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Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in ocean environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and arthropods like crustaceans. Many are filter feeders that eat plankton or detritus and play important ecological roles in ocean ecosystems.
Coral reef presentation
This document summarizes key information about coral reefs. It defines coral reefs as mounds or ridges composed of living coral, coral skeletons, and other organisms' deposits. Coral reefs originated in the mid-18th century and are found throughout tropical oceans between 30 degrees north and south latitude. Coral reefs are under threat from climate change and pollution and play an important role in biodiversity, coastal protection, medicine, and tourism.
Cnidarians
The document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, which includes animals like hydra, jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones. Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity for digestion, and stinging cells called nematocysts. They can be either solitary polyps attached to the sea floor or free-swimming medusae. Corals secrete calcium carbonate cups and form coral reefs in warm, salty waters. Jellyfish are free-swimming cnidarians with an umbrella-shaped body.
Coral Reef Ecosystem - Background Information
Coral reefs are formed by coral polyps, which are small marine invertebrates related to jellyfish and anemones. Coral polyps secrete calcium carbonate to build protective structures called coralites. Over time, the accumulation of coralites forms three types of reef structures: fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs separated from shorelines by lagoons, and atolls surrounding central lagoons. Coral reefs provide habitat for many species but are threatened by rising water temperatures and pollution.
Endangerd marine mammals and sea birds
This presentation is on Endangerd species of marine mammals and marine birds. Explain about bioligy,habitat,reproduction,threats and conservations of the animals.
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
Officers and Crew in the Deck Department
The document discusses the deck department onboard vessels. It describes the deck department as the organizational unit responsible for maintaining the ship's hull, cargo gear, accommodation, life saving and firefighting appliances. It outlines the roles of the master, chief officer, second officer, third officer, deck cadet, boatswain, able seaman, and ordinary seaman who make up the deck officers and ratings in the deck department. Their key duties are also summarized such as navigation, safety, cargo operations, and vessel maintenance.
Marine Pollution
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of harmful substances into the ocean by human activity. The largest sources are land-based, especially nonpoint source pollution. It also outlines the roles of key international organizations like IMO and conventions like MARPOL, LC, and LP in regulating marine dumping and discharges from ships. The case of Mauritius v. UK demonstrates how an MPA was established over Chagos Archipelago against Mauritius' claims, violating their sovereignty and human rights.
Recommended
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in ocean environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and arthropods like crustaceans. Many are filter feeders that eat plankton or detritus and play important ecological roles in ocean ecosystems.
Coral reef presentation
This document summarizes key information about coral reefs. It defines coral reefs as mounds or ridges composed of living coral, coral skeletons, and other organisms' deposits. Coral reefs originated in the mid-18th century and are found throughout tropical oceans between 30 degrees north and south latitude. Coral reefs are under threat from climate change and pollution and play an important role in biodiversity, coastal protection, medicine, and tourism.
Cnidarians
The document discusses the phylum Cnidaria, which includes animals like hydra, jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones. Cnidarians have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity for digestion, and stinging cells called nematocysts. They can be either solitary polyps attached to the sea floor or free-swimming medusae. Corals secrete calcium carbonate cups and form coral reefs in warm, salty waters. Jellyfish are free-swimming cnidarians with an umbrella-shaped body.
Coral Reef Ecosystem - Background Information
Coral reefs are formed by coral polyps, which are small marine invertebrates related to jellyfish and anemones. Coral polyps secrete calcium carbonate to build protective structures called coralites. Over time, the accumulation of coralites forms three types of reef structures: fringing reefs near shorelines, barrier reefs separated from shorelines by lagoons, and atolls surrounding central lagoons. Coral reefs provide habitat for many species but are threatened by rising water temperatures and pollution.
Endangerd marine mammals and sea birds
This presentation is on Endangerd species of marine mammals and marine birds. Explain about bioligy,habitat,reproduction,threats and conservations of the animals.
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
Officers and Crew in the Deck Department
The document discusses the deck department onboard vessels. It describes the deck department as the organizational unit responsible for maintaining the ship's hull, cargo gear, accommodation, life saving and firefighting appliances. It outlines the roles of the master, chief officer, second officer, third officer, deck cadet, boatswain, able seaman, and ordinary seaman who make up the deck officers and ratings in the deck department. Their key duties are also summarized such as navigation, safety, cargo operations, and vessel maintenance.
Marine Pollution
The document discusses various types and sources of marine pollution. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of harmful substances into the ocean by human activity. The largest sources are land-based, especially nonpoint source pollution. It also outlines the roles of key international organizations like IMO and conventions like MARPOL, LC, and LP in regulating marine dumping and discharges from ships. The case of Mauritius v. UK demonstrates how an MPA was established over Chagos Archipelago against Mauritius' claims, violating their sovereignty and human rights.
Mangroves introduction
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical coastal intertidal regions where freshwater mixes with seawater. They provide natural capital and ecosystem services such as protecting coastlines from floods and storms. While clearing mangroves for wood or shrimp farming can generate under $10,000 per hectare, retaining mangroves and accounting for their flood protection services can value them at over $16,000 per hectare, demonstrating the economic importance of valuing natural capital. Mangroves play a key role in coastal ecosystems and economies.
Class Cephalopoda Notes
Cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, and nautiloids are examples of cephalopods, which are head-foot mollusks named for having their head situated directly above their foot-like mantle. Cephalopods are the most complex mollusks and invertebrates, having closed circulatory systems and, except for nautiloids, no external shell. They propel themselves using jet propulsion from their mantle cavity and many have internal shells like the cuttlebone to provide buoyancy.
Orcas
The killer whale, or orca, is the largest member of the dolphin family. They have distinctive black and white coloring and large fins and tails. Males can reach over 20 feet long and weigh up to 12,000 pounds, while females are typically smaller. Killer whales hunt in packs and pass behaviors and accents down to their offspring. They have rarely attacked humans in the wild, with most incidents occurring among captive whales, such as the male orca Tilikum who has fathered 21 calves but also been involved in three human deaths.
Life In The Ocean
The document summarizes life in the oceans across three dimensions. It discusses how oceans cover most of the planet's surface and contain a diversity of environments. Upwellings of nutrient-rich water from the ocean depths fuel high productivity along western coasts. Primary production varies globally and is limited by factors like temperature, sunlight, salinity, and nutrient availability. Life in the oceans includes plankton throughout the water column, benthic organisms along the seafloor, and nekton capable of independent movement against currents.
Phylum cnidaria
This document summarizes key information about the phylum Cnidaria, focusing on four classes: Hydrozoa, Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa. It outlines their shared traits of radial symmetry, carnivorous diet, and ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. It also describes the polyp and medusa life stages and body plan consisting of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacles. Details are provided on nematocyst stinging cells and specific characteristics of corals, anemones, jellyfish, and hydrozoans.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Exclusive Economic Zones of India
This document summarizes India's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and its mineral potential. It states that India has an EEZ of about 2.0134 million square km along its 7,500 km coastline, which contains many living and nonliving resources. Some key mineral occurrences in the EEZ include ilmenite placer deposits along the western coast, phosphate deposits along the western coast and near the Andaman Islands, cobalt and manganese crusts in the Andaman Sea, and potential hydrothermal mineralization and calcareous deposits in the Andaman Sea and around the Lakshadweep Islands.
Jellyfish
This document provides an overview of jellyfish. It describes jellyfish as invertebrate ocean animals with gel-like bodies and tentacles. They move using water expelled from their bell-shaped bodies and waves. Jellyfish eat smaller fish and plankton, catching prey with their stinging tentacles. They can live in hot or cold ocean waters around the world. The document also includes a poem about jellyfish and their features.
Lecture 6 Intertidal Zones
There are different types of intertidal zones including rocky shores, sandy beaches, and mangrove swamps. Each habitat presents unique challenges for organisms to adapt to, such as shifting sands or exposure to air and waves. The intertidal zone can be further divided into subzones from the spray zone to the lower intertidal zone. Organisms in each subzone have developed adaptations like thick shells or burrowing to survive in their particular environment and deal with changes from tides.
Phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses the key defining characteristics of molluscs such as the mantle, radula, and foot. It describes the diverse range of mollusc classes including chitons, snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses. The text also covers mollusc anatomy, physiology, feeding habits, habitats, fossil records, taxonomy, reproduction and their interactions with humans.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
Crinoids & Sea star notes
Crinoids were very common in warm, shallow seas in the past. Their stems are abundant as fossils around Cincinnati, and entire specimens can sometimes be found in limestones near Brookville Lake. Sea lilies are living crinoids that remain in tropical seas, using their arms to capture plankton for food. Sea stars, while commonly called starfish, are not fish and live in diverse colors and shapes, using tube feet and a water vascular system to feed on bivalve mollusks.
Coral reefs
This document summarizes coral reef biology and threats facing coral reef ecosystems. It describes the structure and formation of coral reefs, the requirements for coral growth, and different types of reefs. Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. While coral reefs support significant biodiversity and provide economic value, they are threatened by overfishing, pollution, coastal development, climate change, and other human impacts. Protecting coral reefs through marine protected areas is important for conserving these fragile ecosystems.
Design of a Pleasure Craft with Catamaran Hull
Final Year Graduation Project Presentation for Bachelor's Degree (Naval Architecture) in Myanmar Maritime University. November 2012.
Major fishing nation of the world
- Global marine fisheries production was around 82-79 million tonnes annually from 2011-2012, excluding highly variable anchoveta catches. Total global fisheries production has remained relatively stable around 91 million tonnes annually since 1998.
- Eighteen countries account for over 76% of global marine catches, with 11 located in Asia, including Russia which fishes more in the Pacific than Atlantic.
- India has a marine fisheries production of around 2.5 million tonnes annually, contributing over a quarter of the Indian Ocean's landings. The top producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution occurs when harmful substances are discharged into water bodies. Chemicals can accumulate up food chains and cause mutations and disease in marine life and humans. Major sources include point sources like factories and non-point sources like rainfall. Specific types of marine pollution include oil pollution, plastic debris, eutrophication, acidification, and toxins. Several international organizations and laws aim to reduce marine pollution and protect oceans.
Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...
1. The document discusses food chains and food webs in marine and freshwater ecology. It explains the trophic levels and differences between food chains and complex food webs.
2. It also compares freshwater and marine fish, noting differences in their habitat, species, and physiology. Freshwater fish live in environments with less salinity while marine fish require saltwater.
3. Additionally, the document talks about Saudi Aramco's efforts to promote biodiversity through artificial reefs deployed in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea. Over 3,000 reef blocks have increased species numbers and productivity at sites like Manifa and Jubail.
Sandy shore animals amazing features
Sandy shore animals possess unique features as a result of the harsh, dynamic, and volatile physio-chemical characteristics of sandy shore
Marine Mammals
Marine mammals are warm-blooded and air-breathing, with hair or fur and mammary glands to feed live young. They are divided into three main categories: Carnivora like seals, sea lions, and walruses; Sirenia like manatees and dugongs; and Cetacea including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetacea are further divided into toothed whales like dolphins and sperm whales, and baleen whales which filter feed using baleen plates. Marine mammals have various adaptations for living in the ocean like blubber for insulation and streamlined bodies for fast swimming.
Fish morphology - fish fins
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
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Mangroves introduction
Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical coastal intertidal regions where freshwater mixes with seawater. They provide natural capital and ecosystem services such as protecting coastlines from floods and storms. While clearing mangroves for wood or shrimp farming can generate under $10,000 per hectare, retaining mangroves and accounting for their flood protection services can value them at over $16,000 per hectare, demonstrating the economic importance of valuing natural capital. Mangroves play a key role in coastal ecosystems and economies.
Class Cephalopoda Notes
Cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, and nautiloids are examples of cephalopods, which are head-foot mollusks named for having their head situated directly above their foot-like mantle. Cephalopods are the most complex mollusks and invertebrates, having closed circulatory systems and, except for nautiloids, no external shell. They propel themselves using jet propulsion from their mantle cavity and many have internal shells like the cuttlebone to provide buoyancy.
Orcas
The killer whale, or orca, is the largest member of the dolphin family. They have distinctive black and white coloring and large fins and tails. Males can reach over 20 feet long and weigh up to 12,000 pounds, while females are typically smaller. Killer whales hunt in packs and pass behaviors and accents down to their offspring. They have rarely attacked humans in the wild, with most incidents occurring among captive whales, such as the male orca Tilikum who has fathered 21 calves but also been involved in three human deaths.
Life In The Ocean
The document summarizes life in the oceans across three dimensions. It discusses how oceans cover most of the planet's surface and contain a diversity of environments. Upwellings of nutrient-rich water from the ocean depths fuel high productivity along western coasts. Primary production varies globally and is limited by factors like temperature, sunlight, salinity, and nutrient availability. Life in the oceans includes plankton throughout the water column, benthic organisms along the seafloor, and nekton capable of independent movement against currents.
Phylum cnidaria
This document summarizes key information about the phylum Cnidaria, focusing on four classes: Hydrozoa, Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa. It outlines their shared traits of radial symmetry, carnivorous diet, and ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. It also describes the polyp and medusa life stages and body plan consisting of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacles. Details are provided on nematocyst stinging cells and specific characteristics of corals, anemones, jellyfish, and hydrozoans.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Exclusive Economic Zones of India
This document summarizes India's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and its mineral potential. It states that India has an EEZ of about 2.0134 million square km along its 7,500 km coastline, which contains many living and nonliving resources. Some key mineral occurrences in the EEZ include ilmenite placer deposits along the western coast, phosphate deposits along the western coast and near the Andaman Islands, cobalt and manganese crusts in the Andaman Sea, and potential hydrothermal mineralization and calcareous deposits in the Andaman Sea and around the Lakshadweep Islands.
Jellyfish
This document provides an overview of jellyfish. It describes jellyfish as invertebrate ocean animals with gel-like bodies and tentacles. They move using water expelled from their bell-shaped bodies and waves. Jellyfish eat smaller fish and plankton, catching prey with their stinging tentacles. They can live in hot or cold ocean waters around the world. The document also includes a poem about jellyfish and their features.
Lecture 6 Intertidal Zones
There are different types of intertidal zones including rocky shores, sandy beaches, and mangrove swamps. Each habitat presents unique challenges for organisms to adapt to, such as shifting sands or exposure to air and waves. The intertidal zone can be further divided into subzones from the spray zone to the lower intertidal zone. Organisms in each subzone have developed adaptations like thick shells or burrowing to survive in their particular environment and deal with changes from tides.
Phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses the key defining characteristics of molluscs such as the mantle, radula, and foot. It describes the diverse range of mollusc classes including chitons, snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses. The text also covers mollusc anatomy, physiology, feeding habits, habitats, fossil records, taxonomy, reproduction and their interactions with humans.
Phylum echinodermata 2016
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. They are radially symmetrical with a pentamerous body plan and have a water vascular system and endoskeleton. The phylum contains four classes: Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). Echinoderms are found on the ocean floor and have tube feet, spines or plates, and can regenerate lost body parts. Their water vascular system is unique and used for movement, structure, and respiration.
Crinoids & Sea star notes
Crinoids were very common in warm, shallow seas in the past. Their stems are abundant as fossils around Cincinnati, and entire specimens can sometimes be found in limestones near Brookville Lake. Sea lilies are living crinoids that remain in tropical seas, using their arms to capture plankton for food. Sea stars, while commonly called starfish, are not fish and live in diverse colors and shapes, using tube feet and a water vascular system to feed on bivalve mollusks.
Coral reefs
This document summarizes coral reef biology and threats facing coral reef ecosystems. It describes the structure and formation of coral reefs, the requirements for coral growth, and different types of reefs. Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. While coral reefs support significant biodiversity and provide economic value, they are threatened by overfishing, pollution, coastal development, climate change, and other human impacts. Protecting coral reefs through marine protected areas is important for conserving these fragile ecosystems.
Design of a Pleasure Craft with Catamaran Hull
Final Year Graduation Project Presentation for Bachelor's Degree (Naval Architecture) in Myanmar Maritime University. November 2012.
Major fishing nation of the world
- Global marine fisheries production was around 82-79 million tonnes annually from 2011-2012, excluding highly variable anchoveta catches. Total global fisheries production has remained relatively stable around 91 million tonnes annually since 1998.
- Eighteen countries account for over 76% of global marine catches, with 11 located in Asia, including Russia which fishes more in the Pacific than Atlantic.
- India has a marine fisheries production of around 2.5 million tonnes annually, contributing over a quarter of the Indian Ocean's landings. The top producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution occurs when harmful substances are discharged into water bodies. Chemicals can accumulate up food chains and cause mutations and disease in marine life and humans. Major sources include point sources like factories and non-point sources like rainfall. Specific types of marine pollution include oil pollution, plastic debris, eutrophication, acidification, and toxins. Several international organizations and laws aim to reduce marine pollution and protect oceans.
Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...
1. The document discusses food chains and food webs in marine and freshwater ecology. It explains the trophic levels and differences between food chains and complex food webs.
2. It also compares freshwater and marine fish, noting differences in their habitat, species, and physiology. Freshwater fish live in environments with less salinity while marine fish require saltwater.
3. Additionally, the document talks about Saudi Aramco's efforts to promote biodiversity through artificial reefs deployed in the Arabian Gulf and Red Sea. Over 3,000 reef blocks have increased species numbers and productivity at sites like Manifa and Jubail.
Sandy shore animals amazing features
Sandy shore animals possess unique features as a result of the harsh, dynamic, and volatile physio-chemical characteristics of sandy shore
Marine Mammals
Marine mammals are warm-blooded and air-breathing, with hair or fur and mammary glands to feed live young. They are divided into three main categories: Carnivora like seals, sea lions, and walruses; Sirenia like manatees and dugongs; and Cetacea including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetacea are further divided into toothed whales like dolphins and sperm whales, and baleen whales which filter feed using baleen plates. Marine mammals have various adaptations for living in the ocean like blubber for insulation and streamlined bodies for fast swimming.
Fish morphology - fish fins
Fins are the most distinctive morphological features of fish and they plays a predominant role for locomotion of fish under the water. It is important to know how many kinds of fins are present and their precise functions.
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Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...
Marine and freshwater ecology understanding the complexities of food chains...
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gli echinodermi.pptx
- 2. Cosa sono? Il loro nome deriva dal fatto che sono caratterizzati da spine e aculei ed è un gruppo di vertebrati caratterizzati da un apparato acquifero provvisto di pedicelli che servono all'animale per aderire al fondo o muoversi. Alcuni esempi, possono essere le stelle marine, i ricci marini e le oloturie. Essi hanno sessi separati, ma è impossibile capirlo guardandoli semplicemente dall'esterno.
- 3. Le caratteristiche degli echinodermi Gli echinodermi sono formati da uno scheletro di placche calcaree spinose, queste spine sono un mezzo di difesa. Hanno anche un sistema acquifero per la circolazione dell'acqua, che funge da sistema respiratorio, nutritivo e ambulatorio. Questi pur assumendo sembianze innocue sono dei carnivori e dei predatori e si nutrono di molluschi e crostacei.
- 5. Tipi di echinodermi • Astoroidei: a cui appartengono le stelle di mare, da cui partono cinque braccia e con la bocca rivolta verso il basso. • Crinoidei: come i gigli di mare caratterizzati da forme e colori vivaci. • Echinoidei: noti come ricci di mare, che presentano aculei su tutto il corpo, contenenti veleno. • Ofiuridei: per esempio le stelle serpentina, che a differenza delle stelle marine hanno braccia più sottili e fragili. • Oloturoidei: corpo cilindrico e bocca contornata da tentacoli.
- 6. Habitat Sono animali marini, e si trovano per tanto in tutti i fondali marini, compresi quelli inesplorati. Questo dipende ovviamente dalla specie, e a seconda della specie si distribuiscono in fondali sabbiosi, fangosi e rocciosi. La loro distribuzione è molto ampia dato che hanno colonizzato i mari di tutto il mondo.
- 7. curiosità • Possono rigenerare le parti del loro corpo • Nel loro corpo non c'è neanche una goccia di sangue • Non hanno né occhi ne cervello • Alcuni di essi si nutrono espellendo i loro stomaci
- 8. fine