Slides to accompany RALLIcampaign YouTube presentation by Professor Dorothy Bishop on Genetics and SLI
A full-length videoed lecture on this topic can be found here:
http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/languages-disorders-children-what-can-they-tell-us-about-genes-and-brains-video
OR audio version here:
http://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/languages-disorders-children-what-can-they-tell-us-about-genes-and-brains-audio
Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
Rapid lose and endangerment of languages is occurring on a global scale. What are some of the causes of this? What consequences might it have, especially for speakers of minority languages? Discuss some of the steps proposed for diagnosing, halting and reversing language shift. Identify a language that is facing extinction or endangered. Discuss what can be done to revitalize it.
Learn more about how children learn to listen...what we can and should expect from infants and toddlers regarding their receptive language and listening skills...how we, as ADULTS, can engage young children so that they can most effectively listen and learn!
Clearcut cases of autism and specific language impairment are easy to distinguish, but some children don't fit neatly into these diagnostic categories. Professor Dorothy Bishop discusses research looking at the issues around diagnostic differentiation of these conditions.
Preprint of:
Bishop, D. V. M. (2004). Specific language impairment: diagnostic dilemmas. In L. Verhoeven & H. Van Balkom (Eds.), Classification of Developmental Language Disorders (pp. 309-326). Mahwah, NJ.: Erlbaum.
Learn more about how children learn to listen...what we can and should expect from infants and toddlers regarding their receptive language and listening skills...how we, as ADULTS, can engage young children so that they can most effectively listen and learn!
Clearcut cases of autism and specific language impairment are easy to distinguish, but some children don't fit neatly into these diagnostic categories. Professor Dorothy Bishop discusses research looking at the issues around diagnostic differentiation of these conditions.
Preprint of:
Bishop, D. V. M. (2004). Specific language impairment: diagnostic dilemmas. In L. Verhoeven & H. Van Balkom (Eds.), Classification of Developmental Language Disorders (pp. 309-326). Mahwah, NJ.: Erlbaum.
Autism and specific language impairment both involve problems with language and communcation, so how are they distinguished? This slide show accompanies a youtube video for the RALLI campaign.
http://www.youtube.com/rallicampaign
Late talkers and specific language impairmentDorothy Bishop
When should we be concerned about late-talking toddlers? A slideshow by Professor Dorothy Bishop of Oxford University for the RALLI campaign.
see http://www.youtube.com/rallicampaign
Bishop, D. V. M. (2009). Genes, cognition and communication: insights from neurodevelopmental disorders. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 1-18.
SETBP1 as a novel candidate gene for neurodevelopmental disorders of speech a...Delaina Hawkins
The genetic etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders has proven elusive due to the substantial phenotypic and etiological heterogeneity of their common forms. Developmental language disorders affect approximately 7% of children and are associated with negative outcomes in a multitude of domains, including social, emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning. Yet, with the exception of several reported monogenic cases, they are severely understudied with respect to their genetic bases, as the field is effectively only entering its 'GWAS era'.
One of the possible solutions is to reduce the supposed phenotypic and locus heterogeneity by studying special populations such as genetic isolates. Taking this approach, Dr. Sergey Kornilov and Dr. Elena Grigorenko's team at Yale University performed a genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing study of members of a unique geographic Russian-speaking isolate, characterized by an unusually high prevalence (i.e., around 30%) of neurodevelopmental disorders of speech and language.
On one hand, the GWAS results suggested that at least part of the multivariate language disorder phenotype in this population is associated (surviving corrections for multiple testing) with variation in the SETBP1 gene. On the other hand, the WES revealed multiple potentially damaging exonic variants in severely affected probands in other genes that play a role in neural development. GWAS and WES converged on a new candidate pathway that is potentially affected by common as well as rare variation in this population. Preliminary follow-up studies using neural endophenotypes corroborated these findings by implicating SETBP1 in the atypical development of language-related cortical networks and highlighting it as a novel candidate language disorder gene.
In this webcast, Dr. Kornilov will delve into his team's GWAS and whole exome sequencing studies surrounding the neurodevelopmental disorders of speech and language in the unique, Russian sample set.
Neurodevelopmental disorders: are our current diagnostic labels fit for purpose?Dorothy Bishop
Slides from a talk given at University of Western Australia on Tuesday 2nd October 2012, This lecture was co-hosted by the ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and
its Disorders and the Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Western Australia
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
· 308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc (50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“Toddler hopscotch” by Ilya Haykinson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting, mutation, and polygenic inheritance. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire genetic makeup of an individual is called the genotype. The geno ...
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Develop a chart or diagram that will illustrate how prenatal development is influenced by environmental or genetic factors. Creativity is strongly suggested. There is no requirement for APA format in this assignment. There is no requirement of references for this assignment.
Supporting Materials
·
308 Assignment 2. Rubric.doc
(50 KB)
Bottom of Form
Nature and Nurture: Genetic and Environmental Foundations of Child Development
Child development is impacted by both genetic or inherited factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors are inherited from both parents at the time of conception, but can be the result of different types of gene interactions. Environmental factors impact different ways families function and children develop. Environmental factors include the ecological systems that may alter family function, socio-economic status and cultural values and public policy.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Genetics
· Family functioning from an ecological systems perspective
· The impact of
socioeconomic status
· Cultural values and public policies
“
Toddler hopscotch
” by
Ilya Haykinson
is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
The Influence of Alleles
In the argument over nature versus nurture in child development, nature is determined by genes passed down from parent to child during conception. Both parents pass genetic traits to their offspring, but different offspring may acquire different traits from each parent. Why do some children in one family have similar characteristics or appearances and yet other children in the same family look very different? The answer lies in the interaction of genes inherited from the mother and father.
Genes and alleles influence the inheritance of traits, through dominant–recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, X-linked inheritance, genomic imprinting,
mutation
, and
polygenic inheritance
. In order to understand genetic inheritance, you need to understand the basics of how genes work, and how they work together with one another.
Fundamental Definitions
Understanding the basic structures and elements of genetics is essential to recognize how various traits are inherited, from appearance to intelligence.
GENE
The basic building block of the study of genetics is the gene; a gene is a single unit of genetic information.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is a threadlike strand of DNA encoded with a large number of genes. Humans receive 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
ALLELE
An
allele
is one of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics in the individual. Humans have two alleles, one from each parent, at each genetic locus, or position, on a chromosome.
GENOTYPE
The entire ...
Epidemiological and genetic theories of schizophrenia.
Who global burden o disease
family studies, twin and molecular studies. kretschmer body build theory and risk of schizophrenia
Reading and oral language: Connections and Interventions key pointsRALLICampaign
A RADLD information sheet from Professor Maggie Snowling and Professor Charles Hulme about links between language and literacy. This information sheet relates to the RADLD film and slides 'Oral language: The foundations of reading and reading intervention'
Can bilingualism cause problems for children? Which language should parents speak? Should parents avoid mixing languages? This slideshare accompanies a RALLI film by Dr Vicky Murphy providing some basic information about bilingualism based on the research evidence. http://youtu.be/p9iWG0M5z40
For an index of the RALLI films and slides see: http://ralliindex.blogspot.co.uk
Slides to accompany RALLI video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGuO1cL4gHQ
For references go to: http://www.slideshare.net/RALLICampaign/cn-slcn-17230953
Slideshow to accompany RALLI presentation on SLI and reading impairment: 2 - reading comprehension by Prof Maggie Snowling. The film can be found at http://youtu.be/6Vt41eM3-xg References can be found at http://www.slideshare.net/RALLICampaign/reading-comprehension-reference-list
LLevarse bien con otros: La amistad en adolescents con TEL
La Profesora Gina Conti-Ramsden discute temas relacionados con la formación de amistades en individuos con TEL (vean el videoclip en htpp://www.youtube.com/RALLIcampaign)
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Genetic influences on specific
language impairment
Dorothy Bishop
University of Oxford
2. SLI runs in families
Rates of language/learning difficulties higher
in relatives of those with SLI, compared with
controls of similar background
SLI control
50
40
% affected 30
relatives 20
10
0
Neils, Bishop, Tallal, Tomblin,
1986 1986 1989 1989
3. Twin Study Method
Monozygotic (MZ) twins:
genetically identical
Dizygotic or non-identical(DZ) twins:
For genes that vary between people,
have identical version for 50%
4. Twins growing up together
• Twins usually share lots of influences: e.g. how much TV they
watch, how much parents talk to them, who is caregiver in early
years, diet, family income, etc.
• These environmental influences will make twins similar to one
another. If they are important, twins should resemble one another,
regardless of whether MZ or DZ.
• If genetic influences are important, MZ twins should be similar to
one another, because they are genetically the same. DZ twins
have 50% genes in common, so will resemble each other, but less
so than MZ.
5. Study of twins growing up together
Diagnosis in co-twins of probands
with specific speech/language impairment (SSLI) Yellow area shows
SSLI low language speech therapy mental the proportion of twin
handicap pairs where both
twins had SLI. This is
greater for MZ than
DZ.
White area shows
proportion where one
twin had SLI and the
other had no
difficulties: much
greater for DZ than
MZ: n = 63 DZ: n = 27 MZ.
Bishop, D. V. M., North, T., & Donlan, C. (1995). Genetic basis of specific language
impairment: evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child
Neurology, 37, 56-71.
6. A family tree that suggested there was a ‘gene for SLI’
Grandparents
Parents
Children
Black = Speech/language impairment
If you have an affected parent,
you have 50% chance of
having SLI
KE family
Hurst, J. A., Baraitser, M., Auger, E., Graham, F., & Norell, S. (1990). An extended
family with a dominantly inherited speech disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child
Neurology, 32, 352-355.
7. Finding the gene
• FOXP2: gene on chromosome 7q31: Found a change in a
single DNA base in affected individuals
• The DNA change in the KE family is very unusual.
Studies of the general population show that most people
have the same DNA sequence.
• The change in the KE family is a “missense mutation” –
the DNA sequence change alters how the gene operates,
so that it won’t be able to produce as much protein as it
normally does
Fisher, S. E. (2005). Dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying speech and
language disorders. Applied Psycholinguistics, 26, 111-128.
8. But KE family - not typical SLI
• Case of FOXP2 led to expectation that we might find
clearcut genetic mutations to explain all severe
language impairments
• Many other cases of SLI tested: very rare to find any
mutation of FOXP2
• Most language impairments behave like “complex
multifactorial disorders”
9. Complex multifactorial
disorders
Aggregate but do not segregate in families
– i.e. run in families but you can’t trace effect of gene
through the generations according to classic
Mendelian genetics
Many common medical conditions
behave this way, e.g. allergies, asthma,
high blood pressure, diabetes
9
10. Idea of underlying continuum
Low
Several genes, each
with a small effect,
combine with
environmental risks
to influence
observed behaviour
across
the whole range
High 10
11. Tracking down genes associated with SLI
• Compare language scores of people with different genotypes
• E.g. study by Newbury et al (2009) found two genes on chromosome 16
associated with poor phonological short-term memory (NWR score) in a
language-impaired sample
Very different
from FOXP2.
‘Risk’ alleles
common in
general population
and have small
effect size
Gene 1: CMIP Gene 2: ATPTC2
Newbury, D., et al. (2009). CMIP and ATP2C2 modulate phonological short-term
11
memory in language impairment. American Journal of Human Genetics, 85, 264-272
12. Same gene often associated with
many different disorders
CNTNAP2 gene – downstream target of FOXP2
Common variants of the gene associated with:
• Autism
• Specific Language Impairment
• Dyslexia
• ADHD
• Schizophrenia
• Age at language acquisition in general population
N.B. Effect sizes are SMALL. Not useful for genetic screening
Kang, C., & Drayna, D. (2011). Genetics of speech and language disorders.
Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 12, 145-164.
13. Why so much variation?
• An analogy: tuberous sclerosis – the same mutation
can lead to major brain malformation or minor
problems with skin
• Genes associated with language impairment likely
to affect very early neural development
• Precise impact may depend on which neuronal
areas affected, which may depend on:
1. Other genes (effects may be interactive)
2. Environmental factors
3. Random effects
See:
http://wiringthebrain.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/probabilistic-inheritance-and.html13
14. Genetics: common
misconceptions
• Genes are the NO! even in MZ twins,
only thing that find different severity
matter
NO! genetic analysis
• No point in
says nothing about
treating genetic effects of novel
disorders environmental
experience
15. Heritable ≠ untreatable
• Because something is heritable does
NOT mean it is immutable
• Consider diabetes – large genetic
contribution to risk, but we do not
assume all diabetics must die!
• We may need to introduce new
environmental factors (e.g. insulin
treatment) outside range of normal
experience
• In case of SLI, may need to devise
specific interventions that circumvent or
compensate for genetically-based
problems
15
16. 'If a child has had bad teaching in mathematics, it is accepted that the
resulting deficiency can be remedied by extra good teaching the
following year. But any suggestion that the child's mathematical
deficiency might have a genetic origin is likely to be greeted with
something approaching despair: if it is in the genes "it is written", it is
"determined" and nothing can be done about it: you might as well give
up attempting to teach the child mathematics. This is pernicious
rubbish on an almost astrological scale
..... What did genes do to deserve their sinister juggernaut-like
reputation? Why do we not make a similar bogey out of, say, nursery
education or confirmation classes? Why are genes thought to be so
much more fixed and inescapable in their effects than television, nuns,
or books?"
Richard Dawkins, The extended phenotype. 1982. Oxford: OUP.