Global dairy market report 2010

The Egyptian Center for Studies of Export & Import ‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
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"Analysis report of the markets' crises"
The Egyptian Center for Studies of Export & Import
Legal & Economic Consultations
General Manager
Medhat Saad Eldin
Legal Consultations
www.ecsei.com www.ecsei-eg.com … December 2009

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Our Summary Report's Notes:
Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes
World Food Situation
• Critical sector
• First forecasts
International Dairy Trade
• The major dairy products traded internationally can be broadly
placed in four
• The biggest players in international dairy trade.
• Multinational firms
• Multinational dairy companies
The Changing Face of Dairy Products
Dairy Products.
• Raw milk
• Major exporters of dairy products
Domestic Dairy Policies in Key Global Markets
• The Interface between Domestic Dairy Policies and Dairy Trade
• The top five countries or areas of the world for production
• The European Union
• Canada
• Japan
• United States
Dairy-Trading Nations with Little Domestic Support
• Australia and New Zealand
• Brazil and
Dairy Markets Review
Outlook for the short to medium term
• The European Union
• The United States
• Australia
• New Zealand
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• China
• India
• Russia
International dairy trade
International Dairy Markets
Tables:
Cows milk for selected countries
Cheese production for selected countries
Butter production for selected countries
Notes: this is summary
General Manager
Medhat Saad Eldin
Legal consultations
The Global
"Analysis r
sei-eg.com Email: info@ecsei.com
Our Summary Report's Notes:
Critical sector
First forecasts
The major dairy products traded internationally can be broadly
placed in four categories.
The biggest players in international dairy trade.
Multinational firms.
Multinational dairy companies
The Changing Face of Dairy Products.
Major exporters of dairy products
Interface between Domestic Dairy Policies and Dairy Trade
The top five countries or areas of the world for production
European Union
United States
Trading Nations with Little Domestic Support
Australia and New Zealand
Brazil and Argentina
Dairy Markets Review - Overview of current market situation
Outlook for the short to medium term:
European Union
United States
New Zealand
South America
l dairy trade 2008
International Dairy Markets Outlook
Cows milk for selected countries 1,000 metric tons.
Cheese production for selected countries 1/1,000 metric tons
Butter production for selected countries 3/1,000 metric tons
Notes: this is summary Report for full report contacts us.
The Global Dairy Products Industry 2010
"Analysis report of the market's crises"
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com info@ecsei-eg.com
The major dairy products traded internationally can be broadly
Interface between Domestic Dairy Policies and Dairy Trade
The top five countries or areas of the world for production:
Overview of current market situation
metric tons.
metric tons.
us.
2010

Acidity test
Milk quality tests that measures lactic acid
Adulteration
Addition of other substances to milk
reduces the quality of the milk (e.g. water)
Alcohol test
Milk quality test.
Artificial insemination
Animal breeding method.
Association
Association consisting of and governed by
representatives of milk producer
Groups.
A recombined milk product
Is a product resulting from the combining of
milk fat and milk-solids-non
preserved forms with or without the addition
of water to achieve the appropriate milk
product composition.
Artisan
Artisan cheeses are small volume cheeses,
often produced with the milk of one
herd, using traditional methods of production
Affineur
The person who ages and ripens cheese.
Sometimes cheeses are produced by a
farmer and then sent to the affineur in order
to age the cheeses. The affineur’s skil
often equal to the cheese maker's.
select the temperature and humidity, wash
the cheese for washed rind cheeses or
whatever is needed to release the best
qualities in each batch of cheese.
Babcock test
Traditional method of measuring the
butterfat content of milk, which may be used
for calibrating modern electronic testing
devices.
Page (1)
that measures lactic acid.
of other substances to milk which
reduces the quality of the milk (e.g. water).
.
consisting of and governed by
representatives of milk producer
oduct
a product resulting from the combining of
non-fat in their
preserved forms with or without the addition
of water to achieve the appropriate milk
Artisan cheeses are small volume cheeses,
often produced with the milk of one
using traditional methods of production
The person who ages and ripens cheese.
Sometimes cheeses are produced by a
farmer and then sent to the affineur in order
The affineur’s skill is
often equal to the cheese maker's. They
select the temperature and humidity, wash
the cheese for washed rind cheeses or
whatever is needed to release the best
qualities in each batch of cheese.
method of measuring the
rfat content of milk, which may be used
for calibrating modern electronic testing
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

Bacteria
Single-celled organisms living either
independently or in close association
with other living organisms; often
referred to as microbes or micro
organisms because of their microscopic
size. Some bacteria are beneficial, but
others cause infectious disease
Breeding services
Upgrading of animals through
introduction of improved genes
Cheese
Milk product.
Churning
Agitation of whole milk or cream
butter adding starters and rennet
Clot on boiling test
Milk quality test through heating
Clotting
Change from liquid milk to (semi
by.
CODEX
The Codex Alimentarius Commission was
created in 1963 by FAO and WHO to
develop food standards, guidelines and
related texts such as codes of practice
under the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standards Programme. The main
purposes of this Programme are
protecting health of the consumers and
ensuring fair trade practices in the food
trade, and promoting coordination of all
food standards work undertaken by
international governmental and non
governmental organizations.
Collection centre
A place to collect milk in bulk
)2Page (
organisms living either
independently or in close association
with other living organisms; often
referred to as microbes or micro
ms because of their microscopic
size. Some bacteria are beneficial, but
others cause infectious diseases.
of animals through
introduction of improved genes.
of whole milk or cream to make
butter adding starters and rennet.
quality test through heating.
from liquid milk to (semi-) solid
The Codex Alimentarius Commission was
by FAO and WHO to
dards, guidelines and
related texts such as codes of practice
under the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standards Programme. The main
purposes of this Programme are
protecting health of the consumers and
ensuring fair trade practices in the food
ordination of all
food standards work undertaken by
international governmental and non-
governmental organizations.
place to collect milk in bulk.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

Composite milk product
Is a product of which the milk, milk products or
milk constituents are an essential part in terms of
quantity in the final product, as consumed
provided that the constituents not derived from
milk are not intended to take the place in part or
in whole of any milk constituent.
Cream
Milk product.
Curd separation
After coagulation the milk is separated into whey
and cheese curd.
Dairy
1. A retail outlet for milk products
2. The feeding and milking sheds on a dairy
3. Pertaining to or emanating from an animals
other thing concerned in the
production of milk, e.g. dairy goat, dairy
cleanser.
Dairy barn
standard indoor housing in temperate and
subarctic northern hemisphere countries; a
common plan is to have animals housed on the
ground floor and grain and hay on the top floor
from which it is delivered to the animals below; the
cows are tied in stanchions and milked on the spot
or roam free and are milked in a parlor.
Dairy calf
Calf of a mating between a bull and a cow, both of
dairy breeds.
Dairy cow
Cow of a breed specifically defi
milk production, as distinct from a beef or dual
purpose breed or A bovine from which milk
production is intended for human consumption, or
is kept for raising replacement dairy heifers.
)3Page (
Composite milk product
a product of which the milk, milk products or
onstituents are an essential part in terms of
quantity in the final product, as consumed
provided that the constituents not derived from
milk are not intended to take the place in part or
in whole of any milk constituent.
coagulation the milk is separated into whey
A retail outlet for milk products.
The feeding and milking sheds on a dairy farm.
Pertaining to or emanating from an animals or
other thing concerned in the
roduction of milk, e.g. dairy goat, dairy
standard indoor housing in temperate and
subarctic northern hemisphere countries; a
common plan is to have animals housed on the
ground floor and grain and hay on the top floor
is delivered to the animals below; the
cows are tied in stanchions and milked on the spot
or roam free and are milked in a parlor.
a mating between a bull and a cow, both of
Cow of a breed specifically defined as being for
milk production, as distinct from a beef or dual
breed or A bovine from which milk
production is intended for human consumption, or
is kept for raising replacement dairy heifers.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

Dairy Steer
A neutered male of any of the d
breeds. The "dairy steers" are raised for meat
production and usually managed like beef cattle.
Dam
Mother or female parent in a pedigree.
Dairy farmer
A farmer whose major enterprise is dairy
farming.
Dairy herd
Includes milking cows, dry cows, heifers
(maiden and in-calf), calves and, where needed,
bulls. Called also milking herd, dry herd,
followers.
Dairy industry
Includes:
• The farms,
• The milk collecting and handling services,
• The processors,
• Manufacturers and retailers and t
private and
• Government organizations involved in a
coordinating or controlling function with
respect to the harvesting and disposal of
dairy products.
Dairy sanitizers
Disinfectants suitable for use in an environment
and in a situation in which con
human food chain is likely to occur.
Dairy terms
Means names, designations, symbols, pictorial
or other devices which refer to or are
suggestive, directly or indirectly, of milk or milk
products.
DDS
(Dairy development strategy)
)4Page (
A neutered male of any of the dairy cattle
breeds. The "dairy steers" are raised for meat
production and usually managed like beef cattle.
Mother or female parent in a pedigree.
farmer whose major enterprise is dairy
, dry cows, heifers
calf), calves and, where needed,
also milking herd, dry herd,
milk collecting and handling services,
and retailers and the
organizations involved in a
coordinating or controlling function with
respect to the harvesting and disposal of
Disinfectants suitable for use in an environment
and in a situation in which contamination of the
human food chain is likely to occur.
names, designations, symbols, pictorial
or other devices which refer to or are
suggestive, directly or indirectly, of milk or milk
development strategy).
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

Essential Composition and Quality Factors:
Raw materials
Milk and/or products obtained from milk.
Permitted ingredients
• Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid
and/or flavour producing bacteria and
cultures of other harmless microorganisms
• Safe and suitable enzymes
• Sodium chloride.
• Potable water.
External factors
Agricultural policy and trade policy changes:
Policy issues remain to be decided and will impact on
the outlook for the dairy sector.
Animal welfare concerns:
Animal welfare concerns related to food production
continue to grow among consumers in the EU.
It is not easy to consider how these concerns will
evolve or how these concerns will impact on dairy
trade.
Weather:
Weather events will continue to contribute to dairy
product price volatility.
Energy prices and input prices:
Rising energy prices will have an impact on dairy
production costs and dairy demand.
Environmental policies and consumer
preferences:
Environmental concerns will exert an increasing influence on a
the dairy sector.
Exchange rates:
Exchange rate movements will impact on export competitiveness.
Macro economic and population growth:
The rate of recovery in dairy demand will depend on the recovery in global
economic growth.
)5Page (
Essential Composition and Quality Factors:
Milk and/or products obtained from milk.
Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid
and/or flavour producing bacteria and
cultures of other harmless microorganisms.
fe and suitable enzymes.
Agricultural policy and trade policy changes:
Policy issues remain to be decided and will impact on
the outlook for the dairy sector.
Animal welfare concerns:
oncerns related to food production
continue to grow among consumers in the EU.
It is not easy to consider how these concerns will
evolve or how these concerns will impact on dairy
Weather events will continue to contribute to dairy
Energy prices and input prices:
Rising energy prices will have an impact on dairy
production costs and dairy demand.
Environmental policies and consumer
Environmental concerns will exert an increasing influence on agriculture, including
Exchange rate movements will impact on export competitiveness.
Macro economic and population growth:
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
griculture, including

Nutrition and health agenda:
The health benefits of dairy product consumption may be undermined by
legislation on labelling.
Renationalization of dairy demand:
The renationalization of dairy demand would have an adverse impact on dairy
exports.
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Fermented milk
Milk left at room temperature
into lactic acid.
Fermented milk can be used to feed young calves and may include extra
colostrums, transitional milk, or
nutritional value.
FDA
FDA is an agency within the Department of Health and Human
centers and offices, which are listed in menu at left.
The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety,
efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical
devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.
The FDA is also responsible for a
innovations that make medicines and foods more effective, safer, and more
affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science
they need to use medicines and foods to improve their he
Flavoured milk
A subclass of fluid (packaged milks) to which
chocolate, strawberry and vanilla
Fluid milk products
Milk, flavored milk, concentrated milk, filled milk, skim milk, fortified skim milk,
low fat milk, buttermilk, milk drinks, and cream products
Fresh Cow
A cow that has recently given birth to a
Fresh Milk
Dairy products having original qualities unimpaired and those recently produced
or processed.
)6Page (
Nutrition and health agenda:
of dairy demand:
of dairy demand would have an adverse impact on dairy
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
left at room temperature (less than 21c) in which the lactose is fermented
, transitional milk, or mastitis milk that are not saleable but have
FDA is an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services and consists of
centers and offices, which are listed in menu at left.
e for protecting the public health by assuring the safety,
The FDA is also responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed
affordable; and helping the public get the accurate, science-based information
they need to use medicines and foods to improve their health.
A subclass of fluid (packaged milks) to which flavoring has been added, such as
chocolate, strawberry and vanilla
milk, concentrated milk, filled milk, skim milk, fortified skim milk,
k, buttermilk, milk drinks, and cream products
A cow that has recently given birth to a calf.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
of dairy demand would have an adverse impact on dairy
in which the lactose is fermented
milk that are not saleable but have
consists of
e for protecting the public health by assuring the safety,
dvancing the public health by helping to speed
based information
has been added, such as
milk, concentrated milk, filled milk, skim milk, fortified skim milk,

Gerber test
Test to determine amount of fat in milk
Ghee
Concentrated milk fat prepared by melting butter, decanting the fat after gravity
separation from the serum, and driving off most of the remaining moisture by
heating. About 1 percent moisture remains
Heat treatment
Destroying any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of
for 30 min.
Handlers
Processors or dealers of milk who commonly purchase raw milk and sell
pasteurized milk and milk products.
Hand Milking
The manual milking of an animal as opposed to the use of mechanical milking
devices.
ISO 1737
Evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk
Gravimetric method (Reference method)
ISO 2446
Milk - Determination of fat conte
ISO 4832
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs
enumeration of coliforms
ISO 4833
enumeration of microorganisms
ISO 5538
Milk and milk products —
IS0 6734
Sweetened condensed milk
method).
ISO 6611
moulds — Colony-count technique at
)7Page (
unt of fat in milk
oncentrated milk fat prepared by melting butter, decanting the fat after gravity
percent moisture remains. It is used mostly in Asia an
any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of
pasteurized milk and milk products.
manual milking of an animal as opposed to the use of mechanical milking
Evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk - Determination of fat content
Gravimetric method (Reference method).
Determination of fat content (Routine method).
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Horizontal method for the
enumeration of coliforms - Colony-count technique.
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — Horizontal method for the
of microorganisms — Colony-count technique at 30 °C
— Sampling — Inspection by attributes.
Sweetened condensed milk — Determination of total solids content (reference
— Enumeration of colony-forming units of yeasts and/or
count technique at 25 °C.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
oncentrated milk fat prepared by melting butter, decanting the fat after gravity
It is used mostly in Asia and Africa.
any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of 63C
manual milking of an animal as opposed to the use of mechanical milking
Determination of fat content -
Horizontal method for the
Horizontal method for the
°C.
etermination of total solids content (reference
forming units of yeasts and/or

ISO 8197
ISO 6888
enumeration of coagulase
other species).
ISO 8968
Milk — Determination of nitrogen content
ISO 11866
ISO 8197
ISO 14501
Milk and milk powder — Determination of aflatoxin M
immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high
chromatography.
Lactate
To secrete or produce milk.
Lagoon
An earthen pond used as a primary storage site for manure.
Leg Bands Cloth or plastic strips of a bright color used for marking treated cows,
fresh cows, or cows needing special handling.
Legume
Any of thousands of plant species that have seed pods that split along both sides
when ripe. Some of the more common legumes used for human consumption are
beans, lentils, peanuts, peas, and soybeans. Others, such as clover and alfalfa,
are used as animal feed. Legumes have a unique ability to obtain much or all of
their nitrogen requirements from symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Letdown
The process in a cow where physical stimulation causes a release of oxytocin and
the contraction of smooth muscles su
pressure within the udder and milk flow.
Liner
A flexible sleeve in the milking teat cup or rigid
for massaging the teat end and intermittently cutting vacuum at the teat end
during milking. Also called
)8Page (
— Inspecting sampling — Inspection by variables
Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — Horizontal method for the
enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus
Determination of nitrogen content - Kjeldahl Method.
— Enumeration of presumptive Escherichia c
— Inspecting sampling — Inspection by variables
Determination of aflatoxin M1 content — Clean
immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid
To secrete or produce milk.
An earthen pond used as a primary storage site for manure.
Cloth or plastic strips of a bright color used for marking treated cows,
fresh cows, or cows needing special handling.
imal feed. Legumes have a unique ability to obtain much or all of
their nitrogen requirements from symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
the contraction of smooth muscles surrounding milk alveoli resulting in fluid
pressure within the udder and milk flow.
A flexible sleeve in the milking teat cup or rigid-walled liner holder. Responsible
ing milking. Also called inflation.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
Inspection by variables.
method for the
aureus and
Enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli.
Inspection by variables.
Clean-up by
performance liquid
Cloth or plastic strips of a bright color used for marking treated cows,
imal feed. Legumes have a unique ability to obtain much or all of
rrounding milk alveoli resulting in fluid
walled liner holder. Responsible

Lactoperoxidase
Enzyme that keeps the milk for a longer
Milk
Is the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more
milking without either addition to it or extraction from it, int
consumption as liquid milk or for further processing.
Milk from animals that is collected and processed (from cows, goats, sheep, yaks,
buffaloes, camels).
Milk collection
Collection of milk from more than one farmer to a collection point or
Milk cooling
Cooling milk to increase keeping time
Milk hygiene
Making sure a milk product is clean and safe for consumption
Milk product
Is a product obtained by any processing of milk, which may contain food
additives, and other ingredie
Milk testing
Checking the hygiene and composition of milk
Pasteurization
Destroying any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of
for 30 min.
Pasteurized milk
Milk that has been heat treated to a high temperature in order to kill potentially
harmful bacteria. Of course much of the good bacteria
Through technology, there are many methods that can be employed to
reintroduce beneficial flavours back into
many extremely delicious pasteurized cheeses.
Processing of milk
Making milk products like cheese, yoghurt, et
)9Page (
that keeps the milk for a longer period.
the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more
without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for
consumption as liquid milk or for further processing.
from animals that is collected and processed (from cows, goats, sheep, yaks,
of milk from more than one farmer to a collection point or
milk to increase keeping time.
sure a milk product is clean and safe for consumption.
a product obtained by any processing of milk, which may contain food
additives, and other ingredients functionally necessary for the processing.
the hygiene and composition of milk.
any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of
heat treated to a high temperature in order to kill potentially
Of course much of the good bacteria have been killed as well.
beneficial flavours back into the milk after the process.
many extremely delicious pasteurized cheeses.
milk products like cheese, yoghurt, etc.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more
ended for
from animals that is collected and processed (from cows, goats, sheep, yaks,
of milk from more than one farmer to a collection point or centre.
a product obtained by any processing of milk, which may contain food
nts functionally necessary for the processing.
any potential pathogenic germs by heating milk at a minimum of 63C
heat treated to a high temperature in order to kill potentially
been killed as well.
the milk after the process. There are

Raw milk
Milk that has not been heat treated to kill bacteria.
bacteria. When the milk is heated, both good and bad bacteria are killed.
good bacteria contain flavours and when they are destroyed their flavour
disappears as well. Raw milk cheeses often retain more subtle flavours specific to
their milk.
Rennet
Substance causing milk to coagulate, used for the preparation of cheese
Rind
The exterior surface of the cheese.
Semi-soft
These cheeses have a bit of bounce, when pressed they are firm, but give.
When opened, they are often smooth and supple, but retain
Skim milk
Milk from which sufficient cream has been removed to reduce its milk fat content
to not more than 0.2 percent
water-soluble vitamins and only half as many calories as whole milk.
In the final beverage form, it has been
contains added vitamins A and D. It can be used in a liquid form to feed young
calves.
SNF
Solids Non Fat.
Sweetened condensed milk
Milk product which can be obtained by the
the addition of sugar, or by any other process which leads to a product of the
same composition and characteristics
Soft ripened
This is a cheese where the curds more or less liquefy during the aging
process, taking between
touch. When opened, they often ooze.
Standardisation
Making milk with constant butterfat through partial skimming
Thermalized milk
This is a heat treating process that is a half way mea
technically considered “raw milk”.
than pasteurization, but for a longer period of time.
potentially harmful bacteria are destroyed and at the same time m
good bacteria and enzymes are preserved contributing to increased flavour.
)10Page (
Milk that has not been heat treated to kill bacteria. There are good and bad
When the milk is heated, both good and bad bacteria are killed.
Raw milk cheeses often retain more subtle flavours specific to
causing milk to coagulate, used for the preparation of cheese
The exterior surface of the cheese.
When opened, they are often smooth and supple, but retain their shape.
percent. Skim milk contains protein, lactose, minerals and
soluble vitamins and only half as many calories as whole milk.
In the final beverage form, it has been pasteurized or ultra-pasteurized
weetened condensed milk
product which can be obtained by the partial removal of water from milk with
same composition and characteristics.
ing between 30 and 120 days. The cheese is notably soft to the
When opened, they often ooze.
milk with constant butterfat through partial skimming.
This is a heat treating process that is a half way measure and in many
technically considered “raw milk”. The milk is heated to a lesser temperature
for a longer period of time. The idea is that many of the
potentially harmful bacteria are destroyed and at the same time much of the
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
There are good and bad
When the milk is heated, both good and bad bacteria are killed. The
Raw milk cheeses often retain more subtle flavours specific to
causing milk to coagulate, used for the preparation of cheese.
their shape.
minerals and
soluble vitamins and only half as many calories as whole milk.
pasteurized and
partial removal of water from milk with
The cheese is notably soft to the
sure and in many regions is
The milk is heated to a lesser temperature
The idea is that many of the
uch of the

TS
Total Solids.
USDA
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Yoghurt
Fermented milk product.
Washed rind
After these cheeses are formed, they begin a p
cultured brine solution.
This process washes away unwanted mould and bacteria and introduces
bacteria that will act on the cheese and transform its character.
Many washed rind cheeses are also washed with a local al
additional flavour.
Washed rind cheeses are often known as the “stinky cheeses”
flavour is usually more mild than the aroma suggests and is, many times,
delightfully complex.
Whey
Watery part remaining after milk
Whey Cheeses
Are solid, semi-solid, or soft products which are principally obtained through
either of the following processes:
(1) The concentration of whey and the
(2) The coagulation of whey by heat
Whole milk
Unaltered milk collected from day
also colostrums and transitional milk).
)11Page (
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
After these cheeses are formed, they begin a process of being washed in a
This process washes away unwanted mould and bacteria and introduces
that will act on the cheese and transform its character.
cheeses are also washed with a local alcoholic spirit imbuing
Washed rind cheeses are often known as the “stinky cheeses” The resulting
part remaining after milk has curdled.
solid, or soft products which are principally obtained through
following processes:
The concentration of whey and the molding of the concentrated product;
The coagulation of whey by heat with or without the addition of acid.
milk collected from day 4 after calving until the end of a lactation
and transitional milk).
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
rocess of being washed in a
This process washes away unwanted mould and bacteria and introduces specific
coholic spirit imbuing
The resulting
solid, or soft products which are principally obtained through
of the concentrated product;
with or without the addition of acid.
after calving until the end of a lactation (see

With the second-highest recorded cereals
year and stocks replenished, the world food supply looks less
vulnerable to shocks than it was during last year’s food crisis,
FAO said in its food outlook report published today. But some
potential dangers remain, it also noted.
“In spite of strong gains in recent weeks, international prices
of most agricultural commodities have fallen in
2008 heights, an indication that many markets are slowly
returning into balance,” the twice
Apparent easing of market conditions was reflected in the
benchmark FAO Food Price Index, which had fallen by one third since its peak in
June 2008 at the height of the world food crisis
But food prices remained high in many developing countries, and access to food
by the poor also continued to be threatened
effects of the global economic crisis.
Critical sector
So far the improvement largely concerned cereals
sector for food security –
Overshot original forecasts, the report said. The bumper crop
had also facilitated replenishment of global reserves to pre
crisis levels.
“With the new 2009-2010
prospects continue to be positive as world cereal production
expected to be the second largest, after last year’s record,” it
added. World production was forecast at
as compared with 2 287 million tonnes in
FAO’s first forecast for world cereal utilization in
suggested a relatively weak growth of around
the estimated 2008/09 level
This compared with nearly
First forecasts
First forecast for world cereal trade in
nearly 4 percent from last year.
This contraction mostly concerned wheat imports, which could fall by as much as
10 million tonnes in the new season
production in several major wheat
More problematic was the oilseed products sector, with prices on world markets
increasing as a consequence of production setbacks in some major producers and
of expanding consumption of animal feed in China and India.
Oilseeds production in 2008/0
percent more than the 403.1
)12Page (
highest recorded cereals crop expected this
year and stocks replenished, the world food supply looks less
vulnerable to shocks than it was during last year’s food crisis,
FAO said in its food outlook report published today. But some
potential dangers remain, it also noted.
pite of strong gains in recent weeks, international prices
of most agricultural commodities have fallen in 2009 from their
an indication that many markets are slowly
returning into balance,” the twice-yearly report said.
arket conditions was reflected in the
at the height of the world food crisis.
poor also continued to be threatened by loss of employment, income and other
effects of the global economic crisis.
So far the improvement largely concerned cereals – the critical
– after record production in 2008.
original forecasts, the report said. The bumper crop
had also facilitated replenishment of global reserves to pre-
2010 marketing season commencing,
prospects continue to be positive as world cereal production is
expected to be the second largest, after last year’s record,” it
World production was forecast at 2 219 million tonnes
million tonnes in 2008/09.
FAO’s first forecast for world cereal utilization in 2009/10
latively weak growth of around 1.3 percent from
level, to 2 230 million tonnes.
This compared with nearly 4 percent growth in the previous season
First forecast for world cereal trade in 2009/10 was 257 million tonn
percent from last year.
million tonnes in the new season, reflecting a strong anticipated recovery in
production in several major wheat-importing countries.
of expanding consumption of animal feed in China and India.
2008/09 was forecast at 405.9 million tonnes
403.1 million tonnes estimated for the year before
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
by loss of employment, income and other
million tonnes, down by
reflecting a strong anticipated recovery in
million tonnes, 0.7
million tonnes estimated for the year before.

“The surge in soybean quotations in recent weeks, on the back of shrinking world
reserves, is emerging as a cause for concern given its
feed prices,” Food Outlook noted.
)13Page (
reserves, is emerging as a cause for concern given its strong bearing on food and
feed prices,” Food Outlook noted.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
strong bearing on food and

The major dairy products traded internationally can be broadly placed in
four categories:
Butter,
Cheese,
Dry milk powders, and
Ingredients
Within these categories are a large number of “differentiated products”
Cheese varieties,
Dry milk powders with a range of fat contents, or
Milk components, such as the various milk proteins.
The ingredient trade has only recently emerged as a key sector, drive
primarily by widening uses of milk proteins and lactose (milk sugar) in
various food applications.
The biggest players in international dairy trade
The biggest players in international dairy trade are not necessarily the
largest producers.
New Zealand, for example, is one of the smallest producing countries but
is a major dairy trading country
A country’s population relative to its production of milk is a key to
determining the likelihood of its having a milk surplus or a milk deficit
Milk-surplus countries that supply foreign markets typically have an
efficient manufacturing sector capable of producing storable dairy products
with quality attributes at prices that make exporting economically feasible
)14Page (
Dry milk powders, and
hese categories are a large number of “differentiated products”
heese varieties,
ry milk powders with a range of fat contents, or
ilk components, such as the various milk proteins.
The ingredient trade has only recently emerged as a key sector, drive
various food applications.
The biggest players in international dairy trade
.
nd, for example, is one of the smallest producing countries but
is a major dairy trading country.
determining the likelihood of its having a milk surplus or a milk deficit
us countries that supply foreign markets typically have an
with quality attributes at prices that make exporting economically feasible
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
hese categories are a large number of “differentiated products”
The ingredient trade has only recently emerged as a key sector, driven
nd, for example, is one of the smallest producing countries but
determining the likelihood of its having a milk surplus or a milk deficit.
us countries that supply foreign markets typically have an
with quality attributes at prices that make exporting economically feasible.

International dairy trade ha
unwanted surplus commodities. However, dairy trade is now increasingly
driven by demands from developing
upgrade diets and developed
Dairy markets everywhere are being shaped by consumer demands, the
ability of dairy farmers to react to change, and dairy company strategies
for maximizing profits. Firms operating successfully in global dairy markets
are those that respond quickly to changing econ
policies—nonagricultural as well as agricultural
and demand factors.
Those firms may be national firms operating in single countries, regional
firms operating in a well
a presence in multiple regions or areas.
Competition among firms has grown, but so has the number of firms
joining forces.
As international dairy companies recognize the potential benefits from
supplying milk and dairy products in differen
for demand growth, they are repositioning themselves to source milk and
products from multiple locations. This trend is spawning partnerships and
joint ventures among firms seeking to benefit by controlling all stages of
the production process.
Direct investment across borders has also altered competition in dairy
markets. Globalization has tended to emphasize the strength of
multinational dairy firms, with the most prominent being
• Nestlé (Switzerland),
• Arla Foods (Denmark
• Danone (France),
• The Fonterra Co
• Lactalis (France),
• Unilever (Netherlands
• Kraft Foods (U.S.).
Multinational firms
Multinational firms can operate in several countries or regions using any
number of approaches.
They can build new facilities to manufacture locally demanded products, or
they can form alliances or partnerships with existing local firms that have
cultivated local demand.
Purchase of local brands is another option.
A strategy that emplo
reduce price risks and market volatility.
While multinationals are most active in stable, well
alliances or partnerships with local firms have helped them expand to
emerging markets in recent years.
)15Page (
International dairy trade has often been called a dumping ground for
driven by demands from developing-country consumers wanting to
upgrade diets and developed-country markets seeking specialty products
kets everywhere are being shaped by consumer demands, the
are those that respond quickly to changing economic forces, changing
nonagricultural as well as agricultural—and shifts in milk supply
and demand factors.
firms operating in a well-defined area, or multinational (global
a presence in multiple regions or areas.
supplying milk and dairy products in different countries and the prospects
roduction process.
multinational dairy firms, with the most prominent being :
Nestlé (Switzerland),
Arla Foods (Denmark-Sweden),
Danone (France),
he Fonterra Co-operative Group (New Zealand),
Lactalis (France),
Unilever (Netherlands-U.K), and
Kraft Foods (U.S.).
pproaches.
cultivated local demand.
Purchase of local brands is another option.
A strategy that employs all of these approaches enables multinationals to
reduce price risks and market volatility.
While multinationals are most active in stable, well-established markets,
s in recent years.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
s often been called a dumping ground for
country consumers wanting to
country markets seeking specialty products
kets everywhere are being shaped by consumer demands, the
omic forces, changing
and shifts in milk supply
defined area, or multinational (global) firms with
t countries and the prospects
ys all of these approaches enables multinationals to
established markets,

Have long viewed the U.S. with its large and affluent market as an
opportunity. Since trade opportunities are limited by trade
impediments, multinationals have chosen to make direct
investments.
Led by firms based in the European Union (EU), foreign direct
investment in the U
Nestlé and Unilever have gained a major stake in the U.S. ice cream
industry through purchases of U.S. brands.
Together, they account for a
sales in the U.S.
Several French companies
Bongrain—are involved in U.S. yogurt and cheese markets.
Yoplait, a premier brand of Sodiaal, has been licensed to General Mills,
while the Président brand of cheese is a Lactalis product manufactured in
Wisconsin and California.
Dairy products available on the market range from
basic raw milk to fairly standardized “commodity”
products to an array of higher valued products that
have only recently gained wider market presence.
Historically, when trade is the issue, both within and
between countries, the commodity products
nonfat dry milk, and butter
These were the products that could best withstand the
rigors of transport. However, factors such as the
emergence of sophisticated milk components as
ingredients, greater emphasis on cheese variety
(including brands), recognition of well
international product markets, development of manufacturing processes
that lengthen shelf
changed the way firms assess both domestic and global dairy
marketplaces.
These changes in global dairy market
significant market intervention by some of the world’s leading dairy
product importers and exporters.
Many countries maintain border and domestic support measures of various
types for their dairy sectors
Dairy policies around the world are changing slowly, primarily as a result
of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations.
The dominant border measures now in place are tariffs or tariff
systems, and they are at the core of many issues surrounding market
access.
Domestic dairy policies include mainly price support and institutionalized
pricing systems, policies that have been called trade distorting in many
circles.
)16Page (
opportunity. Since trade opportunities are limited by trade
impediments, multinationals have chosen to make direct
d by firms based in the European Union (EU), foreign direct
investment in the U.S. now stands at about $5 billion.
industry through purchases of U.S. brands.
Together, they account for about 30 percent of supermarket ice cream
Several French companies—Fromageries Bel, Sodiaal, Lactalis, and
are involved in U.S. yogurt and cheese markets.
Wisconsin and California.
Dairy products available on the market range from
basic raw milk to fairly standardized “commodity”
array of higher valued products that
have only recently gained wider market presence.
Historically, when trade is the issue, both within and
between countries, the commodity products—cheese,
nonfat dry milk, and butter—have held center stage.
e the products that could best withstand the
rigors of transport. However, factors such as the
emergence of sophisticated milk components as
ingredients, greater emphasis on cheese variety
(including brands), recognition of well-defined local, national, an
that lengthen shelf-life, and improved transportation systems have
These changes in global dairy markets are taking place in the context of
product importers and exporters.
types for their dairy sectors.
es around the world are changing slowly, primarily as a result
of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations.
The dominant border measures now in place are tariffs or tariff
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
d by firms based in the European Union (EU), foreign direct
percent of supermarket ice cream
Fromageries Bel, Sodiaal, Lactalis, and
defined local, national, and even
life, and improved transportation systems have
s are taking place in the context of
es around the world are changing slowly, primarily as a result
The dominant border measures now in place are tariffs or tariff-rate quota

Dairy Products
Fluid Milk
Egg Nog
Cheese
Butter
Yogurt
Ice Cream
Powdered Milk
Whey Powder
Butter Powder
Meat
Leather goods
Fertilizers
Cosmetics
The variety of products resulting from the milk.
Fluid milk is available in several varieties
Skim Milk (0% fat), 1%,
(approximately 3.5%).
Raw milk
Is separated into skim milk and cream, and then re
blended to a standard fat content for each product.
Because cows' milk averages more than
extra cream is used to make other liquid products like
whipping cream, half and half, and eggnog or it is
manufactured into butter or ice cream.
Fluid milk in the U.S. is pasteurized (milk is pasteurized
by rapidly heating it to 72
seconds, and then quickly cooling) to kill potentially
harmful bacteria.
Fluid milk is also homogenized (fat
dispersed so they do not float to the top) and is
fortified with vitamins A and D, which along with the
absorbable calcium naturally in milk are needed for
strong healthy bones and teeth.
Over the most recent two decades, fluid milk
consumption per capita has declined, and sales of low
fat milk have increased relative to whole milk.
Recent innovative marketing of convenient single
servings of milk and introduction of a wide variety of
milk flavors have increased sales of individual servings
)17Page (
The variety of products resulting from the milk.
Fluid milk is available in several varieties
, 2%, and Whole
d into skim milk and cream, and then re-
blended to a standard fat content for each product.
milk averages more than 3.5% fat, the
extra cream is used to make other liquid products like
whipping cream, half and half, and eggnog or it is
actured into butter or ice cream.
Fluid milk in the U.S. is pasteurized (milk is pasteurized
72 - 75 °C for 15 to 20
seconds, and then quickly cooling) to kill potentially
Fluid milk is also homogenized (fat droplets are
dispersed so they do not float to the top) and is
fortified with vitamins A and D, which along with the
absorbable calcium naturally in milk are needed for
strong healthy bones and teeth.
Over the most recent two decades, fluid milk
on per capita has declined, and sales of low-
fat milk have increased relative to whole milk.
Recent innovative marketing of convenient single
servings of milk and introduction of a wide variety of
milk flavors have increased sales of individual servings.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬

WHOLE MILK POWDER
World
New Zealand
European Union *
Argentina
Australia
SKIM MILK POWDER
World
United States
New Zealand
European Union *
Australia
BUTTER
World
New Zealand
European Union *
Australia
Belarus
CHEESE
World
European Union *
New Zealand
Australia
Belarus
* Excluding trade between the European Union Member States.
Domestic Dairy Policies in Key Global Market
The Interface between
For dairy industries in individual countries, the first priority is to provide an
adequate supply of milk to satisfy domestic market needs, first the fluid
market, and then manufactured pro
Domestic dairy policies
promote milk production in a
they have promoted surplus
Those surpluses are available for export
which they are termed trade distorting.
By explicitly including agricultural trade and domestic agricultural support
policies in its negotiations, the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) open
debates during trade talks that often centered on domestic dairy policies
and programs.
)18Page (
2007 2008 Preliminary 2009
Thousand tonnes
WHOLE MILK POWDER
1 757 1 849 1
680 607
366 484
115 120
116 107
KIM MILK POWDER
1 145 1 201 1
255 400
281 242
201 179
134 112
852 809
361 325
210 150
66 56
50 55
1 818 1 751 1
594 546
309 247
218 211
92 101
between Domestic Dairy Policies and Dairy Trade
market, and then manufactured product markets.
Domestic dairy policies and programs are generally mechanisms to
promote milk production in a country, but in some cases around the world
they have promoted surplus production above domestic needs.
Those surpluses are available for export but may also impede imports
which they are termed trade distorting.
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) opened the door for several contentious
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
Forecast
1 826
686
386
107
109
1 186
350
278
180
115
798
338
150
58
60
1 776
536
284
215
110
Policies and Dairy Trade
and programs are generally mechanisms to
country, but in some cases around the world
production above domestic needs.
but may also impede imports—for
ed the door for several contentious

As evidenced by these discussions, firms interested in greater international
market participation may benefit from an assessment
domestic dairy policies and programs as they interface with dairy trade
policies.
As the global dairy industry continues to evolve, it is important to
determine
those countries for which the interface between international dairy trade
and domestic dairy policy is an issue.
The top five countries or
Imports, and exports of
powder.
Almost all countries
and at least two countries have both.
The bottom line in the table identifies four countries
with significant institutional structures, other than
tariffs and TRQs, in place
industry support:
The EU, Canada, Ja
Years—a 7-percent reduction per year in
a 4-percent reduction in
For nonfat dry milk, the price reductions are uniform
at 5 percent per Year
that actually did occur.
A limit has been established for annual intervention
purchases of 30,000
2004 and reduced by
The EU will make direct payments, which may be coupled to milk
production or not, to cover lost rev
)19Page (
market participation may benefit from an assessment of the effects of
domestic dairy policy is an issue.
top five countries or areas of the world for production, consumption,
mports, and exports of butter, cheese, nonfat dry milk, and whole milk
Almost all countries have tariffs or tariff-rate quota (TRQ) systems in place
countries have both.
The bottom line in the table identifies four countries
with significant institutional structures, other than
tariffs and TRQs, in place to provide domestic dairy
industry support:
EU, Canada, Japan, and the United States.
percent reduction per year in 2005-07 and
percent reduction in 2008.
For nonfat dry milk, the price reductions are uniform
Year from 2004 to 2006, reductions
that actually did occur.
een established for annual intervention
30,000 tons of butter by 2008, starting from 70,000
and reduced by 10,000 tons annually.
not, to cover lost revenues due to price reductions.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
of the effects of
areas of the world for production, consumption,
butter, cheese, nonfat dry milk, and whole milk
systems in place
70,000 tons in
enues due to price reductions.

Member states may make
provided by the EU
(noncommodity-specific) single farm
The EU
The EU increased its population by
percent and its arable land by nearly
Other countries are also scheduled for
membership, including Romania and Bulgaria in
2007.
The ongoing changes in the EU will result in its
having a larger pre
in global agricultural markets, but whether it will
be an importing or
products is to be determined.
Canada
Canadian dairy policy rests first and foremost on the supply management
system implemented in the mid
All current programs are designed
Both the Federal and the Provincial
regulating milk markets.
Canada has several other programs in place that address seasonality,
domestic dairy product innovat
the provision of milk components through a special use permit for use in
manufactured products.
A revenue pooling system in place since
revenues from all milk sales, fluid and indust
factors, to be used to establish blend prices for
Canada also employs a purchase program for butter and skim
that establishes reference (support) prices for milk used in
products.
Canada implemented several TRQs for dairy products under the terms of
the World Trade Organization
butter.
Approximately two
(Canadian Dairy Commission
Japan
Dairy policies in Japan emphasize self
production through milk supply controls and direct producer
support.
There are two milk markets
manufacturing milk.
)20Page (
Member states may make additional payments from a national budget
provided by the EU. In 2008, dairy payments will be incorporated into the
specific) single farm payment (Kelch and Normile
he EU increased its population by nearly 30
percent and its arable land by nearly 40 percent.
are also scheduled for
membership, including Romania and Bulgaria in
The ongoing changes in the EU will result in its
having a larger presence
in global agricultural markets, but whether it will
be an importing or exporting area for various
products is to be determined.
system implemented in the mid-1970s.
current programs are designed with this system as the backdrop.
Both the Federal and the Provincial Governments are involved in
regulating milk markets.
domestic dairy product innovation, the marketing of dairy ingredients, and
manufactured products.
A revenue pooling system in place since 1996 serves as a means for
revenues from all milk sales, fluid and industrial, adjusted by several
factors, to be used to establish blend prices for producers.
Canada also employs a purchase program for butter and skim
that establishes reference (support) prices for milk used in manufactured
mented several TRQs for dairy products under the terms of
World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994, the primary TRQ being for
Approximately two-thirds of the butter TRQ is allocated to New
Canadian Dairy Commission, 2005).
y policies in Japan emphasize self-sufficiency in milk and dairy
production through milk supply controls and direct producer
There are two milk markets—one for drinking milk and one for
manufacturing milk.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
additional payments from a national budget
payments will be incorporated into the
Kelch and Normile, 2004).
with this system as the backdrop.
Governments are involved in
ion, the marketing of dairy ingredients, and
serves as a means for
adjusted by several
Canada also employs a purchase program for butter and skim milk powder
manufactured
mented several TRQs for dairy products under the terms of
the primary TRQ being for
thirds of the butter TRQ is allocated to New Zealand
sufficiency in milk and dairy product
income
one for

The quantity of flui
producers and allocated to regional members
quota and face penalties if they exceed it.
Manufacturing milk constitutes about
and Roberts, 2001
milk to be used for cheese production.
Quota participation is voluntary,
payments for milk produced
produced over their quota.
The direct payment system replaced a deficiency payment system in
Japan initiated an income stabilization program for milk producers in
to reduce the effects of dairy product price declines.
The Agriculture and Livestock In
enterprise, is authorized to stabilize dairy product prices by market
intervention and stockpiling
2005).
United States
U.S. milk producers have received government support since
Current domestic programs include milk price support, the Federal milk
marketing order system, and direct payments under the Milk Income Loss
Contract (MILC) program.
Dairy policies and programs have been modified
economic relationships over time, but underlying general
remain the same: ensure the orderly marketing of an adequate
fresh wholesome milk to meet consumer demands at reasonable
and provide adequate returns to milk producers (Manchester a
2001).
WTO commitments in
industry.
Legislation in 1996
proposed fundamental changes in domestic dairy policies and programs
that, if implemented, wo
The Dairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP), a program for subsidizing
certain dairy product
end of the price support program was proposed. Milk price support never
actually ended. It
was revived in its more traditional “permanent” form in
Payment program for milk producers, MILC, was authorized with payments
First made in 2003
The DEIP was continued still subject to the reduced
the WTO.
)21Page (
The quantity of fluid milk is set by a national board of designated milk
producers and allocated to regional members who voluntarily accept their
quota and face penalties if they exceed it.
Manufacturing milk constitutes about 40 percent of total production
2001) and is subject to a formal quota system,
milk to be used for cheese production.
Quota participation is voluntary, and those who participate receive direct
payments for milk produced within their quota and no payment for milk
ver their quota.
direct payment system replaced a deficiency payment system in
Japan initiated an income stabilization program for milk producers in
to reduce the effects of dairy product price declines.
The Agriculture and Livestock Industries Corporation, a state trade
intervention and stockpiling when necessary (Obara, Dyck, and Stout,
U.S. milk producers have received government support since
Contract (MILC) program.
Dairy policies and programs have been modified to meet changing
elationships over time, but underlying general objectives
remain the same: ensure the orderly marketing of an adequate
fresh wholesome milk to meet consumer demands at reasonable
and provide adequate returns to milk producers (Manchester a
WTO commitments in 1994 had immediate implications for the U
1996 addressed meeting the WTO commitments and
if implemented, would reduce trade-distorting support.
Incentive Program (DEIP), a program for subsidizing
certain dairy product exports, was limited by WTO commitments, and the
support program was proposed. Milk price support never
was revived in its more traditional “permanent” form in 2002
program for milk producers, MILC, was authorized with payments
2003.
The DEIP was continued still subject to the reduced Levels agreed to under
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
board of designated milk
who voluntarily accept their
percent of total production (Bull
, except for
and those who participate receive direct
within their quota and no payment for milk
direct payment system replaced a deficiency payment system in 2001.
Japan initiated an income stabilization program for milk producers in 2001
dustries Corporation, a state trade
when necessary (Obara, Dyck, and Stout,
U.S. milk producers have received government support since the 1930s.
to meet changing
objectives
remain the same: ensure the orderly marketing of an adequate supply of
fresh wholesome milk to meet consumer demands at reasonable prices
and provide adequate returns to milk producers (Manchester and Blayney,
had immediate implications for the U.S. dairy
addressed meeting the WTO commitments and
distorting support.
Incentive Program (DEIP), a program for subsidizing
exports, was limited by WTO commitments, and the
support program was proposed. Milk price support never
2002, and a direct
program for milk producers, MILC, was authorized with payments
agreed to under

Dairy-Trading Nations
Most of the remaining countries that appear as major dairy product exporters
or importers have few or no domestic dairy policies or programs.
Are long-time international dairy market participants.
New Zealand has not had significant agricultural support of any kind
since the mid-1980
The Australian dairy industry generally has been more
efforts to tie its agricultural industries to internatio
domestic dairy policy changes
market pricing was reformed.
Brazil and Argentina
Countries such as Brazil and Argentina are relatively new participants in
international dairy
unknown.
However, they are clearly recognized as potential key suppliers and have
relatively unregulated domestic industries.
Other importing and exporting relationships
proximity and possi
Domestic dairy policies and programs in key trading areas or nations are
still a significant determinant of global dairy product flows.
Dairy industry representatives
concerns in statements
• market access (including administration
• export subsidies, and
• change in existing domestic
Milk producers, processors, product manufacturers,
firms in other countries have generally expressed the same
to different degrees.
Assessments of dairy trade liberalization
of domestic policies and programs, dairy
subsidies.
Dairy Markets Review
Global dairy markets have experienced substantial price swings over the
last two years. In
rise to a record increase in world prices across the f
However, this was then followed by an even more dramatic collapse in
world dairy product prices over the last
Numerous factors, on both the demand side and the supply side, played a
role in the evolution of world dair
)22e (Pag
Trading Nations with Little Domestic Support
or importers have few or no domestic dairy policies or programs.
ternational dairy market participants.
1980s.
The Australian dairy industry generally has been more protected, but
efforts to tie its agricultural industries to international markets
domestic dairy policy changes—the most recent in 2000 when fluid
market pricing was reformed.
dairy-market exporting, and their long-term prospects are
unregulated domestic industries.
Other importing and exporting relationships seem to be based on regional
proximity and possibly former political ties.
significant determinant of global dairy product flows.
Dairy industry representatives in the United States emphasize three major
ements regarding international dairy trade:
market access (including administration of border measures),
export subsidies, and
change in existing domestic dairy support programs.
Milk producers, processors, product manufacturers, and dairy marketing
irms in other countries have generally expressed the same concern
to different degrees.
Assessments of dairy trade liberalization often posit complete elimination
of domestic policies and programs, dairy border measures, and export
Markets Review - Overview of current market situation
In 2007 and early 2008, a range of factors initially gave
rise to a record increase in world prices across the full dairy product range.
world dairy product prices over the last 12 months.
role in the evolution of world dairy prices over the last three years.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
protected, but
nal markets have led to
when fluid milk
term prospects are
seem to be based on regional
in the United States emphasize three major
of border measures),
and dairy marketing
concern—but
often posit complete elimination
border measures, and export
Overview of current market situation
a range of factors initially gave
ull dairy product range.
y prices over the last three years.

World milk production has fallen since
impacting production in Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and Ukraine,
while some countries also placed restriction on exports to world markets
as a means of dampening domestic food price inflation.
On the demand side, strong global consumption growth had been a
consistent trend in dairy markets in the current decade.
Rapid economic growth in developing economies and in crude oil exporting
countries stimulated demand for dairy products. In addition, population
growth, increased
have also boosted consumption.
In 2007 dairy producers temporarily experienced an income boom
costs remained relati
decoupled compensation became available for the price drop that had
been expected under the Mid Term Review.
As energy costs rose and the development of the biofuels sector
continued, a surge in farm i
2008 this offset the benefits for producers that the initial increase in dairy
prices provided.
The next stage in the process saw a negative reaction in consumer and
food ingredient demand to the increase in
2008.
Dairy product consumption per capita dropped around the world as
consumers increasingly sought out value by buying cheaper products and
smaller packets and by reducing domestic food waste through better
monitoring of use by dates.
The economic and financial crisis which began to emerge in mid
added further complexity to the dairy market picture.
As income growth stalled in the face of recession, dairy product
consumption contracted and global dairy prices fell
second half of 2008
The report focuses on the global dairy product production and consumption
outlook and how this is likely to
European Union
In spite of the pres
characterized by an excess of production over consumption.
In 2008 EU milk self
Third country imports are small relative to total consumption and are
limited by tariffs barriers, which protect the EU market and allow internal
EU prices to exceed prices on the world market.
Nevertheless, special import arrangements allow for a range of imports
into the EU by other dairy exporters
butter, 4,000 tonnes of cheese for processing and
cheddar, all at reduced tariffs.
Australia has 500 tonnes of cheese for processing and
cheddar also at reduced tariffs
cheddar, again at reduced ta
there are several non
covering 11,360 tonnes of butter
69,000 tonnes of skimmed milk powder
There are numerous bilater
other countries, normally at zero duties.
)23Page (
World milk production has fallen since 2005, with unfavourable weather
means of dampening domestic food price inflation.
consistent trend in dairy markets in the current decade.
stimulated demand for dairy products. In addition, population
growth, increased urbanization and the adoption of western eating habits
have also boosted consumption.
dairy producers temporarily experienced an income boom
costs remained relatively stable while milk prices increased. In addition,
been expected under the Mid Term Review.
continued, a surge in farm input prices followed and in the latter half of
this offset the benefits for producers that the initial increase in dairy
food ingredient demand to the increase in dairy prices over the course of
use by dates.
The economic and financial crisis which began to emerge in mid
added further complexity to the dairy market picture.
consumption contracted and global dairy prices fell dramatically in the
2008.
outlook and how this is likely to evolve in the period to 2015.
In spite of the presence of milk production quotas, the EU dairy market is
by an excess of production over consumption.
EU milk self-sufficiency was 109 per cent.
barriers, which protect the EU market and allow internal
EU prices to exceed prices on the world market.
into the EU by other dairy exporters: New Zealand has 75,000
tonnes of cheese for processing and 7,000 tonnes of
cheddar, all at reduced tariffs.
tonnes of cheese for processing and 3,711
cheddar also at reduced tariffs, while Canada has 4,000 tonnes of
cheddar, again at reduced tariffs. In addition to the above concessions,
there are several non-country specific quotas for reduced import tariffs
tonnes of butter; 84,000 tonnes of assorted cheeses and
tonnes of skimmed milk powder.
There are numerous bilateral trade arrangements between the EU and
other countries, normally at zero duties.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
with unfavourable weather
stimulated demand for dairy products. In addition, population
and the adoption of western eating habits
dairy producers temporarily experienced an income boom, as
vely stable while milk prices increased. In addition,
nput prices followed and in the latter half of
this offset the benefits for producers that the initial increase in dairy
dairy prices over the course of
The economic and financial crisis which began to emerge in mid 2008,
dramatically in the
ence of milk production quotas, the EU dairy market is
by an excess of production over consumption.
barriers, which protect the EU market and allow internal
75,000 tonnes of
tonnes of
3,711 tonnes of
tonnes of
riffs. In addition to the above concessions,
country specific quotas for reduced import tariffs
tonnes of assorted cheeses and
al trade arrangements between the EU and

These cover cheese from Norway and South Africa as well as miscellaneous
concessions to Switzerland, Turkey and ACP countries.
Exports subsidies have been used by the EU
excess production to third countries at prices that are lower than internal EU
prices. Intervention is used at times of market weakness to remove additional
volumes from the market when consumption is depressed.
The Mid Term Review (MTR) of the CAP and the Health Check which
reduced the level of intervention support and set in train a process of milk
quota removal.
Some 40 per cent of the EU milk supply is used for cheese producƟon and a
further 30 per cent is used
These two product areas have been the drivers of growth in dairy
consumpƟon in the EU over the last decade. The remaining 30 per cent of EU
milk production is mainly used in the manufacture of butter, powders and
casein.
Due to higher than anticipated international demand, it has only been in the
laƩer half of 2008 and into 2009 that producer prices have fallen below the
price levels that prevailed at the time of the MTR negotiations.
The decrease in producer milk prices in 200
monthly milk production around the EU.
In spite of the increases in the EU milk quota the monthly production profile
in the 2008/09 quota year is only slightly ahead of the 2008/09 quota level.
Weak domestic consumption and expo
extended intervention measures and a restoration of dairy export subsidies,
which had been set to zero by the EU Commission in 2007.
Within the EU the impact of the recession and the downturn in international
dairy prices is being felt at present and EU intervention stocks are building.
EU buƩer stocks at almost 80,00 tones are equivalent to about 4 per cent of
EU annual producƟon, while EU skimmed milk powder stocks at 250,000
tonnes are close to 30 per cent of annual E
The impact of intervention purchases and export
term is to prevent an even greater decline in EU producer milk prices.
However, stockpiled intervention products have to be released to the market
at some future point.
The EU Commission's selling off strategy for these stocks will influence
market prices over the short term.
The short term outlook for the EU dairy sector is that production will be
below milk quota in 2009/10, that stocks will conƟnu
rest of calendar year 2009, and that any recovery in EU prices is likely to be
very gradual.
The presence of substantial intervention stocks will delay the recovery in EU
prices, even when international prices begin to rise.
Depending on the supply response to the current low prices this situation
may persist into 2010.
)24Page (
concessions to Switzerland, Turkey and ACP countries.
Exports subsidies have been used by the EU to make it possible to export
volumes from the market when consumption is depressed.
Review (MTR) of the CAP and the Health Check which
further 30 per cent is used in fresh dairy products.
higher than anticipated international demand, it has only been in the
The decrease in producer milk prices in 2008/09 has had an impact on
monthly milk production around the EU.
Weak domestic consumption and exports in 2008 and 2009 have led to
which had been set to zero by the EU Commission in 2007.
is being felt at present and EU intervention stocks are building.
tonnes are close to 30 per cent of annual EU producƟon (August 2009).
The impact of intervention purchases and export subsidization
some future point.
market prices over the short term.
below milk quota in 2009/10, that stocks will conƟnue to feature through the
prices, even when international prices begin to rise.
ending on the supply response to the current low prices this situation
may persist into 2010.
‫اد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ا‬
to make it possible to export
Review (MTR) of the CAP and the Health Check which followed
higher than anticipated international demand, it has only been in the
8/09 has had an impact on
rts in 2008 and 2009 have led to
is being felt at present and EU intervention stocks are building.
U producƟon (August 2009).
over the short
e to feature through the
ending on the supply response to the current low prices this situation

Global dairy market report 2010

Global dairy market report 2010

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