- Couples have children for emotional reasons like continuing their family name or having a successor, while others worry about dividing parental attention or energy.
- Having children is also driven by economics, as rural families see children as helping with farm work while urban poor families see them as contributing to small businesses. Urban professional families tend to have one or two children due to career and financial commitments.
- Population growth and control policies vary by country depending on their economic and development status. Developing agricultural nations encourage growth while some developed nations promoted programs for limiting family size in the 20th century.
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Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
The Underpopulation ProblemApril 25, 2011Steven W. Mosher on t.docxssusera34210
Â
The Underpopulation Problem
April 25, 2011
Steven W. Mosher on the demographic consequences of birth control policies.
Michael J. Miller
Steven W. Mosher is president of Population Research Institute (www.pop.org) and author of the book Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits(Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2008). Michael J. Miller interviewed him on the subject of his book.
Miller: Dire scenarios about imminent overpopulation, from Malthus to Paul Ehrlichâs The Population Bomb, have not materialized. Where are the mistakes in their calculations?
Steven Mosher:Â In some cases they were deliberately exaggerated, even fabricated, in an attempt to frighten individuals into having no more than one or two children, and legislatures into funding population control programs.
Assuming that the alarmists really believed those projections, I think that their principal error came in the 1960s when they assumed that Third World countries would have to reach Western standards of living before birth rates decreased. They supposed that only affluence would convince people in Nigeria, China, or Peru to have fewer children.
Of course, population control programs played a role in limiting fertility. But the principal reason why almost all Latin American countries today are ator near replacement-rate fertility levels is that the death rate among infants and children went down, and therefore couples voluntarily stopped having large families. Theyâre still relatively poor, yet they began limiting the number of children. Reduce the mortality rate and population growth ceases.
Miller:Â Even if projections about limited resources are wrong, whatâs the harm in a little âunderpopulationâ? Isnât a nation with negative population growth like a factory that sells its unused CO2 allowances to less environmentally friendly businesses?
Mosher:Â A free-market economy is constantly looking for new markets for goods and services. The size of those markets is driven in large part by the size of the population. As a population grows, the demand for cars, houses, and other goods increases. As a population shrinks, this process works in reverse.
I think, though, that the dangers of population decline are even more serious than this would suggest, because a decline in absolute numbers of people is always preceded by population aging. The population gets out of balance: too few young people enter the workforce; fewer young people get married, have children and buy houses; and the population ages, which puts increasing demands on retirement and healthcare programs.
You might say, âYes, but a growing population with lots of children has a bad worker-to-dependent ratio as well.â But children donât require nearly as much health care as the elderly do, children donât consume as many resources, and children live with their parents, so there are economies of scale.
Europe, for example, is going to see tax rates go through the roof in order to support growing populations ...
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Â
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
The Underpopulation ProblemApril 25, 2011Steven W. Mosher on t.docxssusera34210
Â
The Underpopulation Problem
April 25, 2011
Steven W. Mosher on the demographic consequences of birth control policies.
Michael J. Miller
Steven W. Mosher is president of Population Research Institute (www.pop.org) and author of the book Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits(Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, 2008). Michael J. Miller interviewed him on the subject of his book.
Miller: Dire scenarios about imminent overpopulation, from Malthus to Paul Ehrlichâs The Population Bomb, have not materialized. Where are the mistakes in their calculations?
Steven Mosher:Â In some cases they were deliberately exaggerated, even fabricated, in an attempt to frighten individuals into having no more than one or two children, and legislatures into funding population control programs.
Assuming that the alarmists really believed those projections, I think that their principal error came in the 1960s when they assumed that Third World countries would have to reach Western standards of living before birth rates decreased. They supposed that only affluence would convince people in Nigeria, China, or Peru to have fewer children.
Of course, population control programs played a role in limiting fertility. But the principal reason why almost all Latin American countries today are ator near replacement-rate fertility levels is that the death rate among infants and children went down, and therefore couples voluntarily stopped having large families. Theyâre still relatively poor, yet they began limiting the number of children. Reduce the mortality rate and population growth ceases.
Miller:Â Even if projections about limited resources are wrong, whatâs the harm in a little âunderpopulationâ? Isnât a nation with negative population growth like a factory that sells its unused CO2 allowances to less environmentally friendly businesses?
Mosher:Â A free-market economy is constantly looking for new markets for goods and services. The size of those markets is driven in large part by the size of the population. As a population grows, the demand for cars, houses, and other goods increases. As a population shrinks, this process works in reverse.
I think, though, that the dangers of population decline are even more serious than this would suggest, because a decline in absolute numbers of people is always preceded by population aging. The population gets out of balance: too few young people enter the workforce; fewer young people get married, have children and buy houses; and the population ages, which puts increasing demands on retirement and healthcare programs.
You might say, âYes, but a growing population with lots of children has a bad worker-to-dependent ratio as well.â But children donât require nearly as much health care as the elderly do, children donât consume as many resources, and children live with their parents, so there are economies of scale.
Europe, for example, is going to see tax rates go through the roof in order to support growing populations ...
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Â
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Â
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Â
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
⢠The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
⢠The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate âany matterâ at âany timeâ under House Rule X.
⢠The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY (Summarized Notes)
ďˇ Couples want to have children because of their feelings. A Child for them symbolizes a
successful union or you have successor generation that will continue their name. It
also means kinship is preserved and the family story will continue.
ďˇ Others though are worried whether a child will feel the strain of the household as they
will compete for the attention of the parents and how a family will have to give so much
energy to ensure children are loved and cared for.
ďˇ Viewed from above, having or not having children is driven by economics.
Rural Communities tend to have more children to help in crop cultivation during planting
and harvesting seasons. Poorer districts of urban centers also tend to have more children
because the success of their âsmall family businessâ depends on how many of their family
members can be hawking their wares from the street. Hence, the more children, the better
it will be for the farm or the small by the street corner enterprises.
Urbanized, Educated and Professional Families with two incomes, however, desire just
one or two progenies. Families like this have committed to their respective professions and
neither has time to devote to having more kids. They set aside significant part of their
income for retirement and future savings for health care and education for their children.
Rural families view multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments
while Urban families however may not have the same kinship network because they move
out of farmlands and work on more upscale business.
-*-
Different views of family life determine the economic and social policies that countries craft
regarding their respective populations. Countries in the âless developed regions of the worldâ
that rely on agriculture tend to maintain high levels of population growth. The 1980 United
Nations report on urban and rural population growth states that âthese areas contained 85
percent of the world rural population in 1975 and are projected to contain 90 percent by the
end of the 20th century.â
Since then, global agricultural population has declined. In 2011, it accounted for over 37
percent of the total world population, compared to the statistics in 1980 in which rural and
urban population percentages were more or less the same. The blog site âNourishing the
Planetâ, however, noted that even âas the agricultural population shrunk as a share of total
population between 1980 and 2011, it grew numerically from 2.2 billion to 2.6 billion people
during this period.â
Urban populations have grown but not necessarily because families are having more
children. It is rather because of the natural outcome of significant migration to the cities by
people seeking work in the âmore modernâ sectors of society. This movement of people is
especially manifest in the developing countries where industries and business in the cities
are attracting people from the rural areas.
THE PERILS OF OVERPOPULATION
Development planners see urbanization and industrialization as indicators of a developing
society, but disagree on the role of population growth or decline in modernization. Population
growth will inevitably exhaust world food supply by the middle of the 19th century (Thomas
Malthus 1798 â An Essay on the Principle of Population). Overpopulation in the 1970s and
1980s will bring about global environmental disasters that would, in turn, lead to food
shortage and mass starvation (Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne 1960 â The Population Bomb).
They proposed that countries like the United States take the lead in the promotion of global
population control in order to reduce the growth rate to zero.
2. Recommendations include:
Bizarre (chemical castration)
Policy-oriented (taxing an additional child and luxury taxes on child-related products)
Monetary Incentives (paying off men who would agree to be sterilized after two children)
Institution-building (a powerful department of population and environment)
By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be
âdivertedâ and âwastedâ to feeding more mouths. This argument became the basis for
government âpopulation controlâ programs worldwide.
In the 20th century, Philippines, China and India sought to lower birth rates. (Foreign Affairs
â American Policy Journal) advocated âcontraception and sterilizationâ as the practical
solutions to global economic, social, and political problems.
Overpopulation is the core of the economist argument for the promotion of reproductive
health. Advocates of population control contend for the universal access to reproductive
technologies (such as condoms, pills, abortion and vasectomy) and giving women the right to
choose whether to have children or not.
Politics determine these âbirth controlâ programs. Developed countries justify their support
for population control in developing countries by depicting the latter as conservative societies.
ITâS THE ECONOMY NOT THE BABIES
Critics about population control to prevent economic crisis. (Betsy Hartmann) disagrees with
the advocates of Neo-Malthusian theory and accused governments of using population
control as âsubstitute for social justice and much-needed reforms â such as land distribution,
employment creation, provision of mass education and health care and emancipation.
Others pointed out that population growth aided economic development by spurring
technological and institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human ingenuity.
Acknowledged the shift in population from rural to urban areas.
Megacities are clusters in which income disparities along with the transportation, housing,
air pollution and waste management are major problems. But they are also the center of
economic growth and activity.
The median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for males in cities means a young working
population. With this median age, states are assured that they have a robust military force.
There will always be new younger generations to replace an older becoming generation.
Malthusian theory explained that the human population grows more rapidly than the food
supply until famines, war or disease reduces the population. He believed that the human
population has risen over the past three centuries.
Green Revolution created high-yielding varieties of rice and other cereals and, along with the
new methods of cultivation, increasing yields globally, but more particularly the developing
of the world. The global famine that neo-Malthusians predicted did not happen. Instead
between 1950 and 1984 global grain production increased by over 250 percent, allowing
agriculture to keep pace with population growth, thereby keeping global famine under
control.
WOMEN AND REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
Women is often subject to population measures. Reproductive rights supporters argued that
if population control and economic development were to reach their goals, women must have
control whether they will have children or not. By giving women this power, they will be able
to pursue their vocations â be they economic, social or political â and contribute to economic
growth.
The serial correlation between fertility, family and fortune has motivated countries with
growing economies to introduce and strengthen their reproductive health laws, including
abortion. High-income First World Nations and fast developing countries were able to sustain
3. growth in part because women were given the power of choice and easy access to reproductive
technologies.
Most countries implement reproductive health laws because they worry about the health of
the mother. In Bolivia, since they have high fertility rate, the Bolivian government put into
effect a family planning program that included the legalization of abortion after noticing a
spike of unsafe abortion and maternal deaths.
Opponents regard reproductive rights as nothing but a false front for abortion. They contend
that this method of preventing conception endangers the life of a mother and must be banned.
The religious wing of the anti-reproductive rights flank goes further and describes abortion
as a debauchery that sullies the name of God; it will send the mother to hell and prevents a
new soul, the baby, to become human.
A country being industrialized and developed, however, does not automatically ensure pro-
women reproductive regulations. The Womenâs Movement of 1960 was responsible for the
passage and judicial endorsement of a pro-choice law, but conservatives controlling state
legislatures have also slowly undermined this law by imposing restrictions on womenâs access
to abortion.
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
Feminists approach the issue of reproductive rights from another angle. They are against of
any form of population control because they are compulsory by nature and therefore does
not empower women. They believe that government assumptions that poverty and
environmental degradation are caused by overpopulation are wrong. These factors ignore
other equally important causes like the unequal distribution of wealth, the lack of public
safety nets like universal health care, education, and gender equality programs. Feminists
also point out that there is very little evidence that point to overpopulation as the culprit
behind poverty and ecological devastation.
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
Todayâs global population has reached 7.4 billion and it is estimated to increase to 9.5 billion
in 2050, then 11.2 billion in 2100. 95 percent of this population growth will happen in
developing countries. The opposite is happening in the developed world where populations
remain steady in general, but declining in some of the most advanced countries.
Demographers predict that the world population will stabilize by 2050 but feeding this
population will be an immense challenge.
There is a decline in fertility of the young productive population. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) warns that in order for countries to mitigate the impact of population
growth, food production must increase.
FAO recommends that countries increase their investments in agriculture, craft long-term
policies aimed at fighting poverty, and invest in research and development.
UN body also suggests that countries develop a comprehensive social program that includes
food assistance, consistent delivery of health services and education especially for the poor.
If domestic production is not enough, it becomes essential for nations to import.
FAO, therefore, enjoins governments to keep their markets open and to eventually âmove
towards a global trading system that is fair and competitive, and that contributes to a
dependable market for food. (Globalization)
Good governance is also a goal that many nations, especially the developing world has yet to
attain so applying such suggestions will take some time.
CONCLUSION
Demography is a complex discipline that requires the integration of various social scientific
data. As you have seen, demographic changes and policies have impacts on the environment,
politics, resources, and others. Yet, at its core, demography accounts for the growth and
4. decline of the human species. It may be about large numbers and massive effects, but it is
ultimately about people. Thus, no interdisciplinary account of globalization is complete
without an accounting of people. The next lesson will continue on this theme of examining
people, and will focus particularly on their global movement.