G.M.C. DIY 之 關二哥顯靈啦
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This document discusses gas mantle radiation exposures from thorium-containing gas lantern mantles. It estimates that the highest exposure of 200 mrem per year was for a hypothetical individual living in a residence with only gas lantern mantles for light. It also estimates exposures of 2 mrem for a child ingesting mantle ash and 0.05-6 mrem per year for avid campers from mantles. Natural background radiation is the largest radiation hazard humans face, estimated to be 350 mrem per year on average for Americans. U.S. standards limit radiation exposure to 15 mrem per year from any single source and 4 mrem for groundwater.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 2. 7/10
- 3. 古早味偵測器1
- 5. 古早味偵測器2
- 13. 氚 ($30,000/g)
- 19. 高壓源 • 電蚊拍 • 可拋棄式相機閃光燈高壓源 • 高壓包 • CCFL高壓板
- 20. 偵測部
- 27. Estimates of the Gas Mantle Radiation Exposures A very detailed analysis of the radiation exposures due to thorium containing gas lantern mantles can be found in section 3.4 of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission publication Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials★ (NUREG-1717). The inhalation doses were based on the assumption that all of the Rn-220 in the mantle was released and that 30 % of the radium was volatilized when the mantles were ignited. The highest exposure, 200 mrem per year, was to a hypothetical individual who lived in a residence for 4800 hours per year in which the only source of light was four gas lantern mantles. A dose of 2 mrem was calculated for a small child who played with a used mantle and ingested part of the ash. Avid campers were estimated to receive 0.05 to 6 mrem per year, while the estimate for one-time campers was 0.002 to 0.06 mrem. 人類面臨的最大輻射危害是來自于自然界，也就是來自于天上、地下以及人們日常生活的 周圍環境之中。據美國科學家研究証明，美國平均每人每年受到來自自然界的輻射是350 毫雷姆（人體積聚輻射的單位），其中僅來自宇宙射線的輻射就有40毫雷姆。 美國控制輻射有標准 由于輻射問題日益引起社會關注，美國有關當局對輻射危害加強控制的同時，也制定出 了量化標准。環境保護署的標准是：從某個單一來源所產生的輻射一年不得超過15毫雷姆 ，地下水不得超過4毫雷姆。核控制委員會規定的標准稍為寬松些：任何來源的輻射一年 不得超過25毫雷姆。
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Editor's Notes
- The Geiger-Mueller counter (and gas-filled proportional counters in general) is polarized in order to cause interactions of the electrons liberated by the radiation with atoms in the gas, which causes a detectable avalanche discharge, as well as collecting the charges (electrons). The electric field density is proportional to 1/r, and so the electric field is stronger at the central electrode (typically ~ two orders of magnitude greater than that at the outer electrode). Since electrons (photoelectrons) are emitted from the cathode, it is preferred to have the cathode on the outside because the current density on a centrally located cathode would be quite high and thus the damage from discharge would be greater for a given voltage, and the quench time and detector noise would be greater because secondary events would more easily cause electons to be emitted from the cathode. Reference https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/geiger-muller-tube-construction.102551/