warrant or court order for access to
such data. The agencies are authorized to conduct unlimited warrantless backdoor searches of
those communications for information about Americans or ndividuals located in the United
States during any investigation. The agencies are only required to obtain a warrant to view
American's data if the investigation is not related to national security. here is a rigorous process
that law enforcement agents must go through to wiretap a phone with three key requirements that
clearly distinguishes this method of gathering data from Downstream and Ipstream. First, before
beginning the wiretap. agents must prove to a judge that they have probable cause to believe that
tapping a specific phone will help them solve serious federal crimes such as errorism, money
laundering, or drug tratficking Second. a time limit must be defined for the wiretapping to start
and end: it cannot go on forever. Third, the wiretapping is limited only to those conversations nat
are likely to yield evidence against the suspect. There are also major differences between the way
Downstream and Upstream programs collect data and the way data is gathered under an ordinary
search warrant. Downstream and Upstream gather all he data there is to be collected and create a
2. source of data that can be querled to find evidence of a crime. If a police department obtains a
search warrant to search a house for illegal drugs, agents can communications "incidentally"
collected since the inception of Section 702 is well into the millions. Section 702 also allows the
govemment to pool all the messages it intercepts into a giant database and then search the
database, including conversations involving Americans - without a warrant. Warrantless
survelllance of communications between Americans and foreigners is known as a "backdoor
search" because it effectively evades other provisions of United States law that require an
individualized warrant or court order for access to such data. The agencies are authorized to
conduct unlimited warrantless backdoor searches of those communications for information about
Americans or individuals located in the United States during any investigation. The agencies are
only required to obtain a warrant to view American's data if the investigation is not related to
national security. There is a rigorous process that law enforcement agents must go through to
wiretap a phone with three key requirements that clearly distinguishes this method of gathering
data from Downstream and Upstream. First, before beginning the wiretap, agents must prove to a
judge that they have probable cause to believe that tapping a specific phone will help them solve
serious federal crimes such as There are also major differences between the way Downstream
and Upstream programs collect data and the way data is gathered under an ordinary search
warrant. Downstream and Upstream gather all the data there is to be collected and create a
source of data that can be queried to find evidence of a crime. If a police department obtains a
search warrant to search a house for illegal drugs, agents can lowtully enter the house and search
every room. But after finding (or failing to find) the drugs, they cannot then go rummaging
through file cabinets for evidence of sex-traflicking and then seize computers to search for
evidence of tax evasion, even though the officers are lawfully present in the house. They must
get a separate warrant to conduct each search in advance of any search. Critical Thinking
Questions 1. Many people believe that the lack of evidence that an American is engaged in
wrongdoing is hardly a compeling justification for a warrantless search of his or her
communications. To the contrary: if the intelligence agencies do not have probable cause to
suspect criminal activity, they have no business reading Americans' emails and listening to their
phone calls. Imagine that you agree with this position, what changes do you feel are needed to
FISA Section 702? 2. Others believe that our intelligence agencies should capture all the data
possible to protect us from terrorists and if, while doing this, a source of data is created that can
be used in criminal cases, so much the better. Imagine that you agree with this position, what
changes do you feel are needed to FISA Section 702 ? 3. Do you believe that the Downstream
and Upstream programs are examples of tipping the scales of justice in favor of security over
privacy? Justify your answer. Sources: "Survelllance Techniques: How Your Data Becomes Our
Data, "Domestic Survelllance Directorate, https. //nsa gov1 info/ surveillance, accessed August
10. 2018; "NSA Stops Certain Section 702: Upstream Activities," "NSA Statement, April 28,
2017, https:/lwww nsa. govinews-reatures/press-room/statements/2017-04-28-702-statement.
shtml; "Upstream vs. PRISM," Electronic Frontier Foundation, Greene, "Americans Wanted
More Privacy, Protections Const 10, 2018: "Backdoor Search." Electronic Frontier Foundation,
https://www. eff.org/pages/ backdoor-search, accessed August 10, 2018. Robyn Greene,
"Americans Wanted More Privacy Protections. Congress Gave Them Fewer". New America,
January 26, 2018, https :/www newamerica org/ot//articles/ americans-wanted-more-
privacyprotections-congress-gave-them-fewer, Laura Hautala, "NSA Surveillance Programs Live
On, In Case You Hadn't Noticed, cinet, January 19, 2018, hittps: I/mww.cnet
com/news/nsasurvelilance-programsprism-upstream-live-on-snowden; and "Guide to Section
3. 702 Value Examples October 2017, htips:/www.dnigovifiles/ icotr/Guide-to-Section-702-Value-
Examples.pdr.