This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of transit buses operated on a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) compared to identical buses operated on petroleum diesel. Nine buses were studied over two years, with five buses running on B20 and four on diesel. The buses accumulated about 100,000 miles each. There was no significant difference in fuel economy or maintenance costs between the B20 and diesel buses. Emissions testing showed reductions in pollutants for the B20 buses. The study provides quantitative data on operating transit buses with B20 blends.
The document provides information about Kia Motors in Brazil, including:
- Brazil has a population of 186.5 million people concentrated in coastal and southeast regions.
- The average vehicle age is 9.4 years and vehicles travel an average of 22,000 km per year.
- Main forms of transportation include bus, car, subway and train, with buses and cars being most popular.
- Kia Motors Brazil currently offers several models including the Cerato, Carnival, Magentis, Opirus, Picanto, Sportage and Sorento.
This document discusses logistics arrangements and parts management at a Tata Motors chassis line in India. It identifies several concerns around storage space, material movement distances, and offline sub-assembly areas. The proposed action plan includes rearranging kitting areas and supermarkets, relocating sub-assembly areas, and providing new gangways and access points to reduce movement times and distances. Implementing these changes is expected to benefit the factory by accommodating more parts, reducing work-in-process inventory, shortening lead times, and lowering fatigue from material transport. A timeline is provided for mapping out and implementing the proposed logistics improvements between September and November.
Strategic Analysis of the North American and European Electric Commercial Vehicle Market document discusses:
- Hybrid/electric light commercial vehicles are well-suited for intra-city delivery applications with their peak efficiency and lower operating costs.
- Medium and heavy commercial vehicles support long-haul and intermodal transportation.
- Factors such as increasing battery range and reducing costs will determine widespread adoption of electric commercial vehicles, especially for urban delivery fleets.
2012 Capital Markets Days Seoul - Automotive CatalystsUmicore
This document summarizes Umicore's position in global automotive catalyst markets. Stricter emission regulations are driving demand for more advanced catalyst technologies. Umicore has a leading global position and local production facilities in key regions like Europe, North America, China, Korea, and South America. The company is well positioned to supply catalysts for evolving powertrains like gasoline direct injection and diesel vehicles with aftertreatment systems.
Global efforts are reducing vehicular emissions through comprehensive policies that target vehicles, fuels, and their interaction as a system. Standards for both passenger vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles are getting progressively tougher, lowering limits for greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Manufacturers are also being held responsible for vehicles' real-world, in-use emissions over their full useful life through strengthened testing and compliance protocols. Stricter fuel standards are also driving lower emissions by requiring ultra-low sulfur levels.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of transit buses operated on a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) compared to identical buses operated on petroleum diesel. Nine buses were studied over two years, with five buses running on B20 and four on diesel. The buses accumulated about 100,000 miles each. There was no significant difference in fuel economy or maintenance costs between the B20 and diesel buses. Emissions testing showed reductions in pollutants for the B20 buses. The study provides quantitative data on operating transit buses with B20 blends.
The document provides information about Kia Motors in Brazil, including:
- Brazil has a population of 186.5 million people concentrated in coastal and southeast regions.
- The average vehicle age is 9.4 years and vehicles travel an average of 22,000 km per year.
- Main forms of transportation include bus, car, subway and train, with buses and cars being most popular.
- Kia Motors Brazil currently offers several models including the Cerato, Carnival, Magentis, Opirus, Picanto, Sportage and Sorento.
This document discusses logistics arrangements and parts management at a Tata Motors chassis line in India. It identifies several concerns around storage space, material movement distances, and offline sub-assembly areas. The proposed action plan includes rearranging kitting areas and supermarkets, relocating sub-assembly areas, and providing new gangways and access points to reduce movement times and distances. Implementing these changes is expected to benefit the factory by accommodating more parts, reducing work-in-process inventory, shortening lead times, and lowering fatigue from material transport. A timeline is provided for mapping out and implementing the proposed logistics improvements between September and November.
Strategic Analysis of the North American and European Electric Commercial Vehicle Market document discusses:
- Hybrid/electric light commercial vehicles are well-suited for intra-city delivery applications with their peak efficiency and lower operating costs.
- Medium and heavy commercial vehicles support long-haul and intermodal transportation.
- Factors such as increasing battery range and reducing costs will determine widespread adoption of electric commercial vehicles, especially for urban delivery fleets.
2012 Capital Markets Days Seoul - Automotive CatalystsUmicore
This document summarizes Umicore's position in global automotive catalyst markets. Stricter emission regulations are driving demand for more advanced catalyst technologies. Umicore has a leading global position and local production facilities in key regions like Europe, North America, China, Korea, and South America. The company is well positioned to supply catalysts for evolving powertrains like gasoline direct injection and diesel vehicles with aftertreatment systems.
Global efforts are reducing vehicular emissions through comprehensive policies that target vehicles, fuels, and their interaction as a system. Standards for both passenger vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles are getting progressively tougher, lowering limits for greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Manufacturers are also being held responsible for vehicles' real-world, in-use emissions over their full useful life through strengthened testing and compliance protocols. Stricter fuel standards are also driving lower emissions by requiring ultra-low sulfur levels.
The document discusses key drivers for gasoline engine development through 2025 including legislation requiring reduced emissions and improved fuel economy. It outlines technologies like downsizing, downspeeding, advanced combustion systems, and hybridization that can help meet these goals. Looking ahead, it predicts gasoline will remain the dominant fuel globally with diesel share declining in Europe as hybrid and gasoline technologies advance.
Hybrid vehicles include both a combustion engine and an electric motor. They can greatly increase fuel efficiency and decrease emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While hybrids are not zero-emission, they can cut global warming pollutants by a third to a half. Later hybrid models may achieve even lower emissions. Hybrids provide benefits like regenerative braking, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, and the ability to run on alternative fuels. Major automakers are continuing to develop and release new hybrid models in the coming years.
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
The European Union has implemented strict CO2 emission regulations for cars to be 130g CO2/km in 2015 and 95g CO2/km in 2020. Some manufacturers may struggle to meet these targets and could face substantial fines. The analysis identified manufacturers that are likely to exceed limits and pay fines of €148.5 million in 2015 and €4.7 billion in 2020 if no action is taken. Optimal pooling strategies across manufacturers could help reduce overall fines paid to the EU.
Global Best Practices in Fuel Economy Policies.Vicente Franco, Peter Mock, IC...undprussia
The document discusses global best practices in fuel economy policies. It provides an overview of the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), including their mission to improve vehicle efficiency and reduce emissions. The ICCT works with major vehicle markets worldwide to research regulatory policies and incentives. The document then examines key design aspects of fuel economy standards, comparing programs and targets in various countries and regions. It emphasizes that efficiency standards have been effective at reducing emissions globally and that the ICCT serves as a knowledge hub for local governments.
1) The document summarizes a presentation about achieving emissions reductions in the freight sector. It begins by acknowledging funding sources and then outlines the presentation.
2) It characterizes freight flows in the Northeast region, finding that truck transport dominates (87%) and top commodities include gravel, refined fuel, and coal.
3) The presentation introduces the IF-TOLD framework for identifying reduction opportunities through intermodalism, fuels, technology, operations, logistics, and demand changes. It provides an example using the GIFT model to analyze tradeoffs between emissions and delivery time.
The document summarizes a proposed rulemaking by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas standards for medium and heavy-duty vehicles from 2014-2018. It overviews the background and drivers for the proposal, key elements like covered vehicles and proposed reductions, a modeling tool to assess compliance, and estimated costs and benefits including reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Next steps outlined are public hearings and a planned final rule in July 2011.
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of nine identical transit buses operated on either B20 biodiesel blend or petroleum diesel over 100,000 miles. Key findings include: 1) There was no significant difference in average fuel economy or maintenance costs between the two fuel types. 2) B20 buses showed reduced emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared to diesel. 3) Occasional issues with fuel filter plugging occurred on B20 buses, possibly due to out-of-specification biodiesel. Overall the study found little operational or maintenance impact from the use of B20 in transit buses.
This document compares India's program for reducing vehicular emissions to global benchmarks. While India has implemented vehicle emission standards and fuel quality standards on schedule, its standards are still 6-10 years behind other major markets. Opportunities for improvement include adopting more stringent exhaust emission standards, strengthening evaporative emission standards, improving durability requirements, and linking in-use inspection data to a national compliance program. Preliminary recommendations include adopting more representative test cycles, emphasizing real-world emissions performance, and establishing a long-term roadmap to close gaps with best practices.
SIMON, Karl, Director Transportation and Climate Division, Office of Transpor...CALSTART
The document discusses lessons learned from the US EPA's experience in establishing vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency standards. It outlines a three-point strategy used in the US to reduce emissions from vehicles through clean vehicles standards, clean fuels, and clean transportation alternatives. The document also provides an overview of US greenhouse gas vehicle standards and fuel economy standards for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles.
This document summarizes research on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and black carbon emissions in the Arctic from 2015 to 2017. It finds that between these years:
- The number of HFO-fueled ships increased by 30% and HFO carriage increased by 46% driven mainly by increases in bulk carriers, general cargo ships, and oil tankers.
- HFO fuel use increased by 57% driven mainly by increases in oil tankers and general cargo ships.
- Black carbon emissions from all fuels increased by 38% driven mainly by increases from oil tankers and general cargo ships.
- The share of HFO use and carriage as fuel grew significantly according to the analysis of vessel tracking
The Arctic Council’s Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) working group invited ICCT’s Bryan Comer to present on heavy fuel oil and black carbon in Arctic shipping. The meeting was attended by national representatives the eight Arctic nations, Arctic indigenous groups, and non-governmental organizations. This is the presentation Dr. Comer made at PAME’s recent meeting in Helsinki in September 2017.
This document provides an overview of indirect land use change (iLUC) through a series of slides presented by Dr. Chris Malins. Some key points:
1. ILUC occurs when the production of biofuel feedstocks results in agricultural land expansion into non-crop land, displacing other commodities and releasing stored carbon.
2. Predicting ILUC requires complex economic models that consider factors like the elasticity of food demand, crop yields, land area expansion, and carbon stocks of converted lands.
3. There is significant uncertainty around ILUC estimates due to variations between models and a lack of consensus on key parameters. However, most modeling suggests biofuels result in substantial
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Slides and audio from a webinar presenting the results of an ICCT study that evaluates worldwide historical and potential impacts of fuel quality and vehicle emission standards, presents a global policy roadmap through 2030, and quantifies the benefits to public health and the climate. The study finds that if countries worldwide followed a policy path to Euro 6/VI-equivalent emission standards and ultra-low sulfur fuel, early deaths from road vehicle emissions could be reduced by 75% in the year 2030.
Summarizes a study of key drivers of electric vehicle adoption, with an emphasis on vehicle-charging scenarios and infrastructure and an eye toward identifying options that can maximize benefits from greater EV use to both consumers and the grid.
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The document discusses key drivers for gasoline engine development through 2025 including legislation requiring reduced emissions and improved fuel economy. It outlines technologies like downsizing, downspeeding, advanced combustion systems, and hybridization that can help meet these goals. Looking ahead, it predicts gasoline will remain the dominant fuel globally with diesel share declining in Europe as hybrid and gasoline technologies advance.
Hybrid vehicles include both a combustion engine and an electric motor. They can greatly increase fuel efficiency and decrease emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While hybrids are not zero-emission, they can cut global warming pollutants by a third to a half. Later hybrid models may achieve even lower emissions. Hybrids provide benefits like regenerative braking, reduced dependency on fossil fuels, and the ability to run on alternative fuels. Major automakers are continuing to develop and release new hybrid models in the coming years.
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7/9/2014-7/10/2014
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The European Union has implemented strict CO2 emission regulations for cars to be 130g CO2/km in 2015 and 95g CO2/km in 2020. Some manufacturers may struggle to meet these targets and could face substantial fines. The analysis identified manufacturers that are likely to exceed limits and pay fines of €148.5 million in 2015 and €4.7 billion in 2020 if no action is taken. Optimal pooling strategies across manufacturers could help reduce overall fines paid to the EU.
Global Best Practices in Fuel Economy Policies.Vicente Franco, Peter Mock, IC...undprussia
The document discusses global best practices in fuel economy policies. It provides an overview of the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), including their mission to improve vehicle efficiency and reduce emissions. The ICCT works with major vehicle markets worldwide to research regulatory policies and incentives. The document then examines key design aspects of fuel economy standards, comparing programs and targets in various countries and regions. It emphasizes that efficiency standards have been effective at reducing emissions globally and that the ICCT serves as a knowledge hub for local governments.
1) The document summarizes a presentation about achieving emissions reductions in the freight sector. It begins by acknowledging funding sources and then outlines the presentation.
2) It characterizes freight flows in the Northeast region, finding that truck transport dominates (87%) and top commodities include gravel, refined fuel, and coal.
3) The presentation introduces the IF-TOLD framework for identifying reduction opportunities through intermodalism, fuels, technology, operations, logistics, and demand changes. It provides an example using the GIFT model to analyze tradeoffs between emissions and delivery time.
The document summarizes a proposed rulemaking by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas standards for medium and heavy-duty vehicles from 2014-2018. It overviews the background and drivers for the proposal, key elements like covered vehicles and proposed reductions, a modeling tool to assess compliance, and estimated costs and benefits including reduced fuel consumption and emissions. Next steps outlined are public hearings and a planned final rule in July 2011.
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of nine identical transit buses operated on either B20 biodiesel blend or petroleum diesel over 100,000 miles. Key findings include: 1) There was no significant difference in average fuel economy or maintenance costs between the two fuel types. 2) B20 buses showed reduced emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons compared to diesel. 3) Occasional issues with fuel filter plugging occurred on B20 buses, possibly due to out-of-specification biodiesel. Overall the study found little operational or maintenance impact from the use of B20 in transit buses.
This document compares India's program for reducing vehicular emissions to global benchmarks. While India has implemented vehicle emission standards and fuel quality standards on schedule, its standards are still 6-10 years behind other major markets. Opportunities for improvement include adopting more stringent exhaust emission standards, strengthening evaporative emission standards, improving durability requirements, and linking in-use inspection data to a national compliance program. Preliminary recommendations include adopting more representative test cycles, emphasizing real-world emissions performance, and establishing a long-term roadmap to close gaps with best practices.
SIMON, Karl, Director Transportation and Climate Division, Office of Transpor...CALSTART
The document discusses lessons learned from the US EPA's experience in establishing vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency standards. It outlines a three-point strategy used in the US to reduce emissions from vehicles through clean vehicles standards, clean fuels, and clean transportation alternatives. The document also provides an overview of US greenhouse gas vehicle standards and fuel economy standards for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles.
Similar to Global passenger vehicle standards update (12)
This document summarizes research on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and black carbon emissions in the Arctic from 2015 to 2017. It finds that between these years:
- The number of HFO-fueled ships increased by 30% and HFO carriage increased by 46% driven mainly by increases in bulk carriers, general cargo ships, and oil tankers.
- HFO fuel use increased by 57% driven mainly by increases in oil tankers and general cargo ships.
- Black carbon emissions from all fuels increased by 38% driven mainly by increases from oil tankers and general cargo ships.
- The share of HFO use and carriage as fuel grew significantly according to the analysis of vessel tracking
The Arctic Council’s Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) working group invited ICCT’s Bryan Comer to present on heavy fuel oil and black carbon in Arctic shipping. The meeting was attended by national representatives the eight Arctic nations, Arctic indigenous groups, and non-governmental organizations. This is the presentation Dr. Comer made at PAME’s recent meeting in Helsinki in September 2017.
This document provides an overview of indirect land use change (iLUC) through a series of slides presented by Dr. Chris Malins. Some key points:
1. ILUC occurs when the production of biofuel feedstocks results in agricultural land expansion into non-crop land, displacing other commodities and releasing stored carbon.
2. Predicting ILUC requires complex economic models that consider factors like the elasticity of food demand, crop yields, land area expansion, and carbon stocks of converted lands.
3. There is significant uncertainty around ILUC estimates due to variations between models and a lack of consensus on key parameters. However, most modeling suggests biofuels result in substantial
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
Mexico City
Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio
7/9/2014-7/10/2014
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Slides and audio from a webinar presenting the results of an ICCT study that evaluates worldwide historical and potential impacts of fuel quality and vehicle emission standards, presents a global policy roadmap through 2030, and quantifies the benefits to public health and the climate. The study finds that if countries worldwide followed a policy path to Euro 6/VI-equivalent emission standards and ultra-low sulfur fuel, early deaths from road vehicle emissions could be reduced by 75% in the year 2030.
Summarizes a study of key drivers of electric vehicle adoption, with an emphasis on vehicle-charging scenarios and infrastructure and an eye toward identifying options that can maximize benefits from greater EV use to both consumers and the grid.
The document analyzes the technology status of China's passenger car fleet in 2010 and provides international comparisons. It finds that the average engine size of China's fleet was 1.7L, smaller than the US and EU fleets. The power-to-weight ratio and fuel efficiency of China's fleet also lagged behind international levels. However, Chinese automakers have been adopting technologies like turbocharging, gasoline direct injection, and more efficient transmissions to close the gap in recent years.
Webinar broadcast 24 May 2012. Second in a series previewing results of a long-term study by the ICCT of India's program to regulate and control emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles—cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses. Offers a broad overview of the influence of fuel quality on vehicle emissions, and assesses India's past, present, and possible future fuel-quality standards and compliance programs in the context of international best practices, with particular emphasis on sulfur content of fuels.
The document describes a spreadsheet-based model that calculates historical and future well-to-wheel emissions from the global transportation sector for different policy scenarios from 2000 to 2050. The model compares the effects of adopted policies, policies under discussion, and potential policies on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and local air pollutants from modes like road vehicles, rail, marine, and aviation across major regions. The model finds that while adopted policies will reduce emissions by 1.7 GtCO2e in 2030, considering all potential technically feasible policies could more than double emission reductions to 5.5 GtCO2e through strategies like improving vehicle efficiency, shifting modes, and decarbonizing fuels.
Presentation from a one-hour webinar hosted by the LowCVP on the technical and environmental characteristics of the EU passenger car fleet. Based on data from the ICCT's 2011 pocketbook of European vehicle market statistics. Down that report at <http: />
Abbreviated version of a presentation developed by Drew Kodjak, Fanta Kamakaté, Ben Sharpe, and Martin Campestrini of the ICCT, and originally delivered at the Asilomar Conference "Rethinking Energy and Climate Strategies for Transportation," September 1, 2011.
- Vehicle electrification is gaining unprecedented global interest from governments, automakers, and customers due to factors like energy security, climate policy, and pent-up customer demand.
- While costs of batteries and fuel cells are declining, they remain high compared to gasoline vehicles, so electrified vehicles will likely only achieve significant market penetration with supportive policies.
- As early adopters acquire electrified vehicles, policies will need to focus on gaining the trust of more risk-averse "second wave" customers through ensuring reliability, resale value, and sufficient range.
- Infrastructure build-out for hydrogen and electric vehicle charging will be crucial to support more widespread adoption of electrified vehicles.
This document summarizes trends in vehicle greenhouse gas abatement technologies and policies worldwide. It finds that the top 10 vehicle markets account for 85% of global sales. Many technologies exist to improve vehicle efficiency by 15-20% with modest costs, including hybrid systems, turbocharging, and lightweight materials. Regulatory developments in the US, China, and South Korea are driving significant emissions reductions. Europe has been a leader in setting long-term greenhouse gas reduction targets. Technology-neutral standards are needed worldwide to further reduce emissions while encouraging lightweight vehicle designs.
This document discusses the potential role of establishing a CO2 emissions standard for new aircraft to address the growing climate impact of the aviation industry. It notes that while industry claims fuel efficiency is driven by fuel prices, evidence shows efficiency gains have stagnated in recent decades. A CO2 standard could incentivize new technology deployment and optimize aircraft design. However, a standard alone cannot price carbon emissions or improve existing fleets. The document examines key design challenges for an effective standard and argues it should be one part of a comprehensive strategy including market-based measures and operational efficiency improvements.
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https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
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La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
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1. Global Comparison of Light-Duty Vehicle
Fuel Economy/GHG Emissions Standards
Update: May 2012
2. Overview of Regulation Specifications
Country or Target Unadjusted Fleet
Region! Year! Standard Type! Target/Measure! Structure! Targeted Fleet! Test Cycle!
U.S./California Fuel economy/ 34.1 mpg* or 250 Footprint-based
2016! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
(enacted)! GHG! gCO2/mi ! corporate avg.!
U.S.
Fuel economy/ 49.6 mpg* or 163 Footprint-based
(Supplemental 2025! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
GHG! gCO2/mi! corporate avg.!
Notice of Intent)!
Footprint-based
Canada (enacted)! 2016! GHG! 153 (141)*** gCO2/km! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
corporate avg.!
EU (enacted)! 2015! 130 gCO2/km! Weight-based
CO2! Cars/SUVs! NEDC!
EU (proposed)! 2020! 95 gCO2/km! corporate average!
Cars/SUVs/light
Australia
2010! CO2! 222 gCO2/km! Fleet average! commercial NEDC!
(voluntary)!
vehicles!
Japan (enacted)! 2015! 16.8 km/L! Weight-class based
Fuel economy! Cars! JC08!
Japan (proposed)! 2020! 20.3 km/L! corporate average!
Weight-class based
China (proposed)! 2015! Fuel consumption! 7 L/100km! per vehicle and Cars/SUVs! NEDC!
corporate average!
S. Korea Fuel economy/ 17 km/L or 140 gCO2/ Weight-based
2015! Cars/SUVs! U.S. combined!
(proposed)! GHG! km! corporate average!
* Assumes manufacturers fully use A/C credit
** Proposed CAFE standard by NHTSA. It is equivalent to 163g/mi plus CO2 credits for using low-GWP A/C refrigerants.
“** In April 2010, Canada announced a target of 153 g/km for MY2016. Value in brackets is estimated target for MY2016, assuming that during 2008 and 2016 the fuel
efficiency of the LDV fleet in Canada will achieve a 5.5% annual improvement rate (the same as the U.S.). This estimate is used in the accompanying charts.
3. Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and"
current or proposed standards
270!
Solid dots and lines: historical performance! US-LDV!
250! Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets !
GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets! California-LDV!
Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
230! Canada-LDV!
EU!
210!
Japan!
NEDC TEST CYCLE!
190! China!
S. Korea!
170! Canada:170!
Australia!
150! Korea:150!
130!
China 2020: 117! US 2025:107!
110!
Japan 2020: 105!
EU 2020: 95!
90!
!!"
70!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$32</-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
4. Historical fleet fuel economy performance and"
current or proposed standards
65!
Solid dots and lines: historical performance!
Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets !
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets! EU 2020: 60.6!
MILES PER GALLON GASOLINE EQUIVALENT
60! Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
NORMALIZED TO US CAFE TEST CYCLE!
55! Japan2020: 55.1!
China 2020[1]: 50.1!
50!
US 2020[2]: 49.6!
45!
US-LDV!
40! Korea: 40.0!
California-LDV!
Canada-LDV!
35! Canada: 34.5!
EU!
30! Japan!
China!
25! S. Korea!
Australia!
20!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$&'.&/-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
$
$$
5. Historical fleet fuel consumption performance and current
or proposed standards
12! Solid dots and lines: historical performance!
Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets ! US-LDV!
KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO NEDC TEST CYCLE!
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets!
11! California-LDV!
LITER GASOLINE EQUIVALENT PER HUNDRED
Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
Canada-LDV!
10!
EU!
Japan!
9!
China!
8! S. Korea!
Canada:7.3!
Australia!
7!
Korea:6.4!
6!
5! China: 5.0!
US: 4.6!
Japan: 4.5!
4!
EU: 4.1!
3!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$&'.&/-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
$
6. Total and annual percentage CO2 reduction with enacted
and proposed targets
Regions are ordered according to their overall improvement/reduction rate.
** Baseline year for each regulatory period is the first year of that period. For example, the US overall reduction rate is 17% for the MY
2012-2016, and 35% for MY 2017-2025 . One cannot combine 17% and 35% to get the overall reduction rate from 2012 to 2025.
7. Total and annual percentage fuel economy improvement
with enacted and proposed targets
Regions are ordered according to their overall improvement/reduction rate.
** Baseline year for each regulatory period is the first year of that period. For example, the US overall reduction rate is 15% for the MY
2012-2016, and 46% for MY 2017-2025 . One cannot combine the two values to get the overall reduction rate from 2012 to 2025.
8. Total and annual percentage CO2 reduction with
enacted and proposed targets
270! EU! US-LDV! Japan! China!
GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO
250!
230!
US baseline: 219!
$
NEDC TEST CYCLE!
210! $
$
China baseline: 185!
190!
$
"4IH$
170! $
)((7)339$
$ F4GH$
China 2015: 167! )((7)339$
150! EU baseline: 142!
Japan baseline:131! $
130! $
$
>H$ $
$
)((7)339$
$
110! D4IH$
Japan 2020: 105!
)((7)339$ US 2025:107!
EU 2020: 95!
90!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$32</-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
!D#$E((7)3$-),/$'+$1)3173),/8$7+'(.$=)+/3'(/$)1,7)3$:/-62-C)(1/$)(8$,)-./,$B)37/+4$
8
9. Thank you!
Washington • San Francisco • Brussels • Berlin • Beijing
www.theicct.org
+1 202 534 1617
www.twitter.com/TheICCT
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