Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through interactions of genes. Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent. Traits can be dominant or recessive. Dominant traits always show up even if the recessive allele is present. Genetic material and traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes and alleles. Genetic testing and counseling help determine genetic disorders that may be inherited. Advancements in cloning and genetic engineering allow for manipulation of genetic material.