Behavioral Genetics Essay Genetic Disorders Essay Essay about Genetics In Life Purification Of Alleles Lab Report Essay on Molecular Genetics Genomics Essay Traits and Genetics Essay

1. Behavioral Genetics Essay
Is behavior learned? It is inborn? What of aggression, intelligence, and madness? There is a crucial
relationship between the behavior of humans toward their own kind and the view of life they hold.
Interest in behavioral genetics depends on wanting to know why people differ. According to Jack R.
Vale, in Genes, Environment, and Behavior, recognition of the importance of hereditary influence on
behavior represents one of the most dramatic changes in the social and behavioral sciences during
the past two decades. A shift began toward the more balanced contemporary view that recognizes
genetic as well as environmental influences on behavior. Behavioral genetics lies in its theory and
methods, which consider both genetic and...show more content...
However, genetic hypotheses should also be considered. Research in behavioral genetics is directed
toward understanding differences in behavior. Methods are employed that consider both genetics
and environmental influences, rather than assuming that one or the other is solely important.
Behavioral genetics research studies whether individual behavioral differences are influenced by
hereditary differences. Then, estimates the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors.
Although genetic and environmental influences interact within an individual, this does not imply
that the separate effects of genes and environment cannot be untangled when we focus on differences
among individuals
Controversy arises when nature (inheritance) is combated against nurture (environment). This
controversy began with the development of the behavioristic point of view. "Behaviorism arose as a
protest against all form of "introspective psychology," which was concerned with mental states such
as consciousness and will"(Plomin 3). It led to an environmentalism that rejected the possibility of
genetics influences on behavior. The burden of explaining individual differences fell completely to
environmental factors. Genetics involve genes, which are chemical structures that control the
production of proteins, thereby indirectly affecting
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2. Genetic Disorders Essay
Genetic disorders are a topic in biology that can not be avoided. The fact is that genetic disorders
can happen in humans, plants or animal. No one and nothing is safe from a genetic disorder. A
genetic disorder can appear in the first years off life, or can appear much later in life when least
expected. A basic principal of biology states that the behavior of chromosomes during the meiosis
process can account for genetic inheritance patterns. There are many reasons for genetic disorders.
To start it is important to understand what a genetic disorder is. It is a mutation in the genetic
material of a person. The mutant gene is transmitted thru birth....show more content...
Common recessive diseases are cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay Sachs.
Alzheimer and Huntington diseases are examples of dominant disorders. Some mutant disorders
occur on the X chromosome. Females have little or no effects if the mutation occurs on the X
linked gene. Males on the other hand do not have another X chromosomes so do not have another
gene to fall on. Dominant disorders linked to the X chromosomes are usually very deadly to
males. These disorders tend to affect men more then women. Almost exclusively. Some of the
diseases associated with the X are down syndrome, Hemophilia. There are also the diseases that
occur on the sex genes. They also come in recessive and dominant forms. With this it determines
who will get the disease. For example a mother can pass on a trait to a daughter but not to a son and
vice versa.
One can not forget that genetic disorders can also occur because of external effects. Things like
cigarette smoking and drinking during pregnancy can affect the babies genetics. Leaving the baby
with one of the genetic disorders.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that usually appears between the ages of 2 and 4 years old.
The red blood cells are shaped like crescents or sickles. The red blood cells only last about 10 to 24
days. In a healthy person they last about 120 days. That is where the anemia part of the name comes
into play. Studies
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3. Essay about Genetics In Life
Genetics In Life
Genetics is the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits (Poretto). This knowledge could
be used to alter the course of a future human life. This knowledge could even be used to stop a
potentially painful life before it starts. Genetic engineering, like any other science, is a tool. Like any
other tool Genetic Engineering is neither inherently positive nor inherently negative. Genetic
engineering's benefits outweigh the potential negatives, and in spite of some people fearing that it is
immoral; genetics needs to be continually developed.
The first step in eliminating superstition about a topic is to understand that topic. The origins of
genetic history lay in the ancient techniques of selective breeding...show more content...
Today genetic testing helps forewarn of potential medical problems. However, the ramifications are
not clear. The guidelines and knowledge about genetic's effect on disease is ever–rapidly increasing.
Medical geneticists recommend that an informed decision be made before deciding whether or not
to get tested. The decision should be based on possible risk, ideally with the assistance of a genetic
counselor (Leslie).
Even more controversial is the use of genetics before a person is born. An unborn child can be
tested for hundreds of genetic diseases. Some would argue that this is unfair to the unborn child;
that it might lead to an immoral termination of the pregnancy. However, testing might allow for
early treatment, or even allow the parents to prepare for a potential difficult childhood. In some
cases it might me better for the fetus to be terminated. The key is that the decision is for the parents.
Science and religion should not be used to create law removing parents right to choose.
Another controverisal use is Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). This allows for screening of
genetic traits before artificial insemination. Michael Feinman described it best in his article,
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).
Many ethical questions surround PGD. Some people see the beginning of eugenics
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4. Purification Of Alleles Lab Report
Introduction
In recent decades the advancements achieved in bioengineering have helped us develop a better
understanding of the origins from which humans and other living creatures spur. The discovery of
the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the key to all bioengineering. The DNA is a nucleic acid that
contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living
organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long–term storage of
information. An allele is one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particulargene. Each
gene can have different alleles. Sometimes different alleles can result in different traits. Occasionally
different DNA sequences of alleles will have the same...show more content...
To prepare we will create a glossary of our vectors and their magnitudes written in the proper
mathematical notation. First we list the components of each vector: a вѓ‘=в€
љ(.29) i вѓ‘+в€
љ(.00) j
вѓ‘+в€
љ(.03) k вѓ‘+в€
љ(.68) h вѓ‘ b вѓ‘=в€
љ(.10) i вѓ‘+в€
љ(.09) j вѓ‘+в€
љ(.12) k вѓ‘+в€
љ(.69) h
вѓ‘ c вѓ‘=в€
љ(.21) i вѓ‘+в€
љ(.07) j вѓ‘+в€
љ(.06) k вѓ‘+в€
љ(.66) h вѓ‘ d вѓ‘=в€
љ(.22) i
вѓ‘+в€
љ(.00) j вѓ‘+в€
љ(.21) k вѓ‘+в€
љ(.57) h вѓ‘
Second we find the magnitude of each vector: ‖a ⃑
‖=в€
љ(гЂ–в€
љ(.29)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.00)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.03)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.68)гЂ—^2
)=1 ‖b ⃑
‖=в€
љ(гЂ–в€
љ(.10)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.09)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.12)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.69)гЂ—^2
)=1 ‖c ⃑
‖=в€
љ(гЂ–в€
љ(.21)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.07)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.06)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.66)гЂ—^2
)=1‖d ⃑
‖=в€
љ(гЂ–в€
љ(.22)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.00)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.21)гЂ—^2+гЂ–в€
љ(.57)гЂ—^2
)=1
Using the definition, is the English population closer genetically to the Bantus or the Koreans?
Explain.
First we find the angle between the Bantus and the English population by plugging in the values of
their components and magnitudes into the dot product equation for finding an angle between two
vectors. Then we solve for "Оё." The angle is:
Оё= cos^(–1)вЃЎ((b вѓ‘в€™c в
ѓ‘)/‖b вѓ‘ ‖‖c вѓ‘ ‖ )=cos^(–1)вЃЎ((в€
љ(.1)
в€
љ(.21)+в€
љ(.09) в€
љ(.07)+в€
љ(.12) в€
љ(.06)+в€
љ(.69) в€
љ(.66))/(1в€™1))≈10.272В° We
use the same process to determine the angle between the Korean and the English population. The
angle is:
Оё= cos^(–1)вЃЎгЂ–((d вѓ‘в€™c в
ѓ‘)/(‖d вѓ‘ ‖∙в
Ђ–c вѓ‘ ‖ ))=гЂ—
cos^(–1)вЃЎ((в€
љ(.22) в€
љ(.21)+в€
љ(.00) в€
љ(.07)+в€
љ(.21) в€
љ(.06)+в€
љ(.57) в€
љ(.66))
/(1∙1))≈19.857°

5. When we compare the obtained values for both angles
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6. Essay on Molecular Genetics
1. DNA Nucleotide
[pic]
Nucleotides consist of three parts ––– a pentose sugar, a nitrogen–containing base, and a phosphate
group. A pentose sugar is a five–sided sugar. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom attached to its #2
carbon atom (designated 2'), and ribose has a hydroxyl group atom there. Deoxyribose–containing
nucleotides are the monomers of DNA
RNA Nucleotide
[pic]
The left picture shows the nucleotide unit of RNA. Nucleotides differ from nucleosides in that they
have phosphate groups. Nucleotides can exist in the mono–, di–, or tri–phosphorylated forms. The
most common site of phosphorylation of nucleotides found in cells is the hydroxyl group attached to
the 5'–carbon of the ribose....show more content...
This gives RNA the unique ability to assume different shapes and functions. Though DNA performs
the more important part of laying down the benchmark and determines genetic characteristics. In
simple terms we could see DNA as having two strands, while RNA has a single one. Thus we can
see that the two have a symbiotic relationship but different destinies. They are both critically
important, yet evolve differently.Deoxyribose sugar in DNA reacts less on account of C–H bonds. It
is stable in Alkalaine conditions, as DNA contains smaller grooves where the damaging enzymes
can get attached, which makes it difficult for these to attack it. Ribose sugar on the other hand is
more reactive because of C–OH (hydroxyl bonds). It is not at all stable in alkaline conditions, as
RNA has larger grooves, which makes it vulnerable to attacks by enzymes. B form defines the helix
geometry of DNA. The body destroys enzymes that cling to DNA. It can be though damaged by
exposure to ultra violet rays.
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, but have a few basic differences, as explained above. Unlike
DNA, RNA structures do not consist of self–complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA
to fold and form its own pairs and make double. They in fact consist of short helices packed together
into protein like structures.
2. DNA Replication
The original DNA unwinds and unzips then the DNA polymerase hooks up with the DNA

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8. Genomics Essay
Genomics
Genomics is the study of the functions of genes and DNA in an organism, including location,
structure, sequence, regulation and function. The genome provides a list of building materials for
proteins. (Kerns/McDonald, 2001) Today scientists are striving to identify every gene in human
DNA and the sequences of the chemical base pairs that make up each one. This is noeasy task, but
within the next few years, the world will acknowledge genomics as the biggest thing since sliced
bread. Scientists intend to store the data in databases, develop new sequencing technologies, and
develop tools for data analysis. Both Celera and the Human Genome Project completed rough drafts
of the Genome Project in June...show more content...
(Bird, 2000)
Such therapeutic products will also be invaluable for individuals to identify the types of genes their
children will express before they are born. Each individual's medical record will include the
complete genome as well as single base–pair variations that will be able to predict responses to
drugs and environmental substances. (Drell/Adamson, 2001) Through genetic research, doctors
will be able to alter the mutation of a bad set of genes, and cure a diseased embryo before it is
born. Since a hereditary disorder is the result of one defective gene, gene therapy will enable
scientists to add a working copy of that gene. This procedure will result in a cure for hereditary
diseases such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. (Raven/Johnson, 2002) With the knowledge
of one's genome, an individual can alter his lifestyle to reduce the likelihood of developing such
hereditary diseases. (Drell/Adamson, 2001)
Other areas of genetic research for hereditary diseases include cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, respiratory disorders, and infectious diseases. Scientists
will be able to correct the over–expression of p53 genes, which, if copied too many times, may lead
to cancer. When scientists are able to correct the loss of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, they will
stop the spread of cancer. Scientists will gain a deeper understanding of drug metabolism and the
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9. Traits and Genetics Essay
We have known for centuries that traits are passed from parents to offspring. What has not always
been understood is how traits are determined. One explanation that appealed to scientist for many
centuries was that traits of parents were blended, or mixed in offspring. The blending hypothesis
accounted for many observable traits and was widely accepted for many years. However, the idea
of blending could not account for the appearance of unexpected traits in some offspring. It was not
until scientist discovered the cellular basis of life that the inheritance of traits was better understood.
The first clues to understanding inheritance came from Gregory Mendel, one of the most outstanding
scientists in the...show more content...
What results did Mendel expect? According to the blending hypothesis, the green and yellow, Peas
of Mendel's plants in the P generation should have blended to produce chartreuse off–spring. Instead,
Mendel found that all of that F hybrid plants had yellow peas. There were neither green nor
chartreuse peas in the first generation of pea plants, even though one of the parent plants had green
peas. When Mendel let the F hybrid plants self–fertilize, he found out that things are not what they
always seem and even if they are then you will need to see me and see me good.
The structure of the pea flower enabled Mendel to isolate an important variable, fertilization. In
fertilization, the male plant gamete, located at the base of the pistil. The relatively closed structure
of the pea flower petals makes it very easy for pollen from the anther to fertilize the pistil of the
same flower. This process is called self–fertilization. If a plant or any organism receives the same
genetic traits from both of its parents, it is called purebred. Self–fertilization produces purebred pea
plants. As you can see Mendel also altered plants and transferred pollen by hand. By controlling
pollination and preventing self–fertilization, Mendel crossbred plants, producing hybrids. A hybrid
is an organism that receives different forms of a genetic trait from each parent.
Instead, Mendel found that all of that F hybrid plants had yellow peas. There were neither green
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