This document describes a study investigating the effects of low molecular weight gingeng polysaccharides (LGP) on a mouse model of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The study aims to characterize LGP, examine their impact on ConA-induced AIH in mice, and identify potential molecular mechanisms. Methods used include RT-PCR to analyze gene expression, western blot analysis to examine protein expression, immunohistochemistry staining to observe liver microanatomy, and TUNEL assay to detect DNA breaks. Results found LGP reduced inflammatory factors and protected liver tissue from damage. The discussion suggests LGP may achieve effects by regulating the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways to suppress inflammation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of

1. Ana Sofía Ortega González
Molecular Biology
Third semester 2023-2
UPB

2. INTRODUCTION
AUTOINMUNE HEPATITIS
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a
chronic inflammatory condition of the
liver caused by an autoimmune attack
against hepatocytes, leading to the
autoimmune-mediated destruction of
the liver parenchyma, chronic
inflammation, and fibrosis
AIH is diagnosed by high serum
levels of transaminases, elevated
immunoglobulin G (IgG), interface
hepatitis, and increased inflamma-
tory factor levels.

4. GENERAL
OBJECTIVE.
The purpose of this study is to
characterize low molecular weight gingeng
polysaccharides (LGP), investigate their
effect on ConA-induced autoimmune
hepatitis (AIH), and identifytheirpotential
molecular mechanisms.

5. METHODS
RT-PCR.
WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS
Fundament
This technique is used to determine the
expression of genes and tissues.
Why was it included in the investigation?
To identify that the proteins to be evaluated
(TNF, IL6, IL18, IL1B) were present in the
tissue and the respective reactions could
occur.
Fundament
Proteins from cell extracts are separated by
gel electrophoresis, after this the proteins
are transferred to a filter that is incubated
with antibodies that react with the protein of
interest
Why was it included in the investigation?
This protein extraction kit was used to
extract proteins from cells and liver tissues.

6. METHODS
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY STAINING TUNEL ASSAY
Fundament
It is the identification of a tissue by means of
an antigen-antibody integration where the
antibody has been marked and the cell is
colored to demonstrate the presence
and cell location of the molecule of interest.
Why was it included in the investigation?
They cut small sections of the liver,
rehydrated them and stained them to see
the microanatomy with the aid of a
microscope.
Fundament
The assay is based on the presence of
breaks in the DNA which can be identified
by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase or
TdT, an enzyme that will catalyze the
addition of dUTPs that are secondarily
labeled with a marker.
Why was it included in the investigation?
The tunel assay was used to deparaffinized
the paraffin sections and rise twice with PBS.

7. RESULTS
PCR WESTERN BLOT

8. RESULTS
PCR

9. DISCUSIÓN
The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a
significant role in regulating human
immune functions and has been linked
to the protection against hepatic injury
AUTOR OPINION AGREE OR DISAGREE
(Liu et al., 2019).
The phosphorylation of predominant
proteins in the NF-κB pathway can
stimulate the release of inflammatory
factors and damage the liver, eventually
causing cell necrosis and apoptosis
(Jang and Park, 2021).
The pathogenesis of immune-mediated hepatic
injury is closely associated with the production
of a significant amount of inflammatory
cytokines. ConA can activate liver macrophages
to secrete inflammatory cytokines, leading to
apoptosis and promoting the inflammatory
response
(Sass et al., 2002)

10. CONCLUSIONS
This article demonstrates the importance of molecular biology and its fundaments for the
management of some diseases. These tests demonstrate the necessity of the investigation
to find new treatments that be searched from DNA, proteins, or molecules to their effects in
the body.
These studies are essential to find the different causes of the same or different diseases,
for example, in this case it was found that a medicinal plant could reduce the inflammatory
factors that cause autoimmune hepatitis. Molecular biology and medical research help to
find the cause of illness and how to treat it and improve the professional technique.

11. CONCEPT MAP