In numerous nations, irregularity restricts the conceptive exhibition of bison [1-4] which is exacerbated by regenerative problems. Studies examining information on coordinated bison ranches have shown that regenerative issues represented a huge extent (30-40%) of bison being eliminated (separated) from the crowd [5-8]. Numerous conceptive issues in bison happen during the periparturient period [9-12]. Clinical assessments have shown that genital prolapse is the third [13] or fourth [14,15] most normal problem influencing propagation in the bison. The eversion of the genital lot (prolapse) situated in the pelvis happens as distension through the outer privates (vulva) and has been accounted for as case reports in bison as soon as 1967 [16,17]. Vaginal prolapse regularly happens during growth [18-21] and the post-pregnancy period [22-24], at times in non-pregnant bison [25] and seldom during estrus [26] while uterine prolapse happens during the post-pregnancy time frame [27-29]. The essential reason for prolapse seems, by all accounts, to be debilitating or unwinding of the constrictor vestibule muscle and atony of the vaginal muscular build [20,30]. The occurrence of the issue fluctuates broadly (0.21% to 16.34%) between reports including clinical investigations and assessments of coordinated bison ranches [18,31]. In one report including 529 calvings, the issue was non-existent [32]. The aetiology of the prolapse keeps on being ineffectively perceived albeit expanding levels of plasma estradiol during incubation [33-35] and low degrees of flowing minor components, for example, copper, selenium and zinc [36-39] and minerals like calcium and phosphorous [18,40-43] are a portion of the hypothesized contributing variables. Unpleasant and powerful controls of the genital plot during troublesome parturition and quick post-pregnancy period frequently increment the crabbiness of the parcel (and resultant expanded compressions) inclining it toward an outward bulge because the genital lot is exceptionally loose during this period. The administration of the apparently projected genital organ is a substitution to its unique area after appropriate cleaning; nonetheless, the prolapse is much of the time repetitive and in ineffectively overseen cases, the provocative cycle goes on for delayed periods hampering fruitfulness. In this section, we depict the potential etiologies, risk factors, clinical discoveries, analysis and treatment for vaginal and uterine prolapse in buffalo.1. Vaginal Prolapse
1.1 Incidence
Investigation of conceptive records of bison oversaw at coordinated ranches and clinical examinations have shown that the frequency of vaginal prolapse shifts generally from 0.21% to 16.34% (Table 1). A couple of studies assessing records including more than 2000 Murrah and Nili Ravi bison viewed the rate as 3.20% and 12.1% separately [44,45]. Also, studies dissecting more than 5000 records of Murrah and Surti bison recorded a rate of 3.79% and 11.7% sep
Ovarian development in Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)IOSRJAVS
This study was undertaken to determine the ovarian development of banana weevils. Results indicated that female banana weevils have a meroistic and telotrophic ovariole. Four (4) stages of ovarian development were observed. Newly emerged females belonged to stage I, characterized by virtual absence of oocytes in female germarium; while fully mature adult females belonged to stage IV, characterized by the presence of mature, chorionated eggs in female calyces. The intermediate stages II and III were characterized by presence of small, undeveloped oocytes, and presence of developed but non-chorionated oocytes in the vitellarium of female ovarioles, respectively. The preoviposition period in this insect was found to range between 27 and 41 DAE and egg-loads in calyces ranged from 2 to 11. All females at ovarian stage IV (i.e. ages 25 DAE and above) were found to have mated, and were ready for ovulation and oviposition. Monitoring the reproductive phenology of crop pests may be helpful for predicting (forecasting) potential outbreaks. it could also aptly guide the timing of control options, and also aid varietal screening works. Field samplings that result in heavy female populations and with predominant numbers at final stages of ovarian development, may be a danger signal that should trigger instant interventions
A case of Dystocia due to Fetal Ascites in Murrah BuffaloIJEAB
Dystocia in buffalo due to fetal causes is not common. However there are reports suggesting dystocia due to dropsical condition of fetus. Present case reports one of the fetal dropsical conditions in buffalo. In this case we report a successful management of dystocia due to fetal ascites in Murrah buffalo by incising the fetal abdomen to take out the fluid from peritoneum.
Subserosal leiomyomas rarely have any significant effect on a pregnant uterus, but very large ones may compress the uterine cavity in early pregnancy resulting in abortion. A 32 year old female presented with vagina bleeding for days. There was a 3 month history of amenorrhoea. Her last confinement was 3 years prior to presentation which ended with vaginal delivery with no complication. However, obstetric ultrasound scan done 3 years earlier during the first pregnancy showed a subserous leiomyoma at the fundus of the uterus. On examination, the uterine size was greater than the gestational age. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound showed huge degenerating leiomyoma extending from the uterine fundus to the left lobe of the liver. The uterus was anteverted and harbours a 12 week non-viable foetus which appeared compressed in the upper aspect of the uterine cavity. The size of the myometrium was normal for the gestational age. An impression of missed abortion associated with a huge degenerating subserous leiomyoma was made.
Ovarian development in Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)IOSRJAVS
This study was undertaken to determine the ovarian development of banana weevils. Results indicated that female banana weevils have a meroistic and telotrophic ovariole. Four (4) stages of ovarian development were observed. Newly emerged females belonged to stage I, characterized by virtual absence of oocytes in female germarium; while fully mature adult females belonged to stage IV, characterized by the presence of mature, chorionated eggs in female calyces. The intermediate stages II and III were characterized by presence of small, undeveloped oocytes, and presence of developed but non-chorionated oocytes in the vitellarium of female ovarioles, respectively. The preoviposition period in this insect was found to range between 27 and 41 DAE and egg-loads in calyces ranged from 2 to 11. All females at ovarian stage IV (i.e. ages 25 DAE and above) were found to have mated, and were ready for ovulation and oviposition. Monitoring the reproductive phenology of crop pests may be helpful for predicting (forecasting) potential outbreaks. it could also aptly guide the timing of control options, and also aid varietal screening works. Field samplings that result in heavy female populations and with predominant numbers at final stages of ovarian development, may be a danger signal that should trigger instant interventions
A case of Dystocia due to Fetal Ascites in Murrah BuffaloIJEAB
Dystocia in buffalo due to fetal causes is not common. However there are reports suggesting dystocia due to dropsical condition of fetus. Present case reports one of the fetal dropsical conditions in buffalo. In this case we report a successful management of dystocia due to fetal ascites in Murrah buffalo by incising the fetal abdomen to take out the fluid from peritoneum.
Subserosal leiomyomas rarely have any significant effect on a pregnant uterus, but very large ones may compress the uterine cavity in early pregnancy resulting in abortion. A 32 year old female presented with vagina bleeding for days. There was a 3 month history of amenorrhoea. Her last confinement was 3 years prior to presentation which ended with vaginal delivery with no complication. However, obstetric ultrasound scan done 3 years earlier during the first pregnancy showed a subserous leiomyoma at the fundus of the uterus. On examination, the uterine size was greater than the gestational age. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound showed huge degenerating leiomyoma extending from the uterine fundus to the left lobe of the liver. The uterus was anteverted and harbours a 12 week non-viable foetus which appeared compressed in the upper aspect of the uterine cavity. The size of the myometrium was normal for the gestational age. An impression of missed abortion associated with a huge degenerating subserous leiomyoma was made.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Accuracy of cervico vaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spon...Open Access Research Paper
Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal mortality. One of the best predictors to assess the risk of preterm labour (PTB) is by measuring fetal fibronectin (fFN) in cervico vaginal secretion after 26 weeks of pregnancy. The aim is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative cervico vaginal fFN in symptomatic women and asymptomatic high risk women during antenatal care. Prospective study which was conducted in Basrah Maternity and Child Hospital. It included 106 pregnant women at gestational age more than 26 weeks who had uterine contraction with or without pervious risk factors for PTB. Cervico vaginal fluid sampling was undertaken from all women included in the study after the age of 26 weeks of gestation and qualitative fFN assessment was done with 50ng/ml is the cut off point for positivity. As regard qualitative fFN assessment for predicting of PTB sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, were 71%, 87%, 40.50%, 94% respectively in symptomatic women. While in asymptomatic women with previous high risk had 26% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 32% PPV, and 87% NPV. Qualitative assessment of fFN in cervico vaginal fluid is good predictive marker in detecting of PTB.
ABSTRACT- Introduction- Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors, which typically present as a
mobile palpable breast lump. It accounts for approximately 75% of all breast lesions in young females. It can undergo a
variety of histological variations, Like Apocrine metaplasia, adenosis, leaf like pattern, stromal growth and myxoid
change. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the clinico- histomorphological variations in fibroadenoma.
Materials and Methods- A retrospective study was done over a one year period from January 2015 to December 2015 at
S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. All cases of breast lump confirmed as a
fibroadenoma on histopathology were included in this study. A total of 224 cases were analyzed.
Results- The most common affected age group in the present study was 21- 30 years of age (50.45%). The majority of
them presented as a unilateral lump (56.70%) and very few bilateral (4.02%). The size varies between 3-5 cms and
commonly located in upper lateral quadrant (54.91%). The predominant growth pattern noted is mixed intracanalicular
and pericanalicular (55.35%). The common histological changes noted were stromal overgrowth (12.05%) followed by
apocrine metaplasia (9.37%) and cystic dilatation (8.92%). Rare variations such as lactational change (1.33%) and
infarction (1.78%) are also noted.
Conclusion- There is numerous clinico-histomorphological variations in fibroadenoma which can be confused with other
benign breast diseases. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of these changes is necessary for accurate diagnosis of
fibroadenoma.
Key-words- Benign Breast Diseases (BBDs), Fibroadenoma, Histomorphological variants, Breast tumors
Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancerMehwish Iqbal
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe.
Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact
on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading
cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer
has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient
treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in
post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in
their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the
breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast
cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted
therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell
therapy etc for breast cancer.
Uterine fibroids and endometrial polyps are common lesions in the female genital tract, and often they are asymptomatic. However, if the lesions are occupying and distorting the uterine cavity, they may cause symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, subfertility and pregnancy losses. This review will discuss the impact of uterine cavity fibroids and polyps on subfertility and pregnancy losses and whether the removal of these lesions will improve reproductive outcome.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA ...American Research Thoughts
Experiment on effect of different photo periods on the development of Chrysoperla carnea
(Stephen) with special reference to egg to adult emergence were carried at Agriculture Research
Institute, Tandojam. The Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were obtained
from Biological control laboratory reared under constant temperature 26± 2
o
C with relative humidity
65-70%. Photoperiod significantly affected the development from egg to adult (Table 1). In complete
darkness (L: 0 D: 24), resulted in minimum hatching, larval survival (No. of pupae) and hatching
time, larval period and pupal period was longer significantly as compared to other treatments.
Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24, D: 0) resulted in maximum hatching, larval
survival (No. of pupae) and adult emergence (table 1). The hatching time, larval and pupal duration
were significantly shortened. Sex ratios were also female biased when full light hours were provided
for development. The finding of this study it is concluded that Developmental period of C. carnea from
egg to adult was shorter at 24:0 because mass rearing predator C. carnea in laboratory required
shorter time to complete life duration, and we will get more number of biocontrol agents for release in
field.
An Experimental Study of Natural Selection and Relative Fitness .docxamrit47
An Experimental Study of Natural Selection and Relative Fitness
Introduction (2/3 or 2/4)
Biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology that helps us understand the natural world i.e., the history and diversity of life on Earth. At the most basic definition, biological evolution is descent with modification. That is, subsequent generations change over time. Biological evolution can be subdivided into microevolution and macroevolution. Microevolution involves small-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next. Macroevolution encompasses large-scale changes that produces different species from common ancestors over many generations. Since macroevolution requires an extensive period of time (most are beyond human lifetimes), macroevolutionary studies are largely observational. In other words, we cannot create experiments to test macroevolutionary hypotheses. Instead, we observe patterns and infer the processes from those patterns. Alternatively, microevolution studies require a relatively short period of time such that hypotheses testing can be observational or experimentational (we can create experiments).
Performing microevolution experiments requires an understanding of the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium principle. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a simple mathematical model
that assumes a single population’s gene pool does not change in frequency from one generation
to the next. The model is represented by two algebraic equations: the allele frequency equation (p
+ q = 1) and the genotype frequency equation (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1). To illustrate these equations,
let’s consider a simple dominant/recessive relationship of a character (mouse fur color,
represented by the letter “b”) with two traits (brown and white). This means we will have two
alleles and three genotypes. The lower-case b allele represents the white fur trait and the upper-
case B allele represents the brown fur trait, while the white fur phenotype is represented by the
ww genotype and the brown fur phenotype is represented by the WW and Ww genotypes. With
respect to the frequencies, f(w) is represented by q and f(W) is represented by p, while ww is 22
represented by q , Ww is represented by pq and WW is represented by p . This lab consists of using these equations to determine whether microevolution has occurred, so make sure you understand them.
In simpler terms, this means that if 60% of a population of mice have the white fur trait and 40% have the brown fur trait, this proportion will be the same in the next generation regardless of population size. There may be more individuals in the next generation, but the ratio remains the same (three white fur traits to two brown fur traits). As a principle, this expectation makes sense. However, there are mechanisms of evolutionary change that violate this Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium principle that need to be understood.
There are five recognized mechanisms that disrupt the Ha.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
The seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in western KenyaILRI
Poster by J.M. Akoko, A.N. Kiyong'a, W.A. de Glanville, L.F. Thomas and E.M. Fèvre presented at the 47th annual scientific conference of the Kenya Veterinary Association, Mombasa, Kenya, 24-27 April 2013.
𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗜 , 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗔𝗜 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱? clinical sign treatment and vaccines for Avian influenza
Ghulam ullahMay 11, 2022
𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮
𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮 (𝗔𝗜)?
is a respiratory disease of birds. AI viruses can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl, as well as a wide variety of other birds. Migratory waterfowl seem to be a natural reservoir/host for AI viruses. Type A influenza viruses are classified according to the severity of the illness they cause. AI viruses can be classified into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic.
𝗖𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁
is caused by specified viruses that are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae and placed in the genus influenzavirus (AI).
𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗔𝗜 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱?
AI viruses spread primarily by direct contact between healthy and infected birds through respiratory secretions and faeces. The disease can spread through:
✓Illegal international movement of birds
✓Movement of people and farm equipment
✓Smuggling of poultry and poultry products
Contaminated poultry equipment (such as cages and crates, manure, vehicles, and egg flats) and people whose clothing or shoes have come into contact with the virus
✓Direct bird-to-bird contact
𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝘀𝗻
𒊹︎︎︎Sudden death without clinical signs
𒊹︎︎︎Lack of energy and appetite
𒊹︎︎︎Decreased egg production and/or soft-shelled or misshapen eggs
𒊹︎︎︎Swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and legs
𒊹︎︎︎Purple discolouration of the wattles, combs, and legs
𒊹︎︎︎Nasal discharge, coughing, and sneezing
𒊹︎︎︎Lack of coordination
𒊹︎︎︎Diarrhea
𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 𝗔𝗜:
✓House poultry indoors
✓Avoid the use of farm ponds and bird feeders
✓Avoid all contact with wild and domestic waterfowl
✓Avoid live bird markets
✓Control cats, rodents, beetles, insects, and other pests
✓Seek diagnostic help on unusual deaths
✓Avoid contact with your flock if working in poultry or swine processing
influenza vaccines immunisation vaccine gov
keywords:
influenza
vaccines
immunization
vaccine gov
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DVMCoursepoultry
Heartwater (Hydropericardium) disease in cattle, goats,sheep , clinical signs...Ghulam ullah
Heartwater (Hydropericardium) disease in cattle, goats,sheep , clinical signs and treatment of heartwater
Ghulam ullahMay 11, 2022
Heartwater (Hydropericardium)
"Dark waste" while influencing African cows and bison
"Sheep fever" when found in sheep Heartwater is an intense, non-infectious sickness of cows, sheep, goats, gazelles and wild ruminants. It is brought about by the rickettsial creature Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium.
Transmission:
Heartwater is sent by different types of Amblyomma ticks. Transstadial
transmission of the living being happens in vector ticks.
Antemortem findings:
Peracute form
1. Brooding 14 - 28 days
2. Fever
3. The runs
4. Seizures and demise Intense structure
5. Fever up to 41.7°C
6. Quick relaxing
7. Absence of hunger, discouragement and
drowsiness
Nervous signs include
8. Jerking of the eyelids
9. Projection of the tongue
10. Clenching of the jaw
11. Strolling around and around
12. Rowing with legs in prostrate creatures
13. Opisthotonos and seizures
Postmortem findings:
1. Hydropericardium
2. Hydrothorax
3. Pneumonic oedema and ascites
4. Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
5. Expanded liver, spleen and lymph hubs
6. Discharge in the stomach and digestive tract
7. Edema and discharge of the mind
Judgment :
The body of a creature impacted with heartwater is denounced in the intense stage ofthe sickness. In a constant case, the body might be supported if satisfactorily drained and muscles are healthy in variety and surface.
The impacted organs are denounced.
Differential diagnosis :
Peracute type of heartwater ought to be separated from
👉Bacillus anthracis. The intense anxious type of the infection is separated from
👉lockjaw,
👉rabies,
👉cerebral
👉trypanosomiasis,
👉strychnine harming,
👉piroplasmosis,
👉theileriosis,
👉lead and organophosphate harming,
👉parasitism,
👉arsenical endlessly harming specific plants.
Treatment Control and Prevention:
Oxytetracycline at 10 mg/kg/day, IM, or doxycycline at 2 mg/kg/day will for the most part impact a fix whenever controlled from the get-go throughout heartwater contamination.
A higher measurement of oxytetracycline
Tags:
heartwater
heartwater disease
heartwater in cattle
heart water disease in cattle
heartwater in goats
heartwater symptoms
treatment of heartwater in cattle
heartwater treatment
heart water disease in goats
heart water disease symptoms
heartwater in sheep
symptoms of heart water disease in cattle
treatment of heartwater disease in cattle
heart water disease in sheep
treatment of heart water disease
heartwater disease treatment
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water in heart
water and heart
the water of the heart
heart water company
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DairyDVMCourseHealth
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Accuracy of cervico vaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spon...Open Access Research Paper
Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal mortality. One of the best predictors to assess the risk of preterm labour (PTB) is by measuring fetal fibronectin (fFN) in cervico vaginal secretion after 26 weeks of pregnancy. The aim is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative cervico vaginal fFN in symptomatic women and asymptomatic high risk women during antenatal care. Prospective study which was conducted in Basrah Maternity and Child Hospital. It included 106 pregnant women at gestational age more than 26 weeks who had uterine contraction with or without pervious risk factors for PTB. Cervico vaginal fluid sampling was undertaken from all women included in the study after the age of 26 weeks of gestation and qualitative fFN assessment was done with 50ng/ml is the cut off point for positivity. As regard qualitative fFN assessment for predicting of PTB sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, were 71%, 87%, 40.50%, 94% respectively in symptomatic women. While in asymptomatic women with previous high risk had 26% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 32% PPV, and 87% NPV. Qualitative assessment of fFN in cervico vaginal fluid is good predictive marker in detecting of PTB.
ABSTRACT- Introduction- Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors, which typically present as a
mobile palpable breast lump. It accounts for approximately 75% of all breast lesions in young females. It can undergo a
variety of histological variations, Like Apocrine metaplasia, adenosis, leaf like pattern, stromal growth and myxoid
change. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the clinico- histomorphological variations in fibroadenoma.
Materials and Methods- A retrospective study was done over a one year period from January 2015 to December 2015 at
S. Nijalingappa Medical College and HSK Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. All cases of breast lump confirmed as a
fibroadenoma on histopathology were included in this study. A total of 224 cases were analyzed.
Results- The most common affected age group in the present study was 21- 30 years of age (50.45%). The majority of
them presented as a unilateral lump (56.70%) and very few bilateral (4.02%). The size varies between 3-5 cms and
commonly located in upper lateral quadrant (54.91%). The predominant growth pattern noted is mixed intracanalicular
and pericanalicular (55.35%). The common histological changes noted were stromal overgrowth (12.05%) followed by
apocrine metaplasia (9.37%) and cystic dilatation (8.92%). Rare variations such as lactational change (1.33%) and
infarction (1.78%) are also noted.
Conclusion- There is numerous clinico-histomorphological variations in fibroadenoma which can be confused with other
benign breast diseases. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of these changes is necessary for accurate diagnosis of
fibroadenoma.
Key-words- Benign Breast Diseases (BBDs), Fibroadenoma, Histomorphological variants, Breast tumors
Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancerMehwish Iqbal
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe.
Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact
on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading
cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer
has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient
treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in
post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in
their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the
breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast
cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted
therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell
therapy etc for breast cancer.
Uterine fibroids and endometrial polyps are common lesions in the female genital tract, and often they are asymptomatic. However, if the lesions are occupying and distorting the uterine cavity, they may cause symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, subfertility and pregnancy losses. This review will discuss the impact of uterine cavity fibroids and polyps on subfertility and pregnancy losses and whether the removal of these lesions will improve reproductive outcome.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PHOTO PERIODS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA ...American Research Thoughts
Experiment on effect of different photo periods on the development of Chrysoperla carnea
(Stephen) with special reference to egg to adult emergence were carried at Agriculture Research
Institute, Tandojam. The Lacewings Chrysoperla carnea eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were obtained
from Biological control laboratory reared under constant temperature 26± 2
o
C with relative humidity
65-70%. Photoperiod significantly affected the development from egg to adult (Table 1). In complete
darkness (L: 0 D: 24), resulted in minimum hatching, larval survival (No. of pupae) and hatching
time, larval period and pupal period was longer significantly as compared to other treatments.
Whereas, the treatment with complete light hours (L: 24, D: 0) resulted in maximum hatching, larval
survival (No. of pupae) and adult emergence (table 1). The hatching time, larval and pupal duration
were significantly shortened. Sex ratios were also female biased when full light hours were provided
for development. The finding of this study it is concluded that Developmental period of C. carnea from
egg to adult was shorter at 24:0 because mass rearing predator C. carnea in laboratory required
shorter time to complete life duration, and we will get more number of biocontrol agents for release in
field.
An Experimental Study of Natural Selection and Relative Fitness .docxamrit47
An Experimental Study of Natural Selection and Relative Fitness
Introduction (2/3 or 2/4)
Biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology that helps us understand the natural world i.e., the history and diversity of life on Earth. At the most basic definition, biological evolution is descent with modification. That is, subsequent generations change over time. Biological evolution can be subdivided into microevolution and macroevolution. Microevolution involves small-scale changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next. Macroevolution encompasses large-scale changes that produces different species from common ancestors over many generations. Since macroevolution requires an extensive period of time (most are beyond human lifetimes), macroevolutionary studies are largely observational. In other words, we cannot create experiments to test macroevolutionary hypotheses. Instead, we observe patterns and infer the processes from those patterns. Alternatively, microevolution studies require a relatively short period of time such that hypotheses testing can be observational or experimentational (we can create experiments).
Performing microevolution experiments requires an understanding of the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium principle. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a simple mathematical model
that assumes a single population’s gene pool does not change in frequency from one generation
to the next. The model is represented by two algebraic equations: the allele frequency equation (p
+ q = 1) and the genotype frequency equation (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1). To illustrate these equations,
let’s consider a simple dominant/recessive relationship of a character (mouse fur color,
represented by the letter “b”) with two traits (brown and white). This means we will have two
alleles and three genotypes. The lower-case b allele represents the white fur trait and the upper-
case B allele represents the brown fur trait, while the white fur phenotype is represented by the
ww genotype and the brown fur phenotype is represented by the WW and Ww genotypes. With
respect to the frequencies, f(w) is represented by q and f(W) is represented by p, while ww is 22
represented by q , Ww is represented by pq and WW is represented by p . This lab consists of using these equations to determine whether microevolution has occurred, so make sure you understand them.
In simpler terms, this means that if 60% of a population of mice have the white fur trait and 40% have the brown fur trait, this proportion will be the same in the next generation regardless of population size. There may be more individuals in the next generation, but the ratio remains the same (three white fur traits to two brown fur traits). As a principle, this expectation makes sense. However, there are mechanisms of evolutionary change that violate this Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium principle that need to be understood.
There are five recognized mechanisms that disrupt the Ha.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
The seroprevalence of caprine brucellosis in western KenyaILRI
Poster by J.M. Akoko, A.N. Kiyong'a, W.A. de Glanville, L.F. Thomas and E.M. Fèvre presented at the 47th annual scientific conference of the Kenya Veterinary Association, Mombasa, Kenya, 24-27 April 2013.
𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗜 , 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗔𝗜 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱? clinical sign treatment and vaccines for Avian influenza
Ghulam ullahMay 11, 2022
𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮
𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝘃𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗮 (𝗔𝗜)?
is a respiratory disease of birds. AI viruses can infect chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl, as well as a wide variety of other birds. Migratory waterfowl seem to be a natural reservoir/host for AI viruses. Type A influenza viruses are classified according to the severity of the illness they cause. AI viruses can be classified into low pathogenic and highly pathogenic.
𝗖𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁
is caused by specified viruses that are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae and placed in the genus influenzavirus (AI).
𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗔𝗜 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱?
AI viruses spread primarily by direct contact between healthy and infected birds through respiratory secretions and faeces. The disease can spread through:
✓Illegal international movement of birds
✓Movement of people and farm equipment
✓Smuggling of poultry and poultry products
Contaminated poultry equipment (such as cages and crates, manure, vehicles, and egg flats) and people whose clothing or shoes have come into contact with the virus
✓Direct bird-to-bird contact
𝗖𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝘀𝗻
𒊹︎︎︎Sudden death without clinical signs
𒊹︎︎︎Lack of energy and appetite
𒊹︎︎︎Decreased egg production and/or soft-shelled or misshapen eggs
𒊹︎︎︎Swelling of the head, eyelids, comb, wattles, and legs
𒊹︎︎︎Purple discolouration of the wattles, combs, and legs
𒊹︎︎︎Nasal discharge, coughing, and sneezing
𒊹︎︎︎Lack of coordination
𒊹︎︎︎Diarrhea
𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 𝗔𝗜:
✓House poultry indoors
✓Avoid the use of farm ponds and bird feeders
✓Avoid all contact with wild and domestic waterfowl
✓Avoid live bird markets
✓Control cats, rodents, beetles, insects, and other pests
✓Seek diagnostic help on unusual deaths
✓Avoid contact with your flock if working in poultry or swine processing
influenza vaccines immunisation vaccine gov
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Heartwater (Hydropericardium) disease in cattle, goats,sheep , clinical signs...Ghulam ullah
Heartwater (Hydropericardium) disease in cattle, goats,sheep , clinical signs and treatment of heartwater
Ghulam ullahMay 11, 2022
Heartwater (Hydropericardium)
"Dark waste" while influencing African cows and bison
"Sheep fever" when found in sheep Heartwater is an intense, non-infectious sickness of cows, sheep, goats, gazelles and wild ruminants. It is brought about by the rickettsial creature Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium.
Transmission:
Heartwater is sent by different types of Amblyomma ticks. Transstadial
transmission of the living being happens in vector ticks.
Antemortem findings:
Peracute form
1. Brooding 14 - 28 days
2. Fever
3. The runs
4. Seizures and demise Intense structure
5. Fever up to 41.7°C
6. Quick relaxing
7. Absence of hunger, discouragement and
drowsiness
Nervous signs include
8. Jerking of the eyelids
9. Projection of the tongue
10. Clenching of the jaw
11. Strolling around and around
12. Rowing with legs in prostrate creatures
13. Opisthotonos and seizures
Postmortem findings:
1. Hydropericardium
2. Hydrothorax
3. Pneumonic oedema and ascites
4. Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
5. Expanded liver, spleen and lymph hubs
6. Discharge in the stomach and digestive tract
7. Edema and discharge of the mind
Judgment :
The body of a creature impacted with heartwater is denounced in the intense stage ofthe sickness. In a constant case, the body might be supported if satisfactorily drained and muscles are healthy in variety and surface.
The impacted organs are denounced.
Differential diagnosis :
Peracute type of heartwater ought to be separated from
👉Bacillus anthracis. The intense anxious type of the infection is separated from
👉lockjaw,
👉rabies,
👉cerebral
👉trypanosomiasis,
👉strychnine harming,
👉piroplasmosis,
👉theileriosis,
👉lead and organophosphate harming,
👉parasitism,
👉arsenical endlessly harming specific plants.
Treatment Control and Prevention:
Oxytetracycline at 10 mg/kg/day, IM, or doxycycline at 2 mg/kg/day will for the most part impact a fix whenever controlled from the get-go throughout heartwater contamination.
A higher measurement of oxytetracycline
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heartwater disease
heartwater in cattle
heart water disease in cattle
heartwater in goats
heartwater symptoms
treatment of heartwater in cattle
heartwater treatment
heart water disease in goats
heart water disease symptoms
heartwater in sheep
symptoms of heart water disease in cattle
treatment of heartwater disease in cattle
heart water disease in sheep
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Pregnancy Toxemia/Ketosis in Goats
Ghulam ullahMay 08, 2022
Pregnancy Toxemia/Ketosis in Goats
Presentation
This is a state of late pregnancy and early lactation most generally happening over the most recent a month and a half of growth in does with numerous embryos and in the initial a month of vigorously lactating does. Pregnancy pre-eclampsia is a more normal condition than ketosis in goats. Through acknowledgement of early signs and side effects and aversion of the inclining factors, it tends to be diminished to an irregular condition.
Inclining Factors
Factors that incline does to foster pregnancy pre-eclampsia can be partitioned into two kinds: deficient nourishment (they are not offered the right amount or nature of the expected proportion) and satisfactory wholesome contributions yet outer or creature factors (for example sickness) influencing admission.
Insufficient Nutrition
Does conveying numerous embryos require a lot more elevated level of energy than does convey singles. These expanded requirements are compounded by a diminished ability to consume. Whenever offered off the cuff adjusted takes care of, does in late pregnancy will willfully increment energy utilization yet extended uterine items limit dry matter admission, putting fertile does at considerably more serious gamble of creating pregnancy blood poisoning. To balance this, the maker should offer an apportion that is more energy and protein thick, for example, 35% grain to 65% scavenge. Productive does on the field might experience issues meeting their energy needs through nibbling.
Factors Affecting Intake
Outside factors
Sound, very much taken care of goats might endure numerous outside factors yet does constantly deprived can't redress. Nasty weather conditions (for example downpours or blizzards or outrageous intensity) may hinder admissions. Feeder space might have been determined for non-gravid does and might be insufficient for intensely pregnant does. While hand taking care of, the maker ought to be cautioned to look for the exorbitant contest. Limited water admission or low-quality water will diminish dry matter admissions.
Fast feed changes and transport may all briefly diminish admissions. Low quality scavenges that are too woody may likewise lessen dry matter admission. Preventive medicines like immunizing, and so on acted in late incubation might decrease admissions, especially assuming that they are held off fed for the strategy. The practice has been displayed to increment willful admission.
Creature factors
Factors that will diminish admissions incorporate dental sickness, advanced age, more modest body size than a bunch (see feeder space), and other attending infections like hypocalcaemia, weakness (for example CAE joint inflammation), gastrointestinal parasitism, Johne's illness, and so on. The body condition score of the doe is vital to go into late growth. Does that are exceptionally flimsy (< 2.5) have minimal fat or muscle stores to draw upon an
Enterotoxmia in kamori , Boer, pygmy , Saanen, Nigerian , dwarf , jamnapari , angora , alpine , kiko , American LaMancha , judas , kalahari goats
Ghulam ullahMay 08, 2022
♦️Enterotoxmia♦️
⚡Definition:
intestinal infection of ruminants particularly in youthful sheep and children.
Portrayed by loose bowels gloom and passing. It is a clostridia infection caused
by clostridium perfringens type D.
Breeds of goats:
mini goats, kamori, screaming goats, dwarf goats, fainting goats, Boer goat, beetle,pygmy goat, goats for sale, Saanen goat, Nigerian dwarf goat,jamnapari, angora goat, Alpine goat
Kiko goat,lamancha goat, pygmy goats for sale near me, Kalahari red, nanny goat, pet goat
Boer goat, cute goat, American LaMancha, judas goat LaMancha, miniature goats,Jamnagar goat, whether goat
⚡The study of disease transmission :
Happens from one side of the planet to the other
Pervasiveness is 1-3 per cent however on the off chance that this sickness comes causes demise 100
per cent in youthful sheep and little youngsters
Happens when children and sheep are given
1. High sugars
2. Rich grass
3. Over weaning
⚡Etiology :
It is brought about by the clostridium perfringes type D which is a bacillus spore framing
anaerobic gram-positive microscopic organisms. which produce poisons (alpha + epsilon) poisons
premise action intended for youthful creatures (under about fourteen days)
⚡Clinical signs :
1. Fever 104
2. Anorexia
3. Sadness
4. Stomach torment
5. Loose bowels
6. Diarrhea
7. Drying out
8. Sickliness
Anxious signs
1. Profound shallow breath
2. Squeezing of head
3. Grating teeth
4. Roundabout development
⚡Treatment :
Anti-microbial
Penicillin 10000 to 20000 in yet attempt to utilize an expansive range
anti-toxin
Sulphadimidine 100 to 200 mg for each kg
Tribesmen
Ceftiofur sodium 1.1 to 2mg per kg
Oxytetracycline
Antibody
Epsilon antibody 200iu per kg
Stomach settling agent #
1 Milk of magnesia
2 Mucousin syrup
Strong treatment
1 Thiamine (B12) for anxious signs
2 Fluids and electrolytes
3 Dexamethasone 0.04mg per kg
4 Score X 1 ml for each kg
5 Pinbotics
Enterotoxemia in Takamori , Boer, pygmy, Saanen, Nigerian, dwarf, jamnapari, angora, alpine, Kiko, American LaMancha, judas, Kalahari goats
Identification of the Queen Ant, Worker ants, Male or Drones.pdfGhulam ullah
Queen ant
Today's article is about the head of ants, the "queen ant".
As we know, ants live in a highly organized and complex social system where three types of ants are found, viz.
1. The queen ant
2. Worker ants
3. Male or Drones
The queen ant is the only important member of the colony which lays eggs inside the colony and increases the population of the colony.New colony base:
New queens (who are the offspring of the eldest queen) within any existing colony come out of the colony at a certain time and look for a male for themselves. The sperm collects sperm inside your body in a sac-like structure called the spermatheca. After that, if she escapes from weather conditions or predators, she digs a suitable place on the ground and starts making her burrow, where she lays her eggs for the first time, from which only worker ants emerge after some time. Let's start the part work.
Determining the sex of the people of the colony:
This work is also done by the queen ant. If the sperms found inside it fertilize its eggs, then female ants (workers, new queens) come out of it and if the queen does not fertilize them then males or drones come out of it.
New queens are formed in the colony until the size of the colony increases to a certain extent before the queen ant releases chemicals from her body which are formed at the larval stage inside the female ants and ovaries. Stop being ...
Identification of the Queen Ant:
1. The queen ant is almost always larger than the other ants in the colony. However, its exact size depends on the species. For example, in leaf cutter ants, the queen is much larger than the worker ants, so it can be easily identified, while in carpenter ants, the worker ants are also quite large. The queen is a little difficult to identify.
2. At some point in the life of the queen ants, there must be wings that usually fall off after mating with the male and before forming a new colony. If you look closely at the queen, After the fall, you will see a bump on this place ... which is an important sign of her being a queen.
m
3. The queen ant is treated very differently in the colony, the rest of the ants are in charge of her care and take special care of her eggs and food. The queen ant is found in the very centre of the colony and around it. Soldier ants are present all the time. If you ever see a big ant and many small ants around it, it will likely be the queen ant.
The average age of the queen:
The average age of a queen can range from 2 to 30 years, depending on the type, diet and weather conditions.Several queen ants in a colony:
One or more queens can be found in a colony
A colony in which only one queen is found is called monogyny. There will be a girl ... It is very difficult for this colony to survive after the death of the queen.
A colony with more than one egg-laying queen is called Polygyny.
Remember that a monogyny colony can also have more than one queen, but we determine this by the number of queens lay
Top 10 Best Military Dog Breeds
Military Dog: If you are rich and consider yourself wealthy and after that, you do not own a military dog that does not make you complete. Dogs are our favourite creatures on this planet. Not only because they are supportive and like to play around but also because of their loyalty and support to serve and understand us unconditionally.
While some dogs are fit to use as our pets, some are meant to be employed for tougher jobs. But for a very long time, dogs are used for many different purposes like in the military, and in police services. This is because of their aggressive support and bold nature.
These dogs are trained to perform different tasks on the battlefield. They are different dogs for different purposes. They are true heroes in war. From attacking terrorists to smelling drugs, these military dog breeds are best in every situation.
HERE ARE SOME OF THE TOP 10 ULTIMATE MILITARY AND POLICE DOGS BREED
1- BELGIAN MALINIOS
The Belgian Malinois is known as a cousin of the German Shepherd. Even they are more athletic than the German Shepherd due to their smaller physique. Also, they are similar in many of the same physical and personality traits as their giant cousins the German Shepherds. So it is no more surprising than the Belgian Malinois has become a popular K9 breed in the military also. They are also employed by the army for operations of all sizes.
2- GERMAN SHEPHERD
In the list of the most intelligent dog breeds, German shepherds are ranked third. these are the most popular dog because of Their athletic body, enormous stature, muscular frame and nimble speed, making them different from other breeds and the gold standard for police dogs. Not only they are remarkable physical gifts to be great police dogs, but they are also highly trainable and immensely loyal dogs and became aggressive when needed.
3- DACSHHOUND
This dog breed is not that breed which you can easily dreamimg running against German Shephard and Belgian Malinois. Bloodhounds are used by the police to track drugs and people. These dogs can smell a specific scent and following it over a long distance has made them different from other dogs and cemented their reputation as reliable police dogs. Bloodhounds, have the best noses in the dog breed.. Their sense of smell is much times better than humans. This dog breed was the first to be employed by a police unit for its service.4- ROTTWEILER
These dogs are one of the most agile and versatile dogs . They are known for being the ideal guard dog. A Rottweiler will remain friendly and loving towards familiar faces, but be very cautious around strangers. Because of their high confidence level, Rottweilers were commissioned as guard dogs, military dogs and to perform search and rescue operations. in both World War I and World War II, these dogs were used to deliver urgent messages from base to base.5- DOBERMAN PINSCHER
These dogs have a Muscular body, sleek frame, cropped ears and a docked tai
Canines are for the most part called agreeable creatures. Canines were tamed millennia prior, they advanced to charm people for food and asylum. In reality, each canine has a special character, a few certain types of canines will generally be somewhat more friendly than others. A very much mingled canine is a cordial canine, no matter what their variety.
Breed Characteristics
Friendly canines are versatile to new circumstances and conditions. They some way or another are not difficult to prepare for and are not frightfully energized constantly. A functioning and perky canine are awesome, however, canines need to figure out their cutoff points and play without turning out to be excessively unpleasant. A well-disposed canine typically doesn't get dread or restless subsequently, they acknowledge and follow your quiet energy or initiative into a circumstance.
Presentation
The impacts of high encompassing temperatures on creation creatures, when remembered to be restricted to tropical regions, has reached out into northern scopes in light of the rising worldwide temperature. We will likewise momentarily talk about current intensity reduction procedures, as well as the manageability of future intensity stress for the executives. Heat pressure adversely affects the wellbeing and organic working of dairy cows through discouraged milk creation and decreased regenerative execution. Heat pressure can likewise think twice about the emotional condition of dairy cows by actuating sensations of appetite and thirst, and we have featured the requirement for research endeavours to inspect the expected connection between heat pressure, disappointment, hostility, and agony. Little work has analyzed what intensity stress means for a creature's normal adapting ways of behaving, as well as how the creature's transformative variations for thermoregulation are overseen in current dairy frameworks. More examination is expected to recognize further developed far-reaching cow-side estimations that can show constant reactions to raised encompassing temperatures and that could be integrated into heat reduction the executive's choices.
Impacts of intensity stress
There is no question that dairy cows become heat-pushed at a point all through the pre-summer quite a while in the Mid-Atlantic region. The temperature tenacity document (THI) is a mechanical assembly used to review the best for heat pressure in creatures. The THI edge for high useful dairy cows is 68; when values are more unmistakable than 68, lactating cows are in peril for heat pressure. With relative moisture levels heading off to someplace in the scope of 50 and 80% and typical month to month highs of 87°F, 85°F, and 78°F during the extended lengths of July, August, and September, separately, most cows in Maryland really experience a couple of days where the THI is north of 68 during these months.
Signs of force pressure in dairy cows consolidate heaving, pointless drooling/foaming from the mouth, and open-mouth unwinding. Heat pressure furthermore activates lead changes like extended standing time, grouping, and reduced feed utilization, which clearly influence creation.
How to recognize that creature is in heat pressure?
Breath and internal heat level,Breath rates and inside heat level are both extraordinary approaches to assessing how well cows are managing their power creation and disasters in warm environment. Individual cow responses will move and conditions shift over the direction of the day. You can notice and record breath rates or measure inner intensity levels at different times to assess how well your cows are adjusting to the air conditions you have and your cooling practices. You furthermore can screen ordinary milk creation, yet diminishes in milk creation are customarily delayed somewhere around two days after cows
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Genital Prolapse in Buffalo
Author: Dr Ghulam ullah DVM.RVMP
In numerous nations, irregularity restricts the conceptive exhibition of bison [1-4] which is
exacerbated by regenerative problems. Studies examining information on coordinated bison ranches
have shown that regenerative issues represented a huge extent (30-40%) of bison being eliminated
(separated) from the crowd [5-8]. Numerous conceptive issues in bison happen during the
periparturient period [9-12]. Clinical assessments have shown that genital prolapse is the third [13]
or fourth [14,15] most normal problem influencing propagation in the bison. The eversion of the
genital lot (prolapse) situated in the pelvis happens as distension through the outer privates (vulva)
and has been accounted for as case reports in bison as soon as 1967 [16,17]. Vaginal prolapse
regularly happens during growth [18-21] and the post-pregnancy period [22-24], at times in
non-pregnant bison [25] and seldom during estrus [26] while uterine prolapse happens during the
post-pregnancy time frame [27-29]. The essential reason for prolapse seems, by all accounts, to be
debilitating or unwinding of the constrictor vestibule muscle and atony of the vaginal muscular build
[20,30]. The occurrence of the issue fluctuates broadly (0.21% to 16.34%) between reports including
clinical investigations and assessments of coordinated bison ranches [18,31]. In one report including
529 calvings, the issue was non-existent [32]. The aetiology of the prolapse keeps on being
ineffectively perceived albeit expanding levels of plasma estradiol during incubation [33-35] and low
degrees of flowing minor components, for example, copper, selenium and zinc [36-39] and minerals
like calcium and phosphorous [18,40-43] are a portion of the hypothesized contributing variables.
Unpleasant and powerful controls of the genital plot during troublesome parturition and quick
post-pregnancy period frequently increment the crabbiness of the parcel (and resultant expanded
compressions) inclining it toward an outward bulge because the genital lot is exceptionally loose
during this period. The administration of the apparently projected genital organ is a substitution to its
unique area after appropriate cleaning; nonetheless, the prolapse is much of the time repetitive and
in ineffectively overseen cases, the provocative cycle goes on for delayed periods hampering
fruitfulness. In this section, we depict the potential etiologies, risk factors, clinical discoveries,
analysis and treatment for vaginal and uterine prolapse in buffalo.
1. Vaginal Prolapse
1.1 Incidence
2. Investigation of conceptive records of bison oversaw at coordinated ranches and clinical
examinations have shown that the frequency of vaginal prolapse shifts generally from 0.21% to
16.34% (Table 1). A couple of studies assessing records including more than 2000 Murrah and Nili
Ravi bison viewed the rate as 3.20% and 12.1% separately [44,45]. Also, studies dissecting more
than 5000 records of Murrah and Surti bison recorded a rate of 3.79% and 11.7% separately [22,25].
In examinations of Mediterranean bison, the rate was demonstrated to be just about as low as 2-6%
and as high as 7-35% [46]. The frequency of vaginal prolapse in one field overview including 787
bison in Iraq changed from 3.71% to 5.22% [47]. The frequency of vaginal prolapse shifts as per the
phase of pregnancy, breed, season, and equality [18,19,48]. In Nepali Murrah bison [48], 57% of
bison (n=26) showing vaginal prolapse were either pregnant yearlings or grown-up bison in their last
lactation with various seriousness. Most of the cases happened during the seventh month of growth
and later (Table 2).
Mishra et al., [19] recorded just 3 instances of vaginal prolapse at a University bison ranch in
Jabalpur while many cases were kept in their field study and Purohit [32] found no instance of
vaginal prolapse for 529 calvings in Surti bison at a University bison ranch more than a 10-year time
frame.
Table 1. Incidence of Vaginal Prolapse in Buffaloes in Different Studies
eed Area Animals n of Study e of Prolapse
ana, India
al, India
istan
i, Gujarat, India
areas of Punjab, India
Pakistan)
al, India
3. s Akola Maharashtra, India
a
al, India
al, India
a
a
ia
a
dia
arnataka, India
arnataka, India
P, India
ia
dia
al, India
m, Karnal, India
q %
4. , India cases
dia
1.2 Risk Factors
Past prolapse, slow down taking care of, solidified enclosures, counterfeit draining and expanding
equality were referenced as huge gamble factors for the event of vaginal prolapse in bison
[18,25,38,65,66]. In one review, slow down took care of bison had a higher frequency of vaginal
prolapse (82.54%) contrasted with semi-slow down took care of (17.46%) bison [19] though in
another review semi-slow down took care of bison had a higher occurrence (14.07%) contrasted with
slow down took care of (12.98%) bison [38]. Taking care of shaped feeds or feeds high in protein
were considered a gamble in the event of vaginal prolapse in bison [65]. A higher occurrence was
kept in sticky summers [38,67]. Kumar and Singh [68] kept the most noteworthy rate of vaginal
prolapse in winter and spring, in any case, the time of calving affected the occurrence of the
uterovaginal risk and post pregnancy prolapse in bison. Solidified enclosures [65] and lopsided floors
[19,38,70] were viewed as huge dangers for the event of vaginal prolapse in bison as was close
restriction [19]. Frail bison remaining in a jam-packed nook is bound to foster vaginal injuries
(because of assault from group mates) and ensuing vaginal prolapse [65]. The impact of expanding
the number of equalities on the expansion in the occurrence of vaginal prolapse was displayed in
certain examinations [12,53,57,59] yet different examinations tracked down no tremendous impact of
the equality on the frequency of prolapse in bison [56]. Buddy [71] kept the most elevated rate of
genital prolapse in the second and third calving (1.92%) contrasted with first (1.62%) and fourth and
ensuing calvings in Murrah bison and the most noteworthy occurrence was accounted for during
summer (1.80%) contrasted with winter (1.62%) and harvest time (0.99%). Tiwana et al.,
notwithstanding, tracked down a fundamentally higher occurrence of vaginal prolapse in primiparous
(7.6%) contrasted with pluriparous (2.5%) bison [23]. These creators likewise observed that the
heritability of vaginal prolapse is high (0.64) and bison that have a vaginal prolapse in one equality
were probably going to have a vaginal prolapse in resulting equalities too.
Low degrees of coursing minor components [37], minerals (Ca, P, and Mg) [42], and adjusted steroid
(high estrogens) focuses [35] are a portion of the hypothesized risk factors for vaginal prolapse.
Higher milk creation of more than 10 liters each day was a critical gamble for vaginal prolapse in
bison [66]. Blistering damp summers were viewed as a critical gamble for the event of vaginal
5. prolapse in bison in Pakistan [38,67]. The heritability of vaginal prolapse in bison was low
(0.33+0.13) [53], nonetheless, the hereditary idea of the condition can't be precluded. Zicarelli et al.,
[65] in their examinations of Mediterranean bison found that bigger quantities of primiparous girls
from a similar bull were more impacted with vaginal prolapse in their most memorable calving. Two
examinations referenced the state of the rear of bison as a critical gamble factor for the event of
vaginal prolapse in the Mediterranean [65] and Bulgarian Murrah [72] bison. The back end length
(estimated in cm from snare to stick bones) at the year and a half old enough in Bulgarian Murrah
bison that had prolapse was 3.1 times more prominent contrasted with those that calved regularly
[72]. The ideal back end length recommended was under 40% of body length. Mediterranean bison
with their high-positioned tail, sickle-formed appendages and a short pelvis, and an inclining rear
part were more in danger of vaginal prolapse [65]. Bison with a lower rear end width (estimated from
coxofemoral joints) contrasted with the distance between the two wings of the ileum, were more
inclined toward vaginal prolapse. Such creatures likewise had a greater width at the ischia [65].
However, in one review [73] including prolapse impacted non-pregnant (n=6), pregnant (n=45) and
post-pregnancy (n=20) Murrah bison (estimating the different pelvic aspects) tracked down no
distinction in the cross-over measurement of the pelvic outlet/channel in prolapse impacted and
typical bison. Be that as it may, the upward distance across the pelvic outlet/bay was essentially
higher (27.90 and 28.25 cm) in pre and post-pregnancy vaginal prolapse impacted bison contrasted
with bison not impacted with prolapse (21.6 cm) [73].
Stress has been proposed to be one gamble factor for expansion in the rate of vaginal prolapse.
Galhotra et al., [74] assessed plasma cortisol, prolactin, FSH and LH in 30 Murrah bison impacted
with antepartum vaginal prolapse during the third trimester of development. Bison showed three
unmistakable degrees of cortisol <10 ng/ml (low pressure), >10 to <30 ng/ml (medium pressure) and
>30 ng/ml (high pressure). The distinctions in FSH and prolactin in pressure bunches were critical
(P<0.01), be that as it may, the raised degrees of estradiol in bison with prolapse were irrelevant to
stretch gathering and plasma cortisol. The most noteworthy gamble of antepartum prolapse in bison
happens between Days 271-300 of development.
1.3 Etiology
The fundamental reason for prolapse has all the earmarks of being the unwinding of the constrictor
vestibule muscle and atony of the vaginal and vulvar muscular build [32]. The atony of the vaginal
muscular build has been connected with low degrees of serum calcium, phosphorous and
magnesium (Table 2) and low degrees of plasma copper, selenium and zinc [36-39]. Hypothesized
etiologies for the unwinding of pelvic tendons and bordering structures during the last 2-3 months of
6. incubation incorporate expanding levels of plasma estradiol during this period [19,33,34,75]. The
hormonal changes that happen during the last trimester of pregnancy, particularly the increment of
estrogen and the development of relaxin, cause unwinding of the pelvic tendons and encompassing
delicate tissue structures [76,77]. The typical estradiol focus recorded were 303.5 pg/ml for 8-9
months (n=2), 352 pg/ml for quite a long time (n=1), 336 pg/ml for 9.3 months (n=2) and 379.75
pg/ml of plasma for 9.5 months (n=4) of development in bison with prepartum prolapse [34].The
normal plasma estradiol 17β fixations in a single bison with a prepartum vaginal prolapse at 10
months was 390 pg/ml of plasma that expanded consistently to reach 600 pg/ml upon the arrival of
calving. In typical pregnant bison, the estradiol fixations were almost multiple times lower at this
multitude of stages [34]. Subsequently, the job of expanding estradiol at the beginning of prepartum
vaginal prolapse in pregnant bison can't be precluded.
Then again, the lack of calcium and phosphorus and more elevated levels of magnesium may
potentially be the contributing variables in causing prepartum vaginal prolapse in bison. Serum
calcium was higher and phosphorus was lower (Table 3) in bison with vaginal prolapse and kept in a
watered zone when contrasted with their partners in downpour took care zones [43]. In Iraq, 6.6% -
8.6% of bison with prolapse had a lack of minerals [47]. Nonetheless, in one concentration on 8 high
level pregnant (8 months) Murrah bison, serum calcium, phosphorous, all-out protein, and
cholesterol levels didn't vary from the focuses that were acquired in the equivalent bison after
parturition during the early lactation time frame [78]. Calcium is fundamental for neuromuscular
volatility, cell layer porousness, muscle compression and nerve motivation transmission, and its lack
can prompt diminished vaginal and uterine muscle tone which inclines the creatures toward vaginal
prolapse [32]. Many reports have shown lower levels of flowing minerals (calcium, phosphorous, and
magnesium) in bison with a vaginal prolapse (Table 3). Moreover, the expanded degree of estrogen
during the previous piece of the third trimester of pregnancy might bring about a more prominent
unwinding of the pelvic designs and the circumstance is additionally emphasized by diminished
degrees of calcium, bringing about atony of the regenerative parcel, in this manner inclining the
creature toward vaginal prolapse. It is conceivable that blends of these two variables might start the
vaginal prolapse [43]. Difficult births represent a high extent of vaginal prolapse in bison (19.5%)
during the post-pregnancy time frame [79] because of harsh controls and exorbitant effort of strain in
pulling the hatchling without adequate enlargement of the birth channel that pulls the vagina
ostensibly alongside the baby.
erum Macro-Minerals (mg/dl) in Healthy and Vaginal Prolapse Affected Buffaloes Raised
Under Different Agro-Ecological Zones (Mean ± SE) [43].
7. meters (mg/dl)
Irrigated Zone Rain Fed Zone
psed Group rol Group psed Group rol Group
different letters in a row differ significantly (P<0.01). Each value is based on 50 samples.
It has been referenced that when the creature sits, the intra-stomach pressure is sent to the flabby
pelvic designs having a tendency to compel the loose and inexactly connected vaginal floor and
walls through the approximately joined vulva [20]. Steady vaginal disturbance by vaginitis [80],
urinary contamination [81] and vaginal tears or gashes can result in vaginal prolapse. A few strange
proposed etiological elements for vaginal prolapse in bison incorporate vaginal cancers [82,83] and
vaginal blisters [84]. Simultaneous to vaginal prolapse, rectal prolapse has been kept for some
situation reports in bison [85,86]. The steady stressing may be the inclining factor for rectal prolapse.
In the severest types of vaginal prolapse, vaginal tears with the bulge of gastrointestinal circles have
been kept in bison [21,87].
Table 3. Serum Biochemicals in Buffaloes with a Vaginal Prolapse in Different Studies
rolapse od a mg/dl mg/dl g mg/dl a mg/dl lucose ssium (K)
al tum
partum
ginal
ginal h
ginal
ginal
8. ginal
ginal
se
se
se
1.4 Critical Period
Vaginal prolapse can happen during estrus, growth, and the post-pregnancy time frame in bison, yet,
it is normal during development (antepartum prolapse) [18,19,22,50]. Antepartum vaginal prolapse
has been kept in Indian [18], Pakistani [43], Nepali [48], Egyptian [91], Iraqi [92] and Mediterranean
[65] bison. In a clinical examination of 23 instances of vaginal prolapse in Maharashtra (India),
antepartum vaginal prolapse was more normal during the third to 6thcalvings [93]. In Pakistani bison,
prolapse happened all the more frequently during the 7 to the multi-month of development [35].
Concentrates on contrasting the general recurrence of prepartum and post-pregnancy vaginal
prolapse in bison uncovered that dominatingly it happens in pregnant bison (Table 4). In one review,
notwithstanding, the rate of antepartum and post-pregnancy prolapse in Murrah bison was 1.57%
and 4.62% for 2983 unique conceptive problems (between 1992-1996) in eight towns [69]. The
inordinate unwinding of pelvic tendons which support the genitalia might happen due to propelling
age. Low degrees of serum copper and selenium are connected to the expanded rate of vaginal
prolapse in bison during the last trimester of growth [39] combined with elevated degrees of
estrogens and low degrees of serum progesterone [35]. Mishra et al., [25] examined 63 clinical
instances of vaginal prolapse in bison and found that 52.4% were antepartum, 22.2% posted
pregnancy and 11.1% were tracked down in non-pregnant bison (the rest 14.3% were uterine
prolapse).
4. Critical Period of Occurrence of Vaginal Prolapse in Buffaloes in Different Reports
9. ases/Buffaloes ed
Pregnant Buffaloes
gnant Buffaloes
epartum partum
Comparatively different reports have referenced a more continuous event of vaginal prolapse during
incubation contrasted with the post-pregnancy time frame (Table 4). The event of vaginal prolapse in
non-pregnant bison is low (2.35% to 11.1% of all prolapse cases) (Table 4). Vaginal prolapse during
estrus is uncommon in bison. One report kept a vaginal prolapse in 2 bison during estrus [26]. Two
reports found cervicovaginal prolapse in 8-month pregnant bison [86,94] and one report referenced
the event in a full-term pregnant bison [95]. Additionally, different reports have recorded
post-pregnancy cervicovaginal prolapses in bison from 3 days to 90 days post-pregnancy
[88,96-100].
1.5 Diagnosis and Clinical Findings
The apparently projecting vagina can be effectively distinguished and frequently detailed by the
proprietor [20]. The prolapse starts as an intussusception-like collapsing of the vaginal floor only
cranial to the vestibule-vaginal intersection. The distress brought about by the eversion, combined
with disturbance and expansion of the uncovered mucosa brings about stress and a greater
10. prolapse. With the progression of time, the prolapsed tissues become edematous prompting
circulatory weakness and seriously expanding. Ultimately the whole vagina might be prolapsed with
the cervix obvious at the most caudal piece of the prolapse. It is then named cervicovaginal
prolapse. The general state of bison with vaginal prolapse is great and except if a serious disease
has happened bison are only from time to time anorectic. The level of tenesmus and distress to the
creature relies on the time and degree of the vaginal prolapse. The presence of oedema in vaginal
prolapse relies on the time since the organ has everted and how much stress and the level of
vaginal prolapse. The stressing was powerless to direct in second and third-degree vaginal prolapse
areas of strength for and fourth-degree vaginal prolapses in bison [48].
In steers, vaginal prolapse has been typically evaluated as Grade I to Grade IV relying on the genital
and other tissue contribution and determination of prolapse [101]. In Grade I the vagina prolapses
discontinuously generally when the creature rests. At the point when the prolapse is persistent
regardless of retroflexion of the urinary bladder, it is named Grade II, and when the cervix (outside
os) is additionally elaborate it is named Grade III [101]. Grade II or Grade III prolapse alongside
injury, contamination or corruption or persistent prolapse with fibrosis to such an extent that the
vagina can't be supplanted is viewed as Grade IV [101]. The clinical grouping of vaginal prolapse for
bison is unfinished [48,102,103], notwithstanding, many case reports of Grade IV [86,94,104,105],
Grade III (cervicovaginal prolapse) [93,95,98-100,106,107] (Fig. 1), Fig. 2, Fig. 3) and grade II
[18,27,41,42,108] vaginal prolapse (Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7) are on record. In a clinical
examination of 35 clinical instances of vaginal prolapse in bison, Jahangir et al. [103] found that 17,
8, and 10 could be delegated Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III separately. In uncommon cases,
fractional uterine prolapse can go with a cervicovaginal prolapse [109,110] (Fig.8). In one pregnant
bison, the whole gravid uterus was totally torn from the cervical connections and was found
balancing out through tears in the vagina (Dr. Ravi Dutt, individual correspondence) (Fig.9).
11. Figure 20.1. Grade III vaginal prolapse (cervicovaginal) in a bison with tears in the vagina.
12. Figure 20.2. Grade III vaginal prolapse in a bison (photograph kindness Dr. Anil D. Patil, College of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir, Maharashtra, India).
13. Figure 20.3. Grade III vaginal prolapse in a bison with tearing of the cervix (photograph civility Prof.
Azawi OI, Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Mosul, Mosul, Iraq).
15. Figure 20.5. Grade II vaginal prolapse in a bison with corresponding rectal prolapse (photograph
politeness Dr Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Gynecology and
Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, NDUAT, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India).
16. Figure 20.6. Grade II vaginal prolapse in a bison with the corresponding prolapse of rectum and
retroflection of the urinary bladder.
17. Figure 20.7. Vaginal prolapse with a burst of vagina and prolapse of digestion tracts (photograph
graciousness Dr Gyan Singh, Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary
College, LUVAS, Hissar, India)
18. Figure 20.8. Cervical and uterine prolapse in a bison (photograph politeness Dr NF Chaudhari,
Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary College, Navsari, Gujrat, India).
19. Figure 20.9. Uterine tear and prolapse in a pregnant Murrah bison and the torn gravid uterus
precisely eliminated (photograph civility Dr. Ravi Dutt, Department of Veterinary Gynecology and
Obstetrics, Veterinary College, LUVAS, Hissar, India).
1.6 Prognosis
The visualization of vaginal prolapse relies on the level of prolapse and the time allotment it has
existed [20]. Unattended instances of Grade I and II vaginal prolapses might advance to Grade III
and IV because of steady bothering, tainting, and edema of uncovered tissues. Tears might happen
because of the pressure of uncovered tissues on the ground or chomps by birds, and vascular
affront of everted tissues might finish in corruption. With the progression of time, the tears might hold
onto parasites. With speedy and fitting treatment and adequate after-care, the forecast for
antepartum and post-pregnancy vaginal prolapse in bison is great [20,21,32]. A high extent (88.5%)
of bison with a vaginal prolapse held the prolapse resulting in substitution and legitimate treatment
without repeat [48,103]. With brief treatment and adequate consideration, complete clinical
recuperation was accomplished in 93.02% of Murrah bison experiencing prolapse of genitalia in one
review [27]. Bison with a vaginal prolapse left untreated and without care, may foster optional
inconveniences, for example, endometritis with cystitis [111], metritis, prolapse of rectum, uterine
prolapse, putrefaction/fibrosis of prolapsed tissue, septicemia or consistent tenesmus. In unattended
cases experiencing cervicovaginal prolapse, a purulent release might be clear [27], the cervical seal
might melt with resulting demise and maceration of the baby, and seldom passing of the dam. In
20. most outrageous cases muddled by the prolapse of the rectum, demise of baby, septic metritis,
corruption of prolapsed organs, septicemia, or consistent savage stressing, the forecast is monitored
to poor [38]. The richness of impacted creatures is decreased or lost and seldom bison might bite
the dust by lethal septicemia and additionally peritonitis. Urinary contamination was found in pee
tests of 22/26 bison impacted with genital prolapse [112]. Nonetheless, E.coli was detached from the
greater part of these bison followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella [112]. Bison with
prolapse have an essentially longer help period and the quantities of administrations per origination
are expanded [113].
1.7 Treatment
Manual substitution after careful cleaning of the prolapsed vagina is many times fruitful in Grade I
prolapse in bison. Lifting of the prolapsed vagina towards the tail before substitution frequently helps
in easing the tension on the urinary meatus working with pee [114]. This assists with a simple
manual substitution. In Grade II vaginal prolapse, the organ is frequently edematous and ruined with
soil and fertilizer. If a vaginal prolapse has been out for a few days before disclosure, the tissues
might be dry, harmed, and more challenging to clean and supplant [32]. Washing with cleanser and
water and a 1:1000 arrangement of potassium permanganate [108,111,115] or with 5% acriflavine
[48] has been recommended. In the wake of washing the organ, edema can be diminished by the
use of sugar, salt, or liquor [20,32]. The organ should be adequately greased up with fluid paraffin or
boring oil and supplanted back by leisurely transforming inwards with consistent tension. This should
effectively be possible in a standing creature as opposed to when the creature is sitting. When the
prolapsed part has been supplanted, the administrator should save his hand inside for quite a while
and afterward pull out his hand gradually. A mixture of warm saline (2-5 liters) in the supplanted
organ followed by an organization of 10-40 IU of oxytocin IM can help in keeping up with the organ
set-up [109]. At the point when creatures are stressing harshly, frequently the prolapse tends to
repeat and a few narcotics may at first be given. Epidural sedation (4-5 ml of 2% lignocaine) and
pudendal nerve block were proposed beforehand to forestall stressing in bison with antepartum
prolapse. The epidural sedation brought about improved proficiency in keeping up with sedation for
68.3 min [116,117]. Epidural organization of xylazine (0.05 mg/kg body weight) has been
recommended for counteraction of stressing in bison with antepartum vaginal prolapse. The mean
enlistment time was 5.3 min and absence of pain persevered for 4.10±0.37 h and stressing was
forestalled for 21.2±3.7 h [118]. Many case reports have referenced the organization of 4-5 ml of 2%
lignocaine as epidural sedation before prolapse substitution [97,99,115,119], notwithstanding, this
should be painstakingly done exclusively in chosen cases as the vagina becomes limp forestalling
appropriate repositioning and go too far can prompt loss of rear appendage motility forestalling
21. remaining of the creature [21]. Production of pneumoperitoneum by insufflation of air utilizing a 3 cm
18 check needle in the flank locale till the mid-region stretched up to the degree of the last rib was
recommended to diminish the tenesmus and forestall a repeat of vaginal prolapse in bison in one
review [120], in any case, by likely risks of making peritonitis such a strategy can't be proposed.
The vulvar support (Fig. 10) is of viable worth in holding the prolapsed vagina in its anatomic area
ensuing to substitution in pregnant dairy bison and is a habitually utilized strategy (Table 5) for
counteraction of a repeat of cervical vaginal prolapse [22,59,78,97,121,122]. The support made of
cowhide, wide material (Fig. 10, Fig. 11), and ropes is great. The bracket should be cushioned with
little towels. Support that is too free might be of little worth and a bracket that is too close might
cause extreme vulvar edema (Fig. 12) and strain corruption [32]. Jagatheesan, [78] treated 22 bison
with vaginal prolapse (both antepartum and post-pregnancy) by substitution followed by utilization of
rope support saved set up for 3-5 days and tracked down it extremely helpful in holding vaginal
prolapse in bison with no injury. The substitution of Grade III prolapse (cervicovaginal prolapse) is
like that for Grade II with the exception that when portions of the vagina or the cervix are torn (Fig. 1,
Fig. 3, Fig. 7), they should be stitched before substitution. The use of emollient creams and nearby
sedative jams frequently diminish the post substitution stressing. Intravenous and subcutaneous
organization of calcium borogluconate and anti-infection agents are useful in the reclamation of the
motility of the vagina and avoidance of disease.
22. Figure 20.10. The canvas and rope truss were applied to a buffalo with vaginal prolapse.
23. Figure 20.11. The canvas and rope truss were applied to a buffalo with vaginal prolapse (a line diagram of the
same is shown below).
The Breed, Age, Parity, and Replacement of Vaginal Prolapse in Buffaloes in Different
Reports
24. of prolapse ed ears) rity Treatment
Cervico-vaginal er t after cesarean to deliver a calf
cervicovaginal of pregnancy
Cervico-vaginal t + Bühner suture
t + Bühner suture
o-vaginal t + Rope truss
inal t + Bühner suture
inal t + Bühner suture
t + Rope truss
Cervico-vaginal t + Rope truss or Vulvar suture
Cervico-vaginal t + Vulvar suture
Cervico-vaginal t
Vaginal and rectal t + Bühner suture
Cervico-vaginal t + Horizontal mattress suture
Cervico-vaginal t + Horizontal mattress suture
aginal t + Rope truss
inal t + Vulvar suture
inal t
t + Rope truss
25. aginal t
inal t
ervico-vaginal t + Rope truss
Cervico-Vaginal t + Rope truss
t
inal en Replacement
inal t + Bühner suture
Cervico-vaginal y + Replacement + Vulvar suture
inal t + rope truss
t
Rectal and
inal
t + Purse string suture on the
dified quill suture on the vagina
26. Figure 20.12. Vulvar edema in a buffalo in which the rope truss was tight.
The motivation behind the prolapse treatment in pregnant bison is to keep up with the organ set-up
until the fulfillment of development. The bracket should be eliminated once the indications of
parturition have begun and the mind should be practiced to forestall further prolapse during and after
parturition. Pregnant bison with Grade III or IV vaginal prolapse can be considered for pregnancy
end [58,123]. A mix of prostaglandin and dexamethasone is a decent decision for this reason [32].
The cesarean area has been proposed in full-term pregnant bison with Grade III vaginal prolapse for
the safe conveyance of the calf [95,105].
A wide assortment of stitches have been recommended for holding the prolapsed organ in cows
including the Bühner stitch (handbag string), the bootlace stitch, and the interfered with level bedding
stitch (Fig. 31) [20,30]. Frequently, when the care after situation of these stitches isn't great, or the
stressing is vicious, the stitches don't hold well, bringing about tearing of tissues or potentially
tainting of the stitched region. Umbilical tape is valuable for satchel string stitches ordinarily utilized
in bison for the avoidance of vaginal prolapse [27,99,106,129,132]. The utilization of Bühner stitch in
Murrah bison with a vaginal prolapse brought about the viable maintenance of the prolapsed vagina
in 88.9% of creatures with the least contamination at the stitch site contrasted with Flessa stitch
(87.5% maintenance) and Ag Tek prefix button (66.7 % maintenance) [116]. A new report in bison
27. from Malaysia referenced the utilization of Bootlace stitch for the board of repetitive vaginal prolapse
[133]. Comparably a report on Anatolian bison with persistent recto-vaginal prolapse referenced the
utilization of stitch of the vaginal wall with the pelvic wall after substitution [134]. In an examination of
the utilization of vaginal bracket v/s vulvar stitches for maintenance of vaginal prolapse ensuing to
manual substitution, Lake et al., [122] treated 15 bison with antepartum vaginal prolapse with
support and 8 bison with vulvar stitches. They found that vulvar stitches brought about parasite
wounds at the stitch site, a repeat of prolapse in 4 bison, and demise in 2 bison while comparable
issues were not seen with the utilization of rope support.
jam
A careful fix to forestall the prolapse of the vagina is conceivable by utilizing methods, for example,
vaginoplasty. However, such a method keeps the creature from being utilized in regular help or
typical parturition. A past report on cows [30] referenced fix methods, for example, Caslick's activity
for first-degree prolapse and vaginopexy and cervicopexy for different levels of vaginal prolapse.
Two strategies for a careful fix of vaginal and cervical prolapse in bison have been depicted. These
incorporate vaginopexy (Minchev's strategy) where the vaginal walls are attached to the croup
muscles [129] and cervicopexy (Winklers activity) in which the cervix is secured to the prepubic
ligament yet requires specific needles and adequate practice for appropriate arrangement [117,135].
These methods are hard to perform and in this manner, they have not become famous [135].
Different strategies for vaginal obsession, for example, stomach sacrocolpopexy and laparoscopic
sacrocolpopexy portrayed for human patients [136] have not been referenced for homegrown
creatures including dairy cattle and bison; nonetheless, the creators feel that such procedures
should be attempted in repetitive instances of genital prolapse both in cows and buffalo.
A Caslick's activity has been recommended [30] however this is frequently less than ideal as
consistent stressing is normal in dairy cows and bison. Consistent stressing is likewise a typical
issue after substitution of the prolapsed organ. The utilization of appropriate oil, sedative jams,
emollient creams, and gentle narcotics before substitution frequently decreases this stress. In the
most extreme kind of Grade III and Grade IV, vaginal prolapse per vaginum ovariohysterectomy has
been proposed under epidural sedation in cows [137,138]. Comparable portrayals for bison are
inaccessible.
Taking care of seeds of Argyreia speciosa has been accounted for to be 100 percent healing in
forestalling repetitive prolapse in bison [139], notwithstanding, the preliminary was on a very modest
number of bison. Seeds of Argyreia speciosa (Family Convolvulaceae), privately known as
"Samundar douse" (Vriddadaru in Sanskrit) (250 gm partitioned into 4 portions of 62.5 gm) were
28. squashed in a pestle and mortar with a few glasses of water and the resultant glue was taken care of
orally every day with 250 gm of wheat flour for four days with cases of superb outcomes [139].
Dilshad et al., [140] portrayed the utilization of ethnoveterinary items for the treatment of genital
prolapse in bison in Pakistan. Be that as it may; no logical proof of these items was referenced in
this overview. Moreover, the homeopathic medication Sepia 200 was given orally and has shown
some commitment to the avoidance of repetitive prolapse [20] yet has not yet been demonstrated
tentatively. Mata et al., [141] referenced the utilization of podophyllum (a homeopathic medication)
for the treatment of vaginal prolapse in bison.
Regardless of the numerous strategies depicted, the treatment of vaginal prolapse is in some cases
flawed. Parenteral organization of calcium (150 ml SC), phosphorous, anti-microbials [27,59], and
progesterone infusions (500 mg IM a few times week after week) [18,27] are in many cases fulfilling
yet may in some cases show sub-standard impacts and the creators feel that the more quickly the
prolapse is supplanted and adequate consideration gave, the better the probability of helpful
effectiveness and comparative perspectives have been communicated by different specialists [48].
Care of creatures with prolapse incorporates little activity, taking care of less cumbersome weight
control plans, decrease in estrogenic feeds (assuming that being taken care of), and successive
watch of these creatures.
29. Figure 20.13. The three types of sutures commonly used for retaining vaginal prolapse are the Purse
string (1), Bootlace (2), and Horizontal mattress (3). Redrawn from Hooper et al. [30]
2. Uterine Prolapse
Unconstrained uterine prolapse is an at times experienced post-parturient intricacy requiring quick
consideration [101]. It generally happens in bison during the third phase of parturition [177 regularly
during 8-48 h of calving [85,142-146]. Every so often, it is deferred for 72 h [147]. It is one of the
obstetrical crises which require early consideration and effective administration. The rearranged
uterus is noticeable as a huge mass distending from the vulva and may stretch out to the hawk joint
(Fig. 14) [148,149]. Uncovered placentomes might be noticeable on the prolapsed part and by and
large, the fetal layer could have to some degree isolated from the caruncles. Many cases that
provide details regarding uterine prolapse in bison have shown up in the writing (Table 6).
Breed, Age, Parity, and Therapy of Uterine Prolapse in Buffaloes in Different Reports
30. reed (Years) Parity Treatment
t + purse-string suture
t + Bühner suture
t + mattress suture
t
t + vulvar suture
t + Bühner suture
t + horizontal mattress suture
t + purse-string suture
t + rope truss
t + purse-string suture
t
t + rope truss
t + rope truss
t + vulvar suture
t + vulvar suture + rope truss
t + Bühner suture
t + horizontal mattress sutures
t + purse string suture
31. 2.1 Incidence
Scarcely any reports are accessible on the occurrence of uterine prolapse in bison. Mishra et al.,
[25] found in their clinical examination of 63 cases that the rate of uterine prolapse was 14.28% and
the rest were vaginal prolapses. Examination of clinical records (1297 instances of regenerative
issues in bison) uncovered the frequency of post-pregnancy uterine prolapse to be 6.60% [18].
Medina [44] assessed 96 Bulgarian Murrah bison and tracked down a rate of 14.58%. The
predominance of uterine prolapse in one review that dissected 9745 calving records of Murrah bison
changed from 1.34% to 2.22% during various years with a general occurrence of 1.87% [61] and
another review [68] recorded the frequency of uterine prolapse to be 4.07%. In an overview including
815 bison in Madhya Pradesh (India), uterine prolapse was the most predominant regenerative
problem with an occurrence of 8.71% [162]. In one review, the occurrence of uterine prolapse was
7.7% [92]. In an investigation of 585 puerperal regenerative issues in Nili Ravi bison in Pakistan
Akhtar et al., [12] tracked down an occurrence of 3.92% for uterine prolapse.
2.2 Risk Factors
Prepartum vaginal prolapse, dystocia, and low post-pregnancy serum calcium are critical dangers for
the event of uterine prolapse in bison. Past prolapse, troublesome birth, and low serum calcium were
fundamentally connected with the event of uterine prolapse in Bulgarian Murrah bison [29]. Bison
with serum calcium underneath 10.42 mg/dl were 6.7 times bound to experience the ill effects of
uterine prolapse [29]. Dystocia and post-partum vaginal prolapse were fundamentally connected with
uterine prolapse with the chances proportion of 5.25 and 22.09, separately [29]. Lack of calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorous during pregnancy and at parturition were altogether connected with
the event of post-pregnancy uterine prolapse in Iraq [28,163] and India [164,165] bison. Pandey et
al., [166] observed that the mean upsides of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were
essentially lower (p<0.01) in bison with a prolapsed uterus upon the arrival of uterine prolapse. The
mean centralizations of haemoglobin and serum magnesium didn't contrast fundamentally in
ordinary endlessly bison with post-pregnancy uterine prolapse [167]. Reports dissecting serum
biochemicals tracked down essentially low degrees of serum calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium
(Table 7), nonetheless, Paul et al., [168] referenced that uterus prolapse isn't because of dietary lack
of minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Cu). Slow down took care of pluriparous bison are more inclined to
uterine prolapse [169]. The lower pre and post-pregnancy body weight of bison were viewed as a
critical gamble factor for the event of uterine prolapse. The mean pre (543±80.4 kg) and
32. post-pregnancy body weight (498.07±77.2 kg) of Bulgarian Murrah bison impacted with uterine
prolapse was fundamentally lower contrasted with pre(596±54.5 kg) and post-pregnancy body
weight (550.61±41.4 kg) of bison not impacted with uterine prolapse [170]. Notwithstanding, Tiwana,
et al., [23] had recently shown that load of the dam at first calving significantly affected the
occurrence of post-pregnancy uterine prolapse in Murrah bison.
The Reported Serum Levels of Calcium, Phosphorous, and Magnesium in Buffaloes with
Uterine Prolapse
reed Serum Ca Serum P Serum Mg ef.
2.3 Etiology
The diminished myometrial tone is a sensible inclining component for the event of uterine prolapse in
cows [101]. In many case reports in bison, the manual extraction of the calf [106,151,157,171] most
likely started uterine eversion of the gravid uterine horn followed by a total uterine prolapse after
conveyance [157] and projection of digestion tracts through uterine crack [151]. Dissimilar to vaginal
prolapse, the heritability or added substance individual vulnerability with resulting pregnancies aren't
clear in cows with uterine prolapse [101]. In examinations on bison, the heritability of uterovaginal
prolapse was low. Vaginal tears or fistula can bring about uterine prolapse in bison because of solid
constrictions [107].
2.4 Diagnosis and Clinical Findings
33. The prolapse of the uterus can undoubtedly be analyzed by visual perception of the everted blushed
mass [164,169] and uncovered placentomes (Fig. 8, Fig. 14) and now and again the appended fetal
membranes[158]. Seldom will a uterine prolapse show a corresponding prolapse of stomach organs
[172] like digestion tracts through a vaginal or uterine burst (Fig. 15).In uncommon cases, the gravid
uterine horn might prolapse through a vaginal tear in a pregnant bison (Fig. 16, Fig. 17). Clinically,
bison with uterine prolapse may some of the time not be able to rise, have a decreased craving, and
have expanded temperature [27]. Odd internal heat level likely demonstrates broad blood
misfortune.
34. Figure 20.14. Uterine prolapse in a bison (photograph civility Dr. MV Ingawale, Department of
Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics, PGIVAS, Akola, Maharashtra, India).
35. Figure 20.15. Uterine prolapse in a bison with prolapsed digestion tracts through the uterine break.
36. Figure 20.16. Uterine prolapse in a pregnant bison (photograph kindness PM Chauhan, Dept. of
Veterinary Clinics Dr VM Jhala, Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal
Husbandary, SD Agricultural University, SK Nagar, Deesa, Gujrat, India).
37. Figure 20.17. Uterine prolapse of a gravid uterine horn in a pregnant bison (photograph kindness PM
Chauhan, Dept. of Veterinary Clinics Dr. VM Jhala, Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science
and Animal Husbandary, SD Agricultural University, SK Nagar, Deesa, Gujrat, India).
Buffalo with uterine prolapse and a corresponding lack of calcium give clinical indications of
hypocalcemia. Bison with a uterine prolapse might experience issues in passing pee because of the
tension on the urinary meatus. Broad hemorrhages might be apparent assuming the uncovered
cotyledons are broken/torn during the treatment of the prolapse, creature development or transport.
Clinical indications of peritonitis may be clear in bison with uterine prolapse of longer length and
corruption (Fig 18) and additionally, the break of the uncovered uterus is possible.
2.5 Prognosis
38. Uterine prolapse is a crisis and unattended cases might turn deadly. For simple substitution, uterine
prolapse cases should be taken care of with need in light of quick improvement of edema,
defilement, mucosal injury and cervical conclusion might deliver the substitution troublesome.
Besides, the extreme drain might happen from the uncovered placentomes which when combined
with septicemia might demonstrate lethal. Extreme discharge was seen in 21.4% of bison with
uterine prolapse that had dystocia [144]. The death rates in enormous examinations of cows were
20-25% [173,174]. Comparative reports on bison are inaccessible; notwithstanding, the creators feel
that comparable rates exist in bison. In situations where the creatures are treated inside a brief time
frame of an event, the forecast is great. The impacts of uterine prolapse on future richness are
negative. Information relating to 1055 calving records of 427 Murrah bison at a coordinated bison
ranch (NDRI, Karnal, India) uncovered that prolapse altogether affected the help period and the
number of administrations per origination [113]. One clinical concentrate on uterine prolapse in bison
in Iraq found that the number of administrations per origination, pregnancy rates and days open was
fundamentally higher in bison with uterine prolapse (Table 8) contrasted with typical bison [175].
Singh and Chandolia [176] recorded a strange instance of prolapse of non-gravid uterine horn in a
pregnant bison that was cut short one month following substitution of the prolapsed horn.
Complexities of uterine prolapse incorporate shock, septic metritis, peritonitis, endotoxemia and
demise [143,177].
Figure 20.18. Uterine prolapse in a bison with corruption (photograph kindness Prof. Nitin
Markandeya, Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary
and Animal Sciences (MAFSU), Parbhani, Maharashtra, India).
esponse to Treatment and Subsequent Fertility Parameters in Iraqi Buffaloes with Uterine
Prolapse [175].
p mals Response
strus after
ment (Days)
Services per
tion Mean±SE
y Rate % n Mean±SE
a
a
b
b c
39. different superscripted letters in a column differ significantly (P<0.01).
2.6 Treatment
The manual substitution of the everted uterus is the favored technique for treating uterine prolapse.
Treatment of uterine prolapse ought to be initiated right away. It is encouraged to keep the organ
damp and on a perfect sheet of plastic or other clean material to stay away from defilement by soil in
a prostrate creature. The prolapsed part ought to be entirely washed with water and a hypertonic
answer to eliminate the soil and diminish them. In many case reports, the uterus was washed with a
1:1000 arrangement of potassium permanganate [145,151]. The use of cold water and ice packs has
been recommended to lessen edema [103]. The uterus should be lifted before endeavoring to
supplant it to work with pee which could have been forestalled because of the situating of the urethra
at an intense point inside the prolapse. A urinary catheter may be expected to purge the urinary
bladder at times of uterine prolapse or delayed span [153]. It ought to likewise be noticed that the
bladder, and, surprisingly, digestive viscera, can be held inside the prolapsed uterus. Topically
applying osmotic specialists, like salts or sugar, has demonstrated viable to start lessening and
forestalling oedema that quickly collects inside the prolapsed tissue [101]. Manual back rub during
substitution, utilizing balm with grease and emollient properties, is a successful option [101]. The
outer layer of the uterus should be assessed for any tears and cuts which should be stitched.
Manual supplanting of the uterus with delicate eversion beginning at the base and it is
recommended to go on up to the pinnacle. Assuming the creature is prostrate it is much of the time
better to raise the rump or lower the front quarters. Caudal epidural sedatives forestall stressing and
work with substitution of the uterus and have been involved during uterine prolapse substitutions in
many reports on bison [85,143,145,148,152,157]. Taking care of the prompted injury to the friable
uterine mucosa is normal in a uterine prolapse with edema. This can be limited by a past decrease
of edema before substitution and binding the uterus in a wrapped plastic or permeable texture sack
[101]. Following total substitution, the uterus ought to be painstakingly assessed and the controller
should save his hand inside for a couple of moments followed by sluggish withdrawal and
organization of 10-20 IU of oxytocin IM alongside an IV mixture of calcium borogluconate to hurry
involution. Intrauterine organization of 20 IU of oxytocin in the uterine muscle structure has likewise
been proposed [157]. Adequate anti-microbials and steady treatment should be managed for 3-5
40. days to forestall metritis and different intricacies. Here and there bison kick the bucket ensuing in
manual substitution of uterine prolapse likely because of inconspicuous interior hemorrhages.
Strategies to stitch the vulva for the maintenance of the uterus and vagina have been depicted
already [75]. Vulvar maintenance stitches depicted if reports in bison incorporate satchel string
stitches [143,152,154], flat bedding stitches [145], and button stitches (Table 7) on the vulva [164]. In
instances of uterine prolapse with attendant uterine crack and prolapse of gastrointestinal circles
[85,172], the stitch of uterine tears resulting in the substitution of digestive circles is proposed before
endeavoring substitution. The use of a rope bracket [154] is a favored technique (Table 7) to forestall
a repeat of uterine prolapse.
Cervicotomy and trachelorrhaphy were portrayed for treatment of unchangeable uterine prolapse in
bison in one report [178], nonetheless, its pragmatic utility gives off an impression of being sub-par.
In the outrageous instances of uterine prolapse in long term (with extreme corruption, circumferential
slashes, and conclusion of the cervix) where substitution is preposterous removal of the prolapsed
uterus should be thought of. Fractional hysterectomy has been referenced for constant uterine
prolapse in bison [179]. In an uncommon case, an ovary jutted from a vaginal tear resulting in
uterine prolapse substitution in a bison [180].
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