Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA in living things. Do your
answers to (1) mean that the first life was RNA-based, with RNA serving as both the catalyst and
the genetic material? Briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this hypothesis. It is
believed that the machinery for photosynthesis evolved only once, in the cyanobacteria.
However, several unrelated groups of eukaryotes, such as green plants, diatoms, and euglenoids,
are able to photosynthesize. How can this be explained? Answer each question True or False
(T/F). If the answer is false, explain why. Eukaryotic cells are more similar to archaea for genes
involved in protein synthesis and DNA replication, but more similar to bacteria for genes
involved in metabolism. RNA has been found in meteorites, and was produced in the Miller-
Urey experiment, giving evidence supporting the \"RNA-first\" hypothesis of the origin of life.
The last universal common ancestor of all living things lived less than 2 billion years ago. The
first living things required oxygen (O_2). The^12C/^13C ratio is higher in living things than in
atmospheric CO_2. Which of the following is your closest relative? Your second closest? a) a
fungus; b) a dinoflagellate; c) a pine tree; d) a choanoflagellate; e) a ciliate; f) an archaean Why
are marine organisms relatively common in the fossil record, but mountain-dwelling species
relatively rare?
Solution
1. RNA preceded proteins and DNA. This is strongly supported by the RNA World Hypothesis
proposed independetly by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in 1960s. It says that the
ribosomes which are vital for protein formation are made up of RNA and the protein
arrangement task during traslation is actually carried by RNA thus confirming that the early
forms used RNA for their chemical reactions preceeding the use of proteins. Since RNA was
instable, eventually organisms started to depend on proteins and DNA for their activities.
2. The RNA theory states that the RNA was the earliest genetic material for the early forms of
life. This is due to the fact that RNA can act both as a genetic material and also as a catalyst
(enzyme). Because to carry out life processes the genes need to be produced. And this production
is dependent on enzymes inturn. A strong point that James Watson said is that RNA can translate
into DNA in the reverse transcription process, while doing so RNA itself could have acted as an
enzyme besides acting as a template to facilitate the reaction to carryout. This supports the
phrase \'Life requires autocatalysis\'. The weaknesses of this hypothesis are it is highly
unpredictable to have RNA nucleotides with the requirement of any enzyme. Which means RNA
precursors cannot be formed without an enzyme. This conveys the message that there could have
been another simple molecule which has the catalytic property and information storge system
other than RNA.
3. The cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotic organisms t.
l) Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA.pdfezzi552
Given the following information for Nugget Corporation, answer the questions below.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Cash collected in month of sale
10%
Credit collections:
Collected in month of sale
10%
Collected in month following the sale
75%
Collected in second month following the sale
15%
Each question should have one amount in the answer field.
You must format your answers as follows: $x,xxx
Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
Total collections from credit sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Solution
1) Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 95,000
Working: January February March Total Sales $ 2,75,000
$ 3,25,000 $ 3,50,000 Cash Sales @ 10% $ 27,500 $ 32,500 $
35,000 $ 95,000 2) Total collections from credit sales for the
quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 5,27,625 Working: November December
January February March Total Sales $ 3,00,000 $ 2,50,000 $ 2,75,000 $ 3,25,000 $
3,50,000 Credit Sales @ 90% $ 2,70,000 $ 2,25,000 $ 2,47,500 $ 2,92,500 $
3,15,000 Collection of credit sales in the month of: November
$ 27,000 December $ 2,02,500 $ 22,500 January $ 40,500
$ 1,68,750 $ 24,750 February $ 33,750 $ 1,85,625 $ 29,250 March
$ 37,125 $ 2,19,375 $ 31,500 Total $ 2,47,500 $ 2,48,625 $ 31,500 $
5,27,625.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
a two page pdf showing the role of organisms who had rna as their genetic materials and how it lead to the evolution of organisms. by Dr. Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you th.pdfseasonsnu
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you think their endomembrane
systems are different, is evolution involved? Paragraph format please, be very detailed and the
answer is expected to be long!
Solution
Prokaryote,relatively simple unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and other features found in
the more complex cells of all other organisms,called eukaryotes.In 1938 American biologist
Herbert Copeland proposed that unicellular organisms lacking nuclei be classified in their own
kingdom, Monera, also called Kingdom Prokaryotae.All bacteria were categorized in this newly
established kingdom. This scheme was the first to establish separate kingdoms for prokaryotes
(organisms without nuclei) and eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei).In 1990 American
microbiologist Carl Woese proposed that bacteria be divided into two groups,the archaea,or
archaebacteria,and bacteria, based on their structural and physiological differences.In some
classification systems,the archaea are considered prokaryotes;in others, they are classified in
their own domain, the archaea.Archaebacteria consist of a small group of primitive anaerobes
(organisms that do not require oxygen).They are found in a narrow range of habitats–often in
extreme environments with high temperature,high salt,or high acidity.In contrast, bacteria live in
a wide range of environments with or without oxygen, at various temperatures, and at various
levels of acidity.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,the plasma membrane is composed of two layers of
phospholipid molecules interspersed with proteins,and regulates the traffic that flows in andout
of the cell.The prokaryotic plasma membrane,however,carries out additional functions.It
participates in replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for cell division andsynthesis of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP),an energy molecule.In some prokaryotes,the plasma membrane is
essential for photosynthesis,the process that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and
water to glucose.
Fossil records indicate that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes somewhere between 1.5 to 2
billion years ago.Two proposed pathways describe the invasion of prokaryote cells by two
smaller prokaryote cells.They subsequently became successfully included as part of a now much
larger cell with additional structures and capable of additional functions.They are Endosymbiosis
and Membrane infolding.ProkaryotesEukaryotessize is 0.1-5.0 micrometressize is 5-100
micrometresnucleus is absentnucleus made of nuclear
envelope,chromatin,nucleoplasm,nucleoliDNA is circularDNA is linearDNA is naked and not
assosciated with histonesDNA is associated with histonesplasmids may occurplasmids are
rare.cell membrane have in folding called as mesosomemesosome is absentmitochondria are
absentpresentribosomes are 70S80Sgolgi apparatus,ER,lysosomes,centrosome absentall are
presentsexual reproduction is absentsexual reproduction occurs.endocytosis and exocytosis are
absentthey occur in e.
l) Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA.pdfezzi552
Given the following information for Nugget Corporation, answer the questions below.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Cash collected in month of sale
10%
Credit collections:
Collected in month of sale
10%
Collected in month following the sale
75%
Collected in second month following the sale
15%
Each question should have one amount in the answer field.
You must format your answers as follows: $x,xxx
Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
Total collections from credit sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018.
November
December
January
February
March
Sales
$300,000
$250,000
$275,000
$325,000
$350,000
Solution
1) Total collections from cash sales for the quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 95,000
Working: January February March Total Sales $ 2,75,000
$ 3,25,000 $ 3,50,000 Cash Sales @ 10% $ 27,500 $ 32,500 $
35,000 $ 95,000 2) Total collections from credit sales for the
quarter ending March 31, 2018 $ 5,27,625 Working: November December
January February March Total Sales $ 3,00,000 $ 2,50,000 $ 2,75,000 $ 3,25,000 $
3,50,000 Credit Sales @ 90% $ 2,70,000 $ 2,25,000 $ 2,47,500 $ 2,92,500 $
3,15,000 Collection of credit sales in the month of: November
$ 27,000 December $ 2,02,500 $ 22,500 January $ 40,500
$ 1,68,750 $ 24,750 February $ 33,750 $ 1,85,625 $ 29,250 March
$ 37,125 $ 2,19,375 $ 31,500 Total $ 2,47,500 $ 2,48,625 $ 31,500 $
5,27,625.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
a two page pdf showing the role of organisms who had rna as their genetic materials and how it lead to the evolution of organisms. by Dr. Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you th.pdfseasonsnu
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Why do you think their endomembrane
systems are different, is evolution involved? Paragraph format please, be very detailed and the
answer is expected to be long!
Solution
Prokaryote,relatively simple unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and other features found in
the more complex cells of all other organisms,called eukaryotes.In 1938 American biologist
Herbert Copeland proposed that unicellular organisms lacking nuclei be classified in their own
kingdom, Monera, also called Kingdom Prokaryotae.All bacteria were categorized in this newly
established kingdom. This scheme was the first to establish separate kingdoms for prokaryotes
(organisms without nuclei) and eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei).In 1990 American
microbiologist Carl Woese proposed that bacteria be divided into two groups,the archaea,or
archaebacteria,and bacteria, based on their structural and physiological differences.In some
classification systems,the archaea are considered prokaryotes;in others, they are classified in
their own domain, the archaea.Archaebacteria consist of a small group of primitive anaerobes
(organisms that do not require oxygen).They are found in a narrow range of habitats–often in
extreme environments with high temperature,high salt,or high acidity.In contrast, bacteria live in
a wide range of environments with or without oxygen, at various temperatures, and at various
levels of acidity.
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,the plasma membrane is composed of two layers of
phospholipid molecules interspersed with proteins,and regulates the traffic that flows in andout
of the cell.The prokaryotic plasma membrane,however,carries out additional functions.It
participates in replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for cell division andsynthesis of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP),an energy molecule.In some prokaryotes,the plasma membrane is
essential for photosynthesis,the process that uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and
water to glucose.
Fossil records indicate that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes somewhere between 1.5 to 2
billion years ago.Two proposed pathways describe the invasion of prokaryote cells by two
smaller prokaryote cells.They subsequently became successfully included as part of a now much
larger cell with additional structures and capable of additional functions.They are Endosymbiosis
and Membrane infolding.ProkaryotesEukaryotessize is 0.1-5.0 micrometressize is 5-100
micrometresnucleus is absentnucleus made of nuclear
envelope,chromatin,nucleoplasm,nucleoliDNA is circularDNA is linearDNA is naked and not
assosciated with histonesDNA is associated with histonesplasmids may occurplasmids are
rare.cell membrane have in folding called as mesosomemesosome is absentmitochondria are
absentpresentribosomes are 70S80Sgolgi apparatus,ER,lysosomes,centrosome absentall are
presentsexual reproduction is absentsexual reproduction occurs.endocytosis and exocytosis are
absentthey occur in e.
Origin of life in universe is most debating and interesting topic for all scientist .which divided in 3 parts chemosynthesis theory ,RNA world hypothesis and some evidence about extraterrestrial life.
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other .pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other than DNA served the role of
information storage and that this same macromolecule carried out catalysis is called the _____
hypothesis.
1) macromolecular world
2) water world
3) carbon world
4) RNA world
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other than DNA served the role of
information storage and that this same macromolecule carried out catalysis is called the _____
hypothesis.
1) macromolecular world
2) water world
3) carbon world
4) RNA world
Solution
4) RNA world
In 1986, the RNA World Hypothesis was proposed by Walter Gilbert, on the possibility of RNA
self-replication.
However, the ability of the RNA molecules to catalyze the synthesis of another identical RNA is
questioned. Many of the ribozymes can catalyze either the formation or breakup of
phosphodiester bonds. In prokaryotes, the 23S and in eukaryotes, the 28S large subunits of rRNA
are ribozymes, which catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.
Many of the naturally occurring ribozymes can catalyze only one reaction, for example the self-
splicing introns. The properties these ribozymes are far away from the expectations of RNA
World Hypothesis. Perhaps, the self-replicating RNA was existed during the times of evolution
but was replaced by the more stable DNA molecules..
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes; it also known as catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome for protein formation and play a role in other vital mechanisms such as RNA splicing, transfer RNA biosynthesis, and viral replication. Discovery of catalytic RNA contributed to the hypothesis of prebiotic RNA world i.e. how life may have originated from an “RNA World” inhabited by self-replicating ribozymes. The ribosome is indeed a ribozyme underlines the relevance of RNA catalysis in today’s protein-dominated world.
The recent discoveries of RNA interference and micro-RNA associated mechanisms of gene regulation further emphasize the central importance of RNA to understanding gene regulation and leads to design new RNA-based technologies for gene manipulation and silencing.
The discovery that riboswitches and in some cases ribozymes, including a variant of the hammerhead ribozyme are also involved in regulating gene expression explains how intimately RNA structure, function, and catalysis are involved in many aspects of biological control.
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
You are the CIO of a medium size company tasked with modernizing the.pdffcaindore
Why might you want to look at a path other than the courts? In negotiation and mediation a
middle ground is attempted to be found. Arbitration is more like private court with both parties
pleading the case before a neutral third party. Please explain which form you would want to use
in each dispute listed below and why. 1. Contract dispute between 2 parties. 2. Insurance claim
between one person and their insurance company. 3. Insurance claim between you and someone
else\'s insurance company. 4. A claim between you and a company over liability for injuries
sustained in their store.
Solution
Answer:
We might want to look at a path other than court, to have speedy resolution of the problem by
direct negotiation and mediation with the involved parties..
Why are some goods only provided by the government Why are .pdffcaindore
When asked to create a program to find the volume of any cone, given its radius and height, a
programmer created this program to implement the formula V = 1/3 pi r^2 h. Compute the
following to correct the program: Provide the correct parameters for the Compute Volume
function Write the call for the function in into main Define the Compute Volume function
Initialize any other necessary variables
Solution
Here goes the required Program for the question
Program:
#include
using namespace std;
void ComputeVolume(double &r,double &h,double &a);
int main(){
double radius,height,answer;
cout<<\"Input the radius and height of the cone\"<>radius>>height;
cout<<\" Radius : \"<.
More Related Content
Similar to Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA in.pdf
Origin of life in universe is most debating and interesting topic for all scientist .which divided in 3 parts chemosynthesis theory ,RNA world hypothesis and some evidence about extraterrestrial life.
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other .pdfmichardsonkhaicarr37
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other than DNA served the role of
information storage and that this same macromolecule carried out catalysis is called the _____
hypothesis.
1) macromolecular world
2) water world
3) carbon world
4) RNA world
The idea that, when life originated on Earth, a macromolecule other than DNA served the role of
information storage and that this same macromolecule carried out catalysis is called the _____
hypothesis.
1) macromolecular world
2) water world
3) carbon world
4) RNA world
Solution
4) RNA world
In 1986, the RNA World Hypothesis was proposed by Walter Gilbert, on the possibility of RNA
self-replication.
However, the ability of the RNA molecules to catalyze the synthesis of another identical RNA is
questioned. Many of the ribozymes can catalyze either the formation or breakup of
phosphodiester bonds. In prokaryotes, the 23S and in eukaryotes, the 28S large subunits of rRNA
are ribozymes, which catalyze the formation of peptide bonds.
Many of the naturally occurring ribozymes can catalyze only one reaction, for example the self-
splicing introns. The properties these ribozymes are far away from the expectations of RNA
World Hypothesis. Perhaps, the self-replicating RNA was existed during the times of evolution
but was replaced by the more stable DNA molecules..
A ribozyme is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) enzyme that catalyses specific reactions in a similar way to that of protein enzymes; it also known as catalytic RNA, ribozymes are found in the ribosome for protein formation and play a role in other vital mechanisms such as RNA splicing, transfer RNA biosynthesis, and viral replication. Discovery of catalytic RNA contributed to the hypothesis of prebiotic RNA world i.e. how life may have originated from an “RNA World” inhabited by self-replicating ribozymes. The ribosome is indeed a ribozyme underlines the relevance of RNA catalysis in today’s protein-dominated world.
The recent discoveries of RNA interference and micro-RNA associated mechanisms of gene regulation further emphasize the central importance of RNA to understanding gene regulation and leads to design new RNA-based technologies for gene manipulation and silencing.
The discovery that riboswitches and in some cases ribozymes, including a variant of the hammerhead ribozyme are also involved in regulating gene expression explains how intimately RNA structure, function, and catalysis are involved in many aspects of biological control.
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
You are the CIO of a medium size company tasked with modernizing the.pdffcaindore
Why might you want to look at a path other than the courts? In negotiation and mediation a
middle ground is attempted to be found. Arbitration is more like private court with both parties
pleading the case before a neutral third party. Please explain which form you would want to use
in each dispute listed below and why. 1. Contract dispute between 2 parties. 2. Insurance claim
between one person and their insurance company. 3. Insurance claim between you and someone
else\'s insurance company. 4. A claim between you and a company over liability for injuries
sustained in their store.
Solution
Answer:
We might want to look at a path other than court, to have speedy resolution of the problem by
direct negotiation and mediation with the involved parties..
Why are some goods only provided by the government Why are .pdffcaindore
When asked to create a program to find the volume of any cone, given its radius and height, a
programmer created this program to implement the formula V = 1/3 pi r^2 h. Compute the
following to correct the program: Provide the correct parameters for the Compute Volume
function Write the call for the function in into main Define the Compute Volume function
Initialize any other necessary variables
Solution
Here goes the required Program for the question
Program:
#include
using namespace std;
void ComputeVolume(double &r,double &h,double &a);
int main(){
double radius,height,answer;
cout<<\"Input the radius and height of the cone\"<>radius>>height;
cout<<\" Radius : \"<.
When a supervisor comes to the HR manager to evaluate disciplinary a.pdffcaindore
What is the main purpose of a project management plan?
Solution
1.The main purpose of a project plan is to forecast the number of dangers and problems
viablely,to idea and assemble and manage projects .hence the project may finish wanted results
feasibely without problems.
2.To tell the every crucial activity and to analyse the duration and capital needed to finish the
project ,form a timetable,estimate the endanger.
3.it tells how the project is completed,managed and detectored ..
What is the role of an ethical leader in corporate cultures a. A le.pdffcaindore
What is the difference between a balanace sheet and a net income sheet?
Solution
Difference between Balance sheet and Net income sheet
(i) Contents- Balance sheet contains assets and liabilities of the business whereas Income sheet
contains expenses, losses, incomes and gains of the business.
(ii) Time period- Balance sheet is prepared as at a particular date i.e at the end of a quarter, half
year or a year but income statement is prepared for a particular time i.e. for a quarter, half year or
a year.
(iii) Results- Balance sheet shows financial status of the business at a particular date i.e. what the
firm owns and owes wheras income statement shows trading results of the business for a
particular time period.
(iv) Ratios- Liquidity and solvency ratios like current ratio, liquid ratio, debt equity ratio, debt
ratio etc. can be calculated from the balance sheet whereas profitability and turnover ratios like
Gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, Inventory turnover ratio etc can be calculated from the income
statement.
(v) Alternate names- Balance sheet is also known as statement of financial position or position
statement whereas Income statement is also known as Profit and loss statement..
What is the main purpose of a project management planSolution.pdffcaindore
What is involved in personalization and codification of tacit to explicit knowledge?
Solution
Below is what is involved in conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge -
1. Social skills are innate but can be imparted to an extent through events,social gatherings and
increased involvement in teams and groups.
2. Documentation and training
3. Codification of tacit knowledge through various scales
4. Creating levels which range from low to high in the importance of tacit knowledge and its
impact.
What is the difference between a balanace sheet and a net income she.pdffcaindore
What happens to the field of view in a compound light microscope when the total magnification
is increased? Why?
Solution
In compound microscope, the field of view(FOV) become decreases when total magnification is
increased.
It is happen because :-
The diameter of the field in an optical microscope is expressed by the field-of-view number. This
means how much of a specimen is visible at any given time in the lateral plane. It is
perpendicular to the optical axis.
FOV is inversely proportional to the magnification which means when the magnification
increases, the FOV decreases. The size of the FOV or the diameter of the visible circle of light is
equal to the field number (FN) of the eyepiece which divided by the magnification of the
objective lens (measured in millimeters).
Field of View = Field Number (fn) / Objective Magnification (Mo)
This means the specimen appears larger with a higher magnification because a smaller area of
the object is spread out to cover the field of view of our eye..
What is involved in personalization and codification of tacit to exp.pdffcaindore
What do you understand by \"emitter efficiency\" and \"transport factor in the base\" in a BJT?
What is the origin of \"Current Crowding\" and \"Series Resistance\" in BJTs? Why is it
necessary for the base region in a BJT to be narrow\'? What is the precise definition of
\"narrow\"? The arrows in the figure shows different current density components in an npn BJT.
Identify the biasing mode Write the current density components in the boxes.
Solution
a)
The emitter efficiency, is defined as the ratio of the electron current in the emitter, to the sum of
the electron and hole current diffusing across the base-emitter junction.
The transport factor, equals the ratio of the current due to electrons injected in the collector, to
the current due to electrons injected in the base.
b)
Large area bipolar transistors can have a very non-uniform current distribution due to the
resistance of the base layer. Since the base current is applied through the thin base layer, there
can be a significant series resistance in large devices.
c)
Base of a BJT is usually made thin and doped less densily to keep the base current small and
allow the electrons to move much more freely between emiiter and collector.
The narroness is precisely defined in base transportation factor. Greater the transportation factor,
greater the narrowness.
d)
i) It is active mode biasing. Base emitter junction forward biased and base collector junction
reverse biased.
ii) In collector area, the top most box represents electron diffusion current density, resulting from
injected electrons successfully crossing the base.
The next box down represents the current density due to combination of minority carrier holes
from collector and electron from base at collector.
The next box down represents the current density resulting from injected electrons getting
trapped in the base.
In the base region, the top most box represents electron diffusion current density, resulting from
injected electrons successfully crossing the base.
The next box down represents base current due to hole electron recombination at base.
In the base emiter junction the box represent current density due to injected electrons from
emitter to base.
In the collector, the topmost box represents current density due to injected electrons from emitter
to base .
The next box down represents current density due to electron hole recombination at base emitter
junction.
The next box down is due to successful hole injection from base to emitter..
What dimensions of quality were highlighted in the Delta Airlines ba.pdffcaindore
What are the consequences of a spinal injury in the thoracic region of the spinal cord if the
damage is to the gray matter? What about a complete transection of the white matter in the
thoracic region? What body regions and functions that would be disrupted? Why is a white
matter injury in the upper cervical region worse than one lower down in the cord? How do white
matter injuries affect reflexes? How do gray matter injuries affect reflexes? F: Explain the
Solution
Grey matter is found in spinal cord which is known as the grey column. Grey matter Fuctions on
most of the brain\'s neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter works in muscle control, sensory
perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-
control. So we can say if Gray Matter damage then person can loose their hearing ability, speech
ability. Person will unable to control their Eomtions and can go Memory Loss, weakness,less
coordination, paralysis, tingling, loss of sensation, loss of bladder control.
Thoracic region structred follows which is in 12 parts. These all are indicate T1 through T12 (top
to bottom). T1 is the smallest and T12 is the largest thoracic vertebra. The thoracic region with
white matter control Chest, abdominal muscles.
If injury occur in Cervical (C1-C8) then Head neck,diaphragm and arm disrupted; if thoracic
region (T1-T12) injured then chest and abdominal mussle disrupted; if lumber region (L1-L5)
then hip and leg will be disrupted.
hite matter damage is called white matter (WMD) of the brain. White matter are the fibrous
tracts of the brain. Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which is addressed in this section of this
site, is a form of WMD adjacent to the ventricles of the brain, often due to fluctuations in blood
pressure or inflammation associated with prematurity. WMD can occur in other areas of the
brain for other reasons..
What are the similarities and differences between the ETC of Photosy.pdffcaindore
What are non-tax costs of tax planning?
Solution
Followings are the main non-tax costs of tax planning;
1. Organizational form costs;
Organizational form costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax planning.
2. Risk;
Risk of the investment is closely associated with taxation hene it is known as non-tax costs of tax
palnning.
3. Administrative costs;
Legal, accounting, and data processing fees are known as administartive costs of tax planning.
4. Agency (incentive) costs;
Agency (incentive) costs are also known as non-tax costs of tax palnning.
5. Financial reporting costs;
Financial reporting costs are also non-tax costs of tax palnning.
6. Transaction costs;
Transaction costs are also part of non-tax costs of tax palnning etc..
What are non-tax costs of tax planningSolutionFollowings are .pdffcaindore
We are going to revisit the quota system in the milk industry in France. Then given the following
information:
Pq= $2 is the price of one unit of quota.
Pc= $5 is the price which the consumers pays for each unit of milk when the quota is enforced.
Qq= 20 is the amount of quota set by the French government.
Answer whether each of the following are True/False and clearly explain your conclusion.
If a producer owned one unit of quota and the cost of producing one unit of milk was $2 then he
should NOTsell his quota.
If you owned 10 units of the quota and you planned to sell all of them, then you should expect to
receive $20 in revenue from the sale.
This quota system does not create a Deadweight Loss (DWL).
Solution
1.False.
if he sells the quota then there would be no profits but no loss either.So,he can sell the quota.
2.True
Price of 1 unit of quota=$2
Quantity=10
Total revenue=20
3.Quota creates DEAL because the quantity sold after quota is less than equilibrium quantity and
the price the consumer pays is more than equilibrium price .
Answer-False..
There is a host of sociological and cultural research that paints a r.pdffcaindore
the value of an uncirculated \'Mint State-65\' 1950 Jefferson nickel minted in Denver is 7/5 the
value a 1945 nickel minted in Philadelphia in similar condition. together the value of the two
coins is $96. what is the value of each coin?
what is the value of the 1945 nickel?
$
what is the value of the 1950 nickel?
$
Solution
Let the value of 1945 nickel minted in Philadelphia be =x
The value of the 1950 Jefferson nickle minted in Denver = y= 7x/5
We know that x+ y= 96
x+7x/5 =96 so 12x/5=96
Hence x=96*5/12 = 8*5=40 $
So x=40, y=7x/5= 7*40/5 = 7*8=56$
Thus the value of 1945 nickle mintred in Philadelphia = 40$ and
The value of 1950 Mint State-65 Jefferson nickled minted in Denver = 56$.
True or False With argument passage by reference, the address of the.pdffcaindore
Today’s desktop computers use a 7-wire cable that is about ½” wide to communicate between
the motherboard and storage devices. This interface is known as _____. (Obj. 3.2) Parallel ATA
(PATA) Fibre Channel (FC) Serial ATA (SATA) Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Solution
Today’s desktop computers use a 7-wire cable that is about ½” wide to communicate between
the motherboard and storage devices. This interface is known as SATA
SCSI interfaces provide for data transmission rates up to 80 mbps
Third-generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit/s
PATA maximum speed of 133 Mbps of data transfer.
FC is used to connect computer data storage to server.
This is problem is same problem which i submitted on 22017, I just.pdffcaindore
There is a host of sociological and cultural research that paints a robust picture of the effects of
globalization on culture. This Application focuses on the flows of culture between Western and
developing nations. As a practitioner in this global environment, you should be familiar with
these culture effects. Use newspapers, magazines, and the Internet to research cultural changes in
both Western and developing countries due to globalization. Then perform the following tasks:
Outline the cultural aspects of globalization. Take an anthropological, rather than a business,
perspective. Explain how you think understanding culture helps in doing business in today\'s
global economy. Cite resources to justify your response.
Solution
Information technology has penetrated almost every aspect of our lives, “shrinking” our world
into a global village.
Economies and cultures have come closer. People are now aware of the cultures, traditions,
lifestyle, living conditions
prevailing in almost every corner of the world. Interestingly, this is going beyond awareness and
into a state of
integration that is a result of cross-pollinated views, ideologies, products and services.
This evolution is termed as “globalization.”
Culture has many definitions. My own definition is that culture is our collective experience as a
society,
and its impact on our reaction and decision-making relative to every-day facts and
circumstances.
Why is cross-cultural competence critical to your professional future and the viability of your
company?
It’s omnipresent in every business interaction and strategic decision.It is not feasible to be an
expert on
all the world’s cultures. It is possible, however, to incorporate a cross-cultural framework that
improves
cross-cultural understanding and interactions.
Multinational firms whose operations are borderless have to consider the cultural variability of
different regions
of the world and develop cultural understanding. Major cultural constraints encountered by
businesses include local
attitudes, taste preferences, language, religion, management style, gender discrimination, skills,
personalities,
education, etc. To be successful, they need to mold their business actions in accordance with the
local cultural models,
they need to establish a global mindset.
Let’s consider an example of the food giant, McDonald’s. The company enjoys a global
presence; operating in more than
100 countries serving 70 million people every day. Their headquarters and senior management
are U.S.-based but they
entrust their local operations to local managers of the countries they operate in. Operations in
more than 50 percent of
their outlets are franchised. Furthermore, their menus are customized according to cultural
habits and local taste
preferences in every country. It is without a doubt that global thinking and cultural
understanding are both powerful
business tools which allow multinational firms to dominate the local markets and establish a
global pres.
SOme of functions of the eukaryotic orgenelles are performed in bact.pdffcaindore
Solve the congruence b) 5x 6 mod 7 c) 5x 0 mod 7
Solution
We have 5x 6 mod 7 and 5x 0 mod 7.
As per the 1st congruence, 5x = 6+7p, where p is an integer and as per the 2nd congruence, 5x =
7q, where q is an integer. These two equations are apparently inconsistent as 6 is not a multiple
of 7. Therefore, the given congruences are inconsistent. There is no solution..
please explain the global entreprenurship revolution for a flatter w.pdffcaindore
please check my work for this question i am unsure if i did it correctly. 2. Locate the chiral
center in each structure below and identify as R or S: OH HO 41 OH 3. Provide the IUPAC
name for each of the following compounds (include the stereochemistry
Solution
The second one is correct but the first one is wrong.
The priority order is 1 -OH
2 -CH2OCOCH3
3 -CH2OH
4 -H so the rotation is anticlockwise(ACW)
Hence it is also S type..
ourse O D. growth rate of currency in circulation-growth rate of the .pdffcaindore
ourse O D. growth rate of currency in circulation-growth rate of the price level QUESTION 9
holds, the inflation rate in the economy will be: D. 1496 QUESTION 10
Solution
9.
A.2%
Inflation rate = Money supply growth rate – real GDP growth rate
Inflation rate = 8%-6% = 2%
10.
A.Deflation rate
It is used to calculate the decrease in CPI or other price index..
Modify the project so tat records are inserted into the random acess.pdffcaindore
Modify the project so tat records are inserted into the random acess file in ascending order using
an insertion sort methodology with the SSN acting as the key value. This requires defining the
method compareTo() in the Personal and Student classes to be used in a modified method add()
in Database. The method finds a proper position for a record d, moves all the records in the file
to make room for d, and writres d into the file. With the new organization of the data files, find()
and modify() can also be modified. For example, find() stops its sequential search when it
encounters a record greater than the record looked for (or reaches the end of the file).
Database.java
import java.io.*;
public class Database {
private RandomAccessFile database;
private String fName = new String();;
private IOmethods io = new IOmethods();
Database() throws IOException {
System.out.print(\"File name: \");
fName = io.readLine();
}
private void add(DbObject d) throws IOException {
database = new RandomAccessFile(fName,\"rw\");
database.seek(database.length());
d.writeToFile(database);
database.close();
}
private void modify(DbObject d) throws IOException {
DbObject[] tmp = new DbObject[1];
d.copy(tmp);
database = new RandomAccessFile(fName,\"rw\");
while (database.getFilePointer() < database.length()) {
tmp[0].readFromFile(database);
if (tmp[0].equals(d)) {
tmp[0].readFromConsole();
database.seek(database.getFilePointer()-d.size());
tmp[0].writeToFile(database);
database.close();
return;
}
}
database.close();
System.out.println(\"The record to be modified is not in the database\");
}
private boolean find(DbObject d) throws IOException {
DbObject[] tmp = new DbObject[1];
d.copy(tmp);
database = new RandomAccessFile(fName,\"r\");
while (database.getFilePointer() < database.length()) {
tmp[0].readFromFile(database);
if (tmp[0].equals(d)) {
database.close();
return true;
}
}
database.close();
return false;
}
private void printDb(DbObject d) throws IOException {
database = new RandomAccessFile(fName,\"r\");
while (database.getFilePointer() < database.length()) {
d.readFromFile(database);
d.writeLegibly();
System.out.println();
}
database.close();
}
public void run(DbObject rec) throws IOException {
String option;
System.out.println(\"1. Add 2. Find 3. Modify a record; 4. Exit\");
System.out.print(\"Enter an option: \");
option = io.readLine();
while (true) {
if (option.charAt(0) == \'1\') {
rec.readFromConsole();
add(rec);
}
else if (option.charAt(0) == \'2\') {
rec.readKey();
System.out.print(\"The record is \");
if (find(rec) == false)
System.out.print(\"not \");
System.out.println(\"in the database\");
}
else if (option.charAt(0) == \'3\') {
rec.readKey();
modify(rec);
}
else if (option.charAt(0) != \'4\')
System.out.println(\"Wrong option\");
else return;
printDb(rec);
System.out.print(\"Enter an option: \");
option = io.readLine();
}
}
}
import java.io.*;
public interface DbObject {
public void writeToFile(RandomAccessFile out) throws IOException;
public void r.
Many hospitals have systems in place and are now or will in the futu.pdffcaindore
Many hospitals have systems in place and are now or will in the future face the task of
determining which data in the previous system should be migrated or mapped to the new system.
Look at this topic from both the health information management and information systems
perspective. Select one or two systems, such as registration, admissions-discharges-transfers,
billing, chart tracking, or release of information, and identify which data elements would need to
be brought forward to a new system and why. Identify which data elements have long-term value
for patient care and which data elements must be preserved and accessible but may not be
actively used for patient care.
Solution
It is well aware that the success of the health care organization depends on the strong database
system of the organization. Now days, we can observe that hospitals are focussing on the up
gradation of their systems. It is important to retain the valuable information related to the patients
for the future and discard the irrelevant information related to the patient which would not be
used in future. It helps in retrieving the useful information easily any time in the future and
beneficial for the patient too in providing the right care to the patient. We can evaluate the two
systems which are admission of the patient and the discharge of the patient.
The admission related system includes lots of data elements like demographics, diagnosis,
pharmacy, procedure, laboratory tests, and clinical services, etc. It is clear that all the
information is important and may be needed in future, if the patient has and serious or chronic
diseases. It is important to brought forward all the elements of the admission system to the new
system for the future reference. If in case, the patient does not have any chronic diseases or just
came for the routine test, or the information related to the test which are not useful for future
may be discarded or do not need to upgrade in a new system.
Like admission system, discharge system is also very important because it gives all the
information about the medical history and payment related information of the patient. It includes
all the information related to a patient in the form of bill no, payment modes, demographic
information, federal tax number, clinical services provided, patient’s security number, patient’s
race and ethnicity, etc. In case of discharge system, It is important to retain the information
related to demographic and payment details for the future reference. Race and ethnicity related
information are irrelvant to upgrade in a new system..
List the S + D and the organism that causes a vesicle, Gumma, purule.pdffcaindore
List the S + D and the organism that causes a: vesicle, Gumma, purulent exudate, pharyngitis
and wart
Solution
Genital herpes - caused by herpes simplex virus 2; This is a highly contagious because , since the
signs and symptoms are mild and often go unnoticed. These show the formation of vesicles.
Genital warts symptoms - this is one of th most common type of STIs, which put women at a
high risk of cervical cancer. This infection show symptoms of warts . Human papilloma virus.
Cervicitis- A major symptom of this disease is a purulent endocervical exudate, that is visible in
the ends cervical canal. Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis and herpes simplex virus.
Gonococcal pharyngitis - Causative organism - Neisseria gonorrhoea , results in pharyngitis ,
spreading through oral sex..
Let k be the number of ON-state devices in a group of n devices on a .pdffcaindore
Let k be the number of ON-state devices in a group of n devices on a circuit board. Assume all n
devices are independent (functionally). Write a program (in MatLab or in C/C++ to compute
P(k) = (n k) (p^k) (l - p)^n - k, if P denotes the probability of a device being ON state.
Solution
defects=0:200; y = binopdf(defects,200,.02); [x,i]=max(y); defects(i).
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA in.pdf
1. Give several pieces of evidence that RNA preceded proteins and DNA in living things. Do your
answers to (1) mean that the first life was RNA-based, with RNA serving as both the catalyst and
the genetic material? Briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this hypothesis. It is
believed that the machinery for photosynthesis evolved only once, in the cyanobacteria.
However, several unrelated groups of eukaryotes, such as green plants, diatoms, and euglenoids,
are able to photosynthesize. How can this be explained? Answer each question True or False
(T/F). If the answer is false, explain why. Eukaryotic cells are more similar to archaea for genes
involved in protein synthesis and DNA replication, but more similar to bacteria for genes
involved in metabolism. RNA has been found in meteorites, and was produced in the Miller-
Urey experiment, giving evidence supporting the "RNA-first" hypothesis of the origin of life.
The last universal common ancestor of all living things lived less than 2 billion years ago. The
first living things required oxygen (O_2). The^12C/^13C ratio is higher in living things than in
atmospheric CO_2. Which of the following is your closest relative? Your second closest? a) a
fungus; b) a dinoflagellate; c) a pine tree; d) a choanoflagellate; e) a ciliate; f) an archaean Why
are marine organisms relatively common in the fossil record, but mountain-dwelling species
relatively rare?
Solution
1. RNA preceded proteins and DNA. This is strongly supported by the RNA World Hypothesis
proposed independetly by Carl Woese, Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel in 1960s. It says that the
ribosomes which are vital for protein formation are made up of RNA and the protein
arrangement task during traslation is actually carried by RNA thus confirming that the early
forms used RNA for their chemical reactions preceeding the use of proteins. Since RNA was
instable, eventually organisms started to depend on proteins and DNA for their activities.
2. The RNA theory states that the RNA was the earliest genetic material for the early forms of
life. This is due to the fact that RNA can act both as a genetic material and also as a catalyst
(enzyme). Because to carry out life processes the genes need to be produced. And this production
is dependent on enzymes inturn. A strong point that James Watson said is that RNA can translate
into DNA in the reverse transcription process, while doing so RNA itself could have acted as an
enzyme besides acting as a template to facilitate the reaction to carryout. This supports the
phrase 'Life requires autocatalysis'. The weaknesses of this hypothesis are it is highly
unpredictable to have RNA nucleotides with the requirement of any enzyme. Which means RNA
precursors cannot be formed without an enzyme. This conveys the message that there could have
been another simple molecule which has the catalytic property and information storge system
other than RNA.
2. 3. The cyanobacteria were the first prokaryotic organisms to use water molecule as their electron
source and fixed carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates from light for their lives. This is
known as Photosynthesis. Later evolved eukaryotes which might have engulfed the cynobacteria,
thus becoming a permanent part of the eukaryotes leading to formation of chloroplast inside the
eukaryotes like diatoms, euglenoids and plants which are capable of performing photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are considered as cyanobacteria and chloroplasts also have their own genetic
material. Hence is the saying 'prokaryote in a eukaryote'.
4. a. True b. True c. False, it lived 3.5 to 3.8 billions years ago d. False, they used some other
chemical, but oxygen was released as a poisonous gas e.False
