ls lists the contents of directories and displays file properties. It works by:
1. Using the dirent struct to read directory entries and the stat struct to obtain file attributes from the filesystem.
2. It determines file types like regular file, directory, symlink etc. using macros on the st_mode field from stat.
3. It converts the st_mode field to a string representation of the file permissions and types.
SELinux is a security module for Linux that uses mandatory access controls to confine processes and protect the operating system. It was developed by the NSA and adds another layer of security by enforcing a security policy that specifies what access each process has. It assigns security contexts like types to subjects and objects to determine what interactions are allowed based on these labels and rules in the security policy.
Need help implementing the skeleton code below, I have provided the .pdfezzi552
I need help with this practice problem?
Execute the following coding segment and identify the errors in the program. Debug the program
and provide the correct version of the code. Hinclude int main() printf(\"%s\", isdigit(\'A\') ? \"A
is digit\" \"A is not digit\"); a : a printf(\"Inlnln\") return return e;
Solution
in range [0,9]. If it\'s not then this function returns 0.
Given program compiles successfully, compiler does not give any error.
But If the input of isdigit(\'A\') is changed then the program will always print
\"A is a digit\" or
\"A is not a digit\" .
It will not print exact value of char A.
So, correct code is given below.
#include
int main()
{
char A = \'1\';
printf(\"%c%s\",A,isdigit(A)? \" is a digit\" : \" is not a digit\");
printf(\"\ \");
A = \'B\';
printf(\"%c%s\",A,isdigit(A)? \" is a digit\" : \" is not a digit\");
printf(\"\ \");
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
1 is a digit
B is not a digit.
This document provides an overview of threat hunting using frequency analysis on a Falcon dataset. It discusses using statistical methods and the scientific method to analyze outliers and behaviors. The presentation covers understanding aperture when analyzing endpoints, profiling systems for hunting, and employing a methodology of creating a hypothesis, developing evaluation logic, documenting iterations, testing, tuning, validating, and placing the hunt in production. An example hunt is provided focusing on the MITRE ATT&CK technique T1087.001 (Net User) to profile its usage on systems. Frequency analysis is demonstrated at the process, user, and process lineage levels.
Adventures in Underland: Is encryption solid as a rock or a handful of dust?Paula Januszkiewicz
Encryption is based on three principals: algorithm, key length, and storage. It has also become more popular and it is more often built into databases, networks, config files, OS, and users’ secrets. Is DPAPI and DPAPI-NG enough for us? Unfortunately there are many slip-ups that can be made. Come and learn if ‘encrypted’ = or != ‘safe’ and when! Tools included.
Slides contain selectively and subjectively choosen topics related with development application in Django framework like: class-based views, signals, customizing User model after 1.5 version released, database migration and queuing tasks using Celery and RabbitMQ.
from source to solution - building a system for event-oriented dataEric Sammer
This document summarizes a system for processing event-oriented data in real-time. The system handles large volumes of logs, metrics and other event data from customers' data centers. It provides guarantees around no single points of failure, high availability during upgrades, and exactly-once delivery. All data is modeled as events with standard attributes. The system uses Kafka for ingestion and consumers to transform and aggregate the data for various use cases like diagnostics, fraud detection and security monitoring.
ls lists the contents of directories and displays file properties. It works by:
1. Using the dirent struct to read directory entries and the stat struct to obtain file attributes from the filesystem.
2. It determines file types like regular file, directory, symlink etc. using macros on the st_mode field from stat.
3. It converts the st_mode field to a string representation of the file permissions and types.
SELinux is a security module for Linux that uses mandatory access controls to confine processes and protect the operating system. It was developed by the NSA and adds another layer of security by enforcing a security policy that specifies what access each process has. It assigns security contexts like types to subjects and objects to determine what interactions are allowed based on these labels and rules in the security policy.
Need help implementing the skeleton code below, I have provided the .pdfezzi552
I need help with this practice problem?
Execute the following coding segment and identify the errors in the program. Debug the program
and provide the correct version of the code. Hinclude int main() printf(\"%s\", isdigit(\'A\') ? \"A
is digit\" \"A is not digit\"); a : a printf(\"Inlnln\") return return e;
Solution
in range [0,9]. If it\'s not then this function returns 0.
Given program compiles successfully, compiler does not give any error.
But If the input of isdigit(\'A\') is changed then the program will always print
\"A is a digit\" or
\"A is not a digit\" .
It will not print exact value of char A.
So, correct code is given below.
#include
int main()
{
char A = \'1\';
printf(\"%c%s\",A,isdigit(A)? \" is a digit\" : \" is not a digit\");
printf(\"\ \");
A = \'B\';
printf(\"%c%s\",A,isdigit(A)? \" is a digit\" : \" is not a digit\");
printf(\"\ \");
return 0;
}
Sample Output:
1 is a digit
B is not a digit.
This document provides an overview of threat hunting using frequency analysis on a Falcon dataset. It discusses using statistical methods and the scientific method to analyze outliers and behaviors. The presentation covers understanding aperture when analyzing endpoints, profiling systems for hunting, and employing a methodology of creating a hypothesis, developing evaluation logic, documenting iterations, testing, tuning, validating, and placing the hunt in production. An example hunt is provided focusing on the MITRE ATT&CK technique T1087.001 (Net User) to profile its usage on systems. Frequency analysis is demonstrated at the process, user, and process lineage levels.
Adventures in Underland: Is encryption solid as a rock or a handful of dust?Paula Januszkiewicz
Encryption is based on three principals: algorithm, key length, and storage. It has also become more popular and it is more often built into databases, networks, config files, OS, and users’ secrets. Is DPAPI and DPAPI-NG enough for us? Unfortunately there are many slip-ups that can be made. Come and learn if ‘encrypted’ = or != ‘safe’ and when! Tools included.
Slides contain selectively and subjectively choosen topics related with development application in Django framework like: class-based views, signals, customizing User model after 1.5 version released, database migration and queuing tasks using Celery and RabbitMQ.
from source to solution - building a system for event-oriented dataEric Sammer
This document summarizes a system for processing event-oriented data in real-time. The system handles large volumes of logs, metrics and other event data from customers' data centers. It provides guarantees around no single points of failure, high availability during upgrades, and exactly-once delivery. All data is modeled as events with standard attributes. The system uses Kafka for ingestion and consumers to transform and aggregate the data for various use cases like diagnostics, fraud detection and security monitoring.
JSConfBR - Securing Node.js App, by the community and for the community David Dias
This document discusses securing Node.js applications. It introduces the Node Security Project, which aims to help developers secure Node.js apps through community resources. Some key security practices for Node.js apps discussed include input and output validation, error handling, authentication, authorization, session management, and secure storage. The document also provides information on existing security tools and resources that developers can use, such as npm shrinkwrap validation, the nsp CLI tool, and the OWASP NodeGoat project.
The document summarizes key aspects of the C compilation model and process concepts in operating systems. It discusses that the C compilation model involves preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. It also explains that a process is a program in execution with a unique process ID, that processes are created through forking, and that signals allow processes to communicate termination status. Process attributes like user IDs, group IDs, and process groups are also covered.
This document provides a summary of key Volatility plugins and memory analysis steps. It outlines plugins for identifying rogue processes, analyzing process DLLs and handles, reviewing network artifacts, checking for code injection evidence, looking for rootkit signs, and dumping suspicious processes/drivers. The document also provides information on memory acquisition, converting hibernation files and dumps, artifact timelining, and registry analysis plugins.
This document discusses red team techniques for expanding access within an Active Directory environment. It begins with introductions and defines red teaming as adversary emulation. It outlines a red team vs blue team approach and discusses setting up red team infrastructure. The document then covers various techniques for each step of a red team attack chain including gaining initial access, escalating privileges, lateral movement, and maintaining persistence. Specific tools and tactics are demonstrated like BloodHound, Mimikatz, and Golden Ticket attacks. Defense techniques like SIEM, logging, and threat intelligence are also briefly mentioned. The presentation ends with a question and answer section and credits contributors in the security field.
Let's read code: the python-requests librarySusan Tan
- The document discusses reading through the python-requests codebase by cloning the requests repository, setting up a local development environment, and examining unit tests and code snippets.
- It demonstrates using the requests.get method in a unit test, looking at the HTTPDigestAuth class definition, and using the httpbin fixture and httpbin.org site to test authentication.
- Key points are that httpbin is used extensively in unit tests to make requests, sessions persist request parameters and use connection pooling, and the requests documentation provides helpful references.
- About Web Objects
- How are they insecure
- Where do they reside in OWASP Top 10
- Access Control issues
- Compliant and non-compliant codes
- Test cases
Ibm aix technical deep dive workshop advanced administration and problem dete...solarisyougood
1. The system initialization process begins with the system POST which checks and initializes hardware. The bootstrap code then loads the boot image from the boot list which typically includes the internal disk as the first option.
2. The boot image contains the AIX kernel, RAMFS, and a reduced ODM. The kernel is loaded into memory and initializes basic system services while the RAMFS acts as a temporary root file system.
3. If the system is unable to boot, common issues include hardware errors, an empty boot list, or a corrupted boot image on the boot logical volume. The system can be booted into maintenance mode from external media to access the root volume group and repair or rebuild the boot logical volume to
In The Middle of Printers –The (In)Security of Pull Printing SolutionsSecuRing
Big corporations and financial institutions need secure pull printing services which guarantee a proper encryption, data access control and accountability. This research aimed to perform a MITM attack on multifunction printers with embedded software from the most popular vendors. The results are staggering - similar vulnerabilities have been found in multiple solutions which are exposed to breaking the encryption, collecting any prints from the server and printing at others' expense.
In The Middle of Printers - The (In)Security of Pull Printing solutions - Hac...Jakub Kałużny
The document discusses security issues with pull printing solutions. It provides three examples of security assessments conducted on different vendor products. In the first example, the proprietary protocol was reverse engineered and vulnerabilities like weak encryption were found. The second vendor took security seriously and responded quickly to reported issues. The third example showed vulnerabilities like a lack of encryption that could allow print job tampering. The document emphasizes that pull printing solutions require thorough security testing.
Yihan Lian & Zhibin Hu - Smarter Peach: Add Eyes to Peach Fuzzer [rooted2017]RootedCON
Peach is a smart and widely used fuzzer, which has lots of advantages like cross-platform, aware of file format, extend easily and so on. But when AFL fuzzer has appeared, peach seems to be out of date, since it doesn't have coverage feedback and run slowly. Due to peach is a flexible fuzzer framework and AFL is not, I extended peach with AFL advantages, making it more smarter.Just like AFL, I use LLVM Pass to add coverage feedback, with that I can see which mutation is interesting viz. explores new paths. The resultant effect is that the modified version is more effective.
The document discusses database forensics and analysis techniques. It introduces current challenges, available tools, and new approaches using external tables to preserve metadata when collecting evidence. Typical patterns seen in database objects like SYS.USER$ are shown, like multiple accounts with login attempts or similar lock times indicating password guessing. Timeline creation is demonstrated to combine data from different sources.
This document discusses using SE-Linux to protect confidential PDF files on a Linux system. It describes implementing SE-Linux in targeted mode with a custom module. A special "TopSecret" category is assigned to PDF files. The appserv user is given access to this category to allow the application server to access the PDFs. Strict restrictions are placed on administrator access using sudo, su, SSH, and auditing to log all access attempts to the protected PDF directory. The implementation provides mandatory access control while maintaining manageability for system operators.
XPDS16: XSM-Flask, current limitations and Ongoing work. - Anshul Makkar, Ct...The Linux Foundation
This document summarizes Xen security framework (XSM) which enables fine-grained control over interactions between domains, hypervisor, and resources. XSM uses mandatory access control based on security labels rather than discretionary access control. Permissions for subjects (processes or VMs) to interact with objects (files, ports, devices, etc.) are defined in security policies. The architecture includes security policies, a policy controlling entity, security server, access vector cache, and policy database. The decision making process involves checking the access vector cache, consulting the security server and policy database if needed, and returning the access decision. Challenges include ensuring atomic policy changes and consistency between security policy and runtime policy database.
We talked about the Sysdig open source projects (Sysdig and Falco), as well as the Sysdig Container Intelligence Platform, Sysdig Monitor and Sysdig Secure.
The document discusses best practices for securely implementing cryptography and discusses common cryptography algorithms and implementations such as hashing, symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, and password hashing. It emphasizes using proven implementations like those in Django and OpenSSL and enabling HTTPS to securely transmit data. The document also cautions that securely managing cryptographic keys is critical for encryption to provide security.
Standard File Permissions:
Read
write
execute
Special File Permissions:
The Setuid bit (set user identifier).
The Setgid bit (set group identifier).
The Sticky bit
to visit www.excavatorinfo.com
Ring: 프로그래밍 언어와 가까운 캐시 인터페이스
#
user에 item을 추가해야 한다고 생각해 봅시다.
클래스가 없는 언어라면 아마도 user_add_item(user, item) 같은 코드를 쓸 것입니다.
아마 user_delete_item도 있고 user_clear_items도 있겠지요.
하지만 우리는 파이썬 프로그래머니까 보통 user.add_item(item) 같은 코드를 씁니다.
#
user에 속한 item들을 가져오는 함수가 있고 이 함수는 결과를 캐시하고 있다고 생각해 봅시다.
user.get_items() 같은 코드를 쓸 수도 있고 user.get_cached_items(storage) 같은 코드를 쓸 수도 있겠지요.
item의 목록이 업데이트 되었습니다. 이제 캐시를 무효화해야 합니다.
아마도 user.invalidate_items()나 user.delete_cached_items(storage) 같은 코드를 만들어야 하겠지요.
Ring에서는 user.get_items.delete() 를 호출합니다.
#
Ring은 이 아이디어에서부터 출발합니다.
- Kerberos is used to authenticate Hadoop services and clients running on different nodes communicating over a non-secure network. It uses tickets for authentication.
- Key configuration changes are required to enable Kerberos authentication in Hadoop including setting hadoop.security.authentication to kerberos and generating keytabs containing principal keys for HDFS services.
- Services are associated with Kerberos principles using keytabs which are then configured for use by the relevant Hadoop processes and services.
This document discusses .NET security concepts such as cryptography, code access security, role-based security, and strong naming of assemblies. It provides examples of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. It also explains how .NET enforces security through evidence and policy-based permissions as well as role-based access control. Finally, it discusses how to sign assemblies with strong names for verification and tamper-proofing.
Glusterfs session #18 intro to fuse and its trade offsPranith Karampuri
This document discusses FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) and its implementation in the Gluster filesystem. It provides an overview of the FUSE protocol, including the message structure used between the kernel and userspace FUSE servers. It also describes the different parts of the Gluster codebase that relate to FUSE and discusses some of the tradeoffs of using the libfuse library versus implementing FUSE functionality from scratch.
The document discusses the behavior of posixlk locks in Glusterfs. Posixlk locks allow overlapping locks from the same client or owner to be merged into a single lock. If the ranges overlap but are from different clients, the locks are not granted. The document provides examples of how posixlk locks differ from inodelks and includes a link about critiques of posix locks.
More Related Content
Similar to Glusterfs session #17 self heal daemon data, metadata, entry healing
JSConfBR - Securing Node.js App, by the community and for the community David Dias
This document discusses securing Node.js applications. It introduces the Node Security Project, which aims to help developers secure Node.js apps through community resources. Some key security practices for Node.js apps discussed include input and output validation, error handling, authentication, authorization, session management, and secure storage. The document also provides information on existing security tools and resources that developers can use, such as npm shrinkwrap validation, the nsp CLI tool, and the OWASP NodeGoat project.
The document summarizes key aspects of the C compilation model and process concepts in operating systems. It discusses that the C compilation model involves preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. It also explains that a process is a program in execution with a unique process ID, that processes are created through forking, and that signals allow processes to communicate termination status. Process attributes like user IDs, group IDs, and process groups are also covered.
This document provides a summary of key Volatility plugins and memory analysis steps. It outlines plugins for identifying rogue processes, analyzing process DLLs and handles, reviewing network artifacts, checking for code injection evidence, looking for rootkit signs, and dumping suspicious processes/drivers. The document also provides information on memory acquisition, converting hibernation files and dumps, artifact timelining, and registry analysis plugins.
This document discusses red team techniques for expanding access within an Active Directory environment. It begins with introductions and defines red teaming as adversary emulation. It outlines a red team vs blue team approach and discusses setting up red team infrastructure. The document then covers various techniques for each step of a red team attack chain including gaining initial access, escalating privileges, lateral movement, and maintaining persistence. Specific tools and tactics are demonstrated like BloodHound, Mimikatz, and Golden Ticket attacks. Defense techniques like SIEM, logging, and threat intelligence are also briefly mentioned. The presentation ends with a question and answer section and credits contributors in the security field.
Let's read code: the python-requests librarySusan Tan
- The document discusses reading through the python-requests codebase by cloning the requests repository, setting up a local development environment, and examining unit tests and code snippets.
- It demonstrates using the requests.get method in a unit test, looking at the HTTPDigestAuth class definition, and using the httpbin fixture and httpbin.org site to test authentication.
- Key points are that httpbin is used extensively in unit tests to make requests, sessions persist request parameters and use connection pooling, and the requests documentation provides helpful references.
- About Web Objects
- How are they insecure
- Where do they reside in OWASP Top 10
- Access Control issues
- Compliant and non-compliant codes
- Test cases
Ibm aix technical deep dive workshop advanced administration and problem dete...solarisyougood
1. The system initialization process begins with the system POST which checks and initializes hardware. The bootstrap code then loads the boot image from the boot list which typically includes the internal disk as the first option.
2. The boot image contains the AIX kernel, RAMFS, and a reduced ODM. The kernel is loaded into memory and initializes basic system services while the RAMFS acts as a temporary root file system.
3. If the system is unable to boot, common issues include hardware errors, an empty boot list, or a corrupted boot image on the boot logical volume. The system can be booted into maintenance mode from external media to access the root volume group and repair or rebuild the boot logical volume to
In The Middle of Printers –The (In)Security of Pull Printing SolutionsSecuRing
Big corporations and financial institutions need secure pull printing services which guarantee a proper encryption, data access control and accountability. This research aimed to perform a MITM attack on multifunction printers with embedded software from the most popular vendors. The results are staggering - similar vulnerabilities have been found in multiple solutions which are exposed to breaking the encryption, collecting any prints from the server and printing at others' expense.
In The Middle of Printers - The (In)Security of Pull Printing solutions - Hac...Jakub Kałużny
The document discusses security issues with pull printing solutions. It provides three examples of security assessments conducted on different vendor products. In the first example, the proprietary protocol was reverse engineered and vulnerabilities like weak encryption were found. The second vendor took security seriously and responded quickly to reported issues. The third example showed vulnerabilities like a lack of encryption that could allow print job tampering. The document emphasizes that pull printing solutions require thorough security testing.
Yihan Lian & Zhibin Hu - Smarter Peach: Add Eyes to Peach Fuzzer [rooted2017]RootedCON
Peach is a smart and widely used fuzzer, which has lots of advantages like cross-platform, aware of file format, extend easily and so on. But when AFL fuzzer has appeared, peach seems to be out of date, since it doesn't have coverage feedback and run slowly. Due to peach is a flexible fuzzer framework and AFL is not, I extended peach with AFL advantages, making it more smarter.Just like AFL, I use LLVM Pass to add coverage feedback, with that I can see which mutation is interesting viz. explores new paths. The resultant effect is that the modified version is more effective.
The document discusses database forensics and analysis techniques. It introduces current challenges, available tools, and new approaches using external tables to preserve metadata when collecting evidence. Typical patterns seen in database objects like SYS.USER$ are shown, like multiple accounts with login attempts or similar lock times indicating password guessing. Timeline creation is demonstrated to combine data from different sources.
This document discusses using SE-Linux to protect confidential PDF files on a Linux system. It describes implementing SE-Linux in targeted mode with a custom module. A special "TopSecret" category is assigned to PDF files. The appserv user is given access to this category to allow the application server to access the PDFs. Strict restrictions are placed on administrator access using sudo, su, SSH, and auditing to log all access attempts to the protected PDF directory. The implementation provides mandatory access control while maintaining manageability for system operators.
XPDS16: XSM-Flask, current limitations and Ongoing work. - Anshul Makkar, Ct...The Linux Foundation
This document summarizes Xen security framework (XSM) which enables fine-grained control over interactions between domains, hypervisor, and resources. XSM uses mandatory access control based on security labels rather than discretionary access control. Permissions for subjects (processes or VMs) to interact with objects (files, ports, devices, etc.) are defined in security policies. The architecture includes security policies, a policy controlling entity, security server, access vector cache, and policy database. The decision making process involves checking the access vector cache, consulting the security server and policy database if needed, and returning the access decision. Challenges include ensuring atomic policy changes and consistency between security policy and runtime policy database.
We talked about the Sysdig open source projects (Sysdig and Falco), as well as the Sysdig Container Intelligence Platform, Sysdig Monitor and Sysdig Secure.
The document discusses best practices for securely implementing cryptography and discusses common cryptography algorithms and implementations such as hashing, symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, and password hashing. It emphasizes using proven implementations like those in Django and OpenSSL and enabling HTTPS to securely transmit data. The document also cautions that securely managing cryptographic keys is critical for encryption to provide security.
Standard File Permissions:
Read
write
execute
Special File Permissions:
The Setuid bit (set user identifier).
The Setgid bit (set group identifier).
The Sticky bit
to visit www.excavatorinfo.com
Ring: 프로그래밍 언어와 가까운 캐시 인터페이스
#
user에 item을 추가해야 한다고 생각해 봅시다.
클래스가 없는 언어라면 아마도 user_add_item(user, item) 같은 코드를 쓸 것입니다.
아마 user_delete_item도 있고 user_clear_items도 있겠지요.
하지만 우리는 파이썬 프로그래머니까 보통 user.add_item(item) 같은 코드를 씁니다.
#
user에 속한 item들을 가져오는 함수가 있고 이 함수는 결과를 캐시하고 있다고 생각해 봅시다.
user.get_items() 같은 코드를 쓸 수도 있고 user.get_cached_items(storage) 같은 코드를 쓸 수도 있겠지요.
item의 목록이 업데이트 되었습니다. 이제 캐시를 무효화해야 합니다.
아마도 user.invalidate_items()나 user.delete_cached_items(storage) 같은 코드를 만들어야 하겠지요.
Ring에서는 user.get_items.delete() 를 호출합니다.
#
Ring은 이 아이디어에서부터 출발합니다.
- Kerberos is used to authenticate Hadoop services and clients running on different nodes communicating over a non-secure network. It uses tickets for authentication.
- Key configuration changes are required to enable Kerberos authentication in Hadoop including setting hadoop.security.authentication to kerberos and generating keytabs containing principal keys for HDFS services.
- Services are associated with Kerberos principles using keytabs which are then configured for use by the relevant Hadoop processes and services.
This document discusses .NET security concepts such as cryptography, code access security, role-based security, and strong naming of assemblies. It provides examples of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. It also explains how .NET enforces security through evidence and policy-based permissions as well as role-based access control. Finally, it discusses how to sign assemblies with strong names for verification and tamper-proofing.
Similar to Glusterfs session #17 self heal daemon data, metadata, entry healing (20)
Glusterfs session #18 intro to fuse and its trade offsPranith Karampuri
This document discusses FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) and its implementation in the Gluster filesystem. It provides an overview of the FUSE protocol, including the message structure used between the kernel and userspace FUSE servers. It also describes the different parts of the Gluster codebase that relate to FUSE and discusses some of the tradeoffs of using the libfuse library versus implementing FUSE functionality from scratch.
The document discusses the behavior of posixlk locks in Glusterfs. Posixlk locks allow overlapping locks from the same client or owner to be merged into a single lock. If the ranges overlap but are from different clients, the locks are not granted. The document provides examples of how posixlk locks differ from inodelks and includes a link about critiques of posix locks.
Glusterfs session #16 self-heal daemon ( for replication)Pranith Karampuri
This session covers introduction to self-heal daemon for replication, and the types of crawls self-heal daemon does to make sure the volume is always replicated in cases of failures. Code walk through of the necessary functions that do both index and full crawl are covered in detail.
The document discusses optimizations to reduce network communication for update transactions in Glusterfs replication. It describes the current 5 stages of transactions and proposes optimizations like eager-locking files to delay post-operations, and skipping pre-operation stages for metadata transactions to reduce network operations from 5 to closer to 1. The document ends with an invitation for questions.
Replicate xlator graph placement
- on-disk data representation
- On-disk data manipulation with xattrop
- Common functioning of fops
- Lookup
- Open
- readdir/readdirp
- Flush
- Statfs
Locks xlator provides file locking in GlusterFS to synchronize data modifications between clients. It supports inode and entry locks with different domains for synchronization. Locks xlator works by taking and releasing locks via fops using a lock owner and domain. Internal locks are implemented as inodelk ranges on an inode with overlapping locks blocked between different clients/owners. Locks are cleared on client disconnect.
The index xlator is needed to efficiently identify files and directories that require healing without doing a full filesystem scan. It maintains indices on each brick in the .glusterfs/indices directory to track files and directories that are dirty, undergoing changes, or need healing. The main consumers are self-heal daemons that check the indices periodically to perform any needed healing. Future improvements could involve a hierarchical index structure to improve performance if the number of indexed entries grows very large.
Glusterfs Session #8 discusses memory tracking infrastructure in Gluster to identify memory leaks, using statedumps to analyze leaking structures, how io-thread bricks scale with file operations, and future improvements for io-threads. Specifically, it outlines how Gluster enumerates data structures to track memory allocations and deallocations, how statedumps can be interpreted to find leaks, why io-threads are used and how they could prioritize different operation priorities or use thread pools.
- The document discusses client, server interactions in Glusterfs, including client connection, disconnection, and reconnection.
- When a client connects, it first connects to glusterd to get the port for the brick, then connects to the brick to perform operations. On disconnection, resources are cleaned up and reconnection is attempted every 3 seconds.
- During reconnection, the client tries to recover resources like open file descriptors by reopening them, though locks are not currently restored.
- Inodes (inode_t) represent files and directories in the filesystem. They are created and linked into an inode table when files/directories are accessed. Inodes transition between active, LRU, and purge lists over time.
- File descriptors (fd_t) represent open files and directories. They are allocated from an fd table when files are opened and destroyed when files are closed. On network disconnects, open files for disconnected clients are cleaned up.
- Tools are provided to debug reference count leaks for inodes and file descriptors.
Glusterfs session #4 call frame and programming modelPranith Karampuri
Glusterfs uses an asynchronous programming model where each component (xlator) calls into the next using STACK_WIND, passing a callback. The next xlator performs its task and then callbacks the original using STACK_UNWIND. This non-blocking approach prevents any xlator from blocking on network operations. Key data structures like the call_frame track the asynchronous call and callback between xlators, maintaining a stack. Debugging information within frames helps track errors like frame loss or stuck operations.
Glusterfs modules are organized as a set of modules called xlators. Xlators implement a common interface and can be arranged in graphs to process file operations. A volfile is used to define the xlator graph and instantiate glusterfs processes. The xlator graph is constructed from the volfile and activated by initializing each xlator, notifying parents and waiting for children. Protocol xlators translate external protocols like FUSE, NFS, and GFAPI to the common glusterfs file operation interface.
Glusterfs session #2 1 layer above disk filesystemsPranith Karampuri
This presentation contains the slides used for second dev-session about gluster which talks about layer above disk filesystem i.e. posix layer in glusterfs
This document provides an overview of disk filesystems and network filesystems from the perspective of GlusterFS. It discusses the basic data structures of files and directories, including inodes, data blocks, and representation of different file types. It also outlines the main Linux system calls used to manipulate filesystem metadata and data, such as read, write, truncate, and directory operations. These calls can operate on files via paths, file descriptors, or directory file descriptors.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. Agenda
In the previous session:
- Intro to self-heal daemon (shd)
- Types of crawl in shd
- Code walkthrough
In this session:
- Types of heal needed for a given file/directory
- Code walkthrough