Term on the topic Brain and its cognitive fuctions

1. Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая
Институт естествознания и географии
Выполнили: 7M01513-Биология 1/1
Ақтаева Аяулым,
Ашикова Лидия, Байхожа Еркемай,
Бақытов Ердәулет, Истлеуова Асылай,
Канижан Камила
Terminology: Brain and Consciousness

2. Table of contents
Subtopics:
1. Neurobiology and Anatomy
2. Cognitive Neuroscience and Function
3. Imaging and Measurement Techniques
4. Disorders and Abnormalities
5. Applied Neuroscience and Technology
6. Specialized Concepts

3. Neurobiology and Anatomy
Neuron:
● Neurons are nerve cells transmitting
signals, comprising a cell body, dendrites,
and an axon.
Synapse:
● A synapse is a junction enabling
communication between neurons through
neurotransmitter release.
Neurotransmitters:
● Neurotransmitters are chemicals
facilitating signal transmission between
neurons, impacting mood and cognition.

4. Neural Plasticity:
● Neural plasticity is the brain's
adaptability, forming new
connections vital for learning and
recovery.
Neural Oscillations:
● Neural oscillations are rhythmic
brainwave patterns measured by
EEG, associated with cognitive
processes.

5. Cognitive Neuroscience and Function:
● Cognition:
Cognition involves mental processes—
perception, memory, language—crucial for
acquiring and using information.
● Conscious Processing:
Conscious processing is intentional awareness,
actively controlling thoughts, perceptions, and
actions.
● Unconscious Processing:
Unconscious processing involves mental
activities influencing behavior without
conscious awareness.

6. ● Executive Function:
Executive function comprises
cognitive processes for planning,
decision-making, and working
memory.
● Theory of Mind:
Theory of mind is the ability to
understand and attribute mental
states to oneself and others.
● Perceptual Binding:
Perceptual binding integrates
information from different senses,
providing a cohesive perceptual
experience.

7. Imaging and Measurement Techniques:
● Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI):
fMRI measures blood flow
changes, mapping brain
activity with high-resolution
images during cognitive tasks.
● Electroencephalogram (EEG):
EEG records brainwave
patterns, reflecting neural
oscillations and real-time brain
activity.

8. Imaging and Measurement Techniques:
● Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
(TMS):
TMS uses magnetic fields to
stimulate brain cells, aiding
research on causal brain-region
relationships.
● Neurofeedback:
Neurofeedback provides real-time
brain activity information,
enabling individuals to self-
regulate for therapeutic purposes.

9. Disorders and Abnormalities:
● Neurological Disorders:
Neurological disorders encompass conditions
affecting the nervous system, including the brain
and spinal cord. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's
disease, and epilepsy are examples, causing
disruptions in cognitive and motor functions.
● Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental disorders involve
abnormalities in brain development, impacting
cognitive, social, and emotional functions. Autism
spectrum disorders and ADHD are examples.
● Neuroinflammation:
Neuroinflammation is inflammation of nervous
tissue, often linked to various neurological
disorders. Immune responses in the brain may
contribute to cognitive decline and other
neurological symptoms.

10. Applied Neuroscience and Technology:
● Brain-Computer Interface (BCI):
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology
enabling direct communication between the brain
and external devices. It allows individuals to
control computers or prosthetic devices using
neural signals.
● Psychoactive Substances:
Psychoactive substances are compounds altering
mental processes, affecting mood, perception, and
consciousness. They can be used recreationally,
medicinally, or for spiritual purposes.
● Neuropharmacology:
Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs
affect the nervous system. It explores the
mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications,
and potential side effects of medications targeting
the brain and its functions.

11. Specialized Concepts:
Default Mode
Network (DMN):
The Default Mode Network (DMN) is a network
of brain regions active during periods of self-
referential thoughts and mind-wandering. It
provides insights into the brain's default state
when not focused on external tasks.
Embodied
Cognition:
Embodied cognition is a theoretical perspective
emphasizing the role of the body in shaping
cognitive processes. It suggests that bodily
experiences influence and contribute to mental
processes.
Consciousness-
Altering States:
Consciousness-altering states refer to altered
states induced by practices like meditation or
substances like psychedelics. They can lead to
profound changes in perception, self-
awareness, and consciousness.

12. Specialized Concepts:
Neurocomputati
on:
Neurocomputation is the study of how the brain
processes information through computational
models. It explores the computational principles
underlying neural function.
Neuroethics:
Neuroethics is the exploration of ethical issues
arising from advances in neuroscience. It
addresses questions related to consciousness,
free will, and the ethical implications of
neuroscientific research.
Consciousness
Studies:
Consciousness studies is an interdisciplinary
field exploring the nature, origins, and functions
of consciousness. It draws from philosophy,
psychology, and neuroscience to unravel the
complexities of conscious experience.

13. Resources
● "Principles of Neural Science" by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz,
and Thomas M. Jessell
● "Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind" by Michael
Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry, and George R. Mangun