Genetic Basis of Evolution, powerpoint presentation

Genetic Basis of Evolution
Prepared by Mark Jello D. Aboboto

A. Population genetics
•Population genetics deals with the
hereditary factors affecting a population.
•An example of this specific condition is the
gene flow.
•It could occur whether an individual migrate
from one population to another or even
without migration.

•When one migrates and interbreeds with
the individuals of another population, there
would be recombination of genes for
different traits between the populations.
•It will result to an increase of variations in
the population.

•For example, during the colonization period
in the Philippines, the gene pool of the
population has been altered because the
Spanish, American and Japanese soldiers
had children with Filipino women.

B. Allele frequencies
•Allele frequencies represent the fraction or
percentage of the population carrying the
allele.
•Non-random mating means that sexual
selection is not merely by chance.

•The individual’s choice of mate is influenced
by some physical and behavioral
characteristics.
•One of the examples are white rabbits
preferentially mate with rabbits of their own
color.

•Also, some tall women prefer tall men
rather than short men.
•An example of non-random mating which is
commonly observed in plants and in some
kinds of animals is inbreeding.
•Inbreeding in plants is also known as self-
fertilization.

•Animals that practice inbreeding are dogs,
rats, cats, rabbits, pigs, and many other
animals.
•It can result to a population whose
members are alike in appearance, and
behavior.

•The gene pool in non-random mating
rapidly shifts, so it contains only the desired
alleles which can cause the population to
evolve over time.
How does non-random mating lead to
evolution?

C. Synthetic theory
•Synthetic theory (neo-Darwinian synthesis)
primarily alludes to the combination of
Darwin’s evolution and the Mendelian
principle of Genetics.

C. Synthetic theory
•It gives a better understanding of
evolutionary changes through the study of
genetic mechanisms and reevaluation of
fossil records.
•It describes the evolution of life in terms of
genetic changes occurring in the population
that leads to the formation of new species.

D. Mutation
•Mutation is defined as any change in
chromosomes or genes.
•It has two types - gene mutations which
include changes in the genes composition or
order and chromosomal mutations which
involve changes in the structure or number
of chromosomes.

How does mutation occur?
•It occurs because of the several mutagens
like ultraviolet radiation and hazardous
chemicals in the environment that can
affect genes and chromosomes. As a result,
the gene pool becomes different from the
original population.

E. The Hardy-Weinberg
•The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium deals with
the distribution of alleles within the
population.
•It states that in stable population, allele
frequencies remain constant from one
generation to another if several conditions
are met.

E. The Hardy-Weinberg
•Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has a set of
conditions that must be met for the
population to have unchanging gene pool
frequencies.
•There must be random mating, no
mutation, no migration, no natural
selection, and a large size.

F. Evolutionary Patterns
•A. Natural selection wherein nature selects
organisms that will or will not survive based
on their existing traits.
•Organisms with favorable traits or those
who are best suited in the environment
have a better chance of survival.

•The survivors will pass on their favorable
traits to their offspring.
•As the years pass by, the population will
produce an organism with traits different
from their ancestors.

•B. Genetic drift is defined as a change in
gene pool due to chance alone.
•Certain traits in the population could be
reduce or eliminated through some
unpredictable disasters or accidents such as
earthquakes, floods, fires, and diseases.

•For example, a flood wiped out a population
of organism, large land vertebrate animals.
•Though some of these animals can swim,
prolonged heavy flooding could stress them
out and cause death.

•Even when the animals have good traits
adapted to their habitat, such natural
calamities may affect their survival.
•Therefore, the survival or death in the
population has nothing to do with the
general structure or physiology of the
organism.

•It can also be observed when an insecticide
kills specific insect pest.
•Some of the insect pest will not be affected
by the insecticide and survive.

•The genes/traits that allowed the survival of
these insect pest against the insecticide will
be passed on to the next generation making
them more able to survive.
•The success of insect pest is due to chance
because they happen to have the trait to
survive the specific insecticide used.

•Genetic drift also happens when a small
population breaks off from a larger
population and forms a new population.
•The resulting population inherits the traits
of the founders, so the newly founded
population becomes different from the
population of origin.

•There are some families or groups of people
who isolated themselves from the
surrounding populations.
•One example is the Amish group of
Pennsylvania who carries a very rare
condition known as Ellis-van Creveld
Syndrome.

•They have an unusual dwarfism and has
polydactyly or extra fingers.
•Today, this rare syndrome is common
among the Amish group.

•C. Speciation is a process within evolution
that results in the formation of new, and
distinct species that are reproductively
isolated from other population when there
is no gene flow.

•There are four types of speciation include
allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and
sympatric.

D. Punctuated Equilibrium
• Punctuated equilibrium was proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen
Jay Gould in 1972 and suggested that populations demonstrate rapid
change when there is a need to survive sudden or abrupt
environmental changes.

E. Microevolution
• E. Microevolution is a changed in gene frequency that occurs within a
population in short periods. Mutation, selection (natural and
artificial), gene flow, and genetic drift are the different processes of
this change.

• F. Coevolution is the process wherein a species adapts or evolve in
tandem with another species as they interact with each other.
Example is the prey-predator relationship of a bat and a moth. When
the moth evolves due to environmental pressures, the bat will also
evolve because it has a dependent relationship with the moth as the
moth’s predator.

• G. Convergent Evolution is the evolution of morphological similarities
in organism that are not closely related because they have similarities
in their habitats. An example of this is a marsupial mouse that looks
like a placental mouse.

• H. Adaptive Radiation is the process by which the species diversifies
rapidly into different types of closely related species with, each type
occupying a new environment. An example of this type of evolution is
that of Darwin’s finches in Galapagos Island.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
You can describe the
topic of the section here
01
03
02
04
ABOUT IT THEORIES
ACTIVITIES CONCLUSIONS

WHOA!
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where you introduce yourself, write your
email…

INTRODUCTION
You can give a brief description of the topic
you want to talk about here. For example, if
you want to talk about Mercury, you can say
that it’s the smallest planet in the entire Solar
System

ABOUT IT
01
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

ABOUT CHARLES DARWIN
Speaking of craters, many of them were
named after artists or authors who
made significant contributions to their
respective fields. Mercury takes a little
more than 58 days to complete its
rotation, so try to imagine how long days
must be there! Since the temperatures
are so extreme, albeit not as extreme as
in Venus, and the solar radiation is so
high, It has been deemed to be non-
habitable for humans
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the entire Solar
System. This planet's name has nothing
to do with the liquid metal, since
Mercury was named after the Roman
messenger god. Despite being closer to
the Sun than Venus, its temperatures
aren't as terribly hot as that planet's. Its
surface is quite similar to that of Earth's
Moon, which means there are a lot of
craters and plains

Ube
ABOUT THE
EVOLUTION DAY!
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point clear?
Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!
And the most important thing: the
audience won’t miss the point of your
presentation

THE IMPORTANCE OF EVOLUTION
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the
Moon
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet
from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere
IMPROVEMENT IN LIVING
STANDARDS
IMPROVEMENT IN LIVING HEALTH

MAIN THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and
the smallest one of
them all
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide
dust
THEORY OF
INHERITANCE
NATURAL
SELECTION
MUTATION
THEORY

PRINCIPLES AT WORK IN EVOLUTION
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place full of iron oxide dust
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one
Jupiter is a gas giant and the
biggest planet of them all
Saturn is composed mostly
of hydrogen and helium
VARIATION INHERITANCE
SELECTION TIME

Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
FACTS ABOUT EVOLUTION DAY
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
VENUS
SATURN
MARS
NEPTUNE
MERCURY
JUPITER
01 02 03
04 05 06

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone
important said and can make the reader get
inspired.”

A PICTURE IS WORTH
A THOUSAND WORDS

A PICTURE ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of data,
so remember: use an image instead of
a long text. Your audience will
appreciate it

THEORIES
02

150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

9H 55M 23S
Jupiter's rotation period
333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s
386,000 KM
Distance between Earth and the Moon

EVOLUTION IN PERCENTAGES
80% 60% 90%
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide
dust
It’s the closest planet to
the Sun and the
smallest one in the
Solar System
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
MARS MERCURY VENUS

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click on it and select “Replace image”

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SMARTPHONE

ACCEPTANCE OF THEORIES
THEORY OF
INHERITANC
E
Despite being
red, Mars is
actually a cold
place
NATURAL
SELECTION
Mercury is the
closest planet
to the Sun
MUTATION
THEORY
Earth is the
third planet
from the Sun
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
20%
10%
70%

IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS
CHARLES DARWIN
JEAN-BAPTISTE
LAMARCK
HUGO MARIE
DE VRIES
NATURAL
SELECTION
Jupiter is the
biggest planet in the
Solar System
THEORY OF
INHERITANCE
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
MUTATION
THEORY
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place

ACTIVITIES
03

HUMAN EXPANSION
Point out on the map the different origins of the human.
Follow the example:
HOMO ERECTUS
AUSTRALOPITHECUS HOMO HABILIS

A TIMELINE OF EVOLUTION
HOMO SAPIENS
AUSTRALOPITHECU
S
NEANDERTHALENSI
S
HOMO HABILIS
HOMO ERECTUS
Mars is a cold
place
Neptune is an ice
giant
Saturn has
several rings
Venus is a hot
planet
Jupiter is a gas
giant
01
05
03
02
04
Order the stages of human evolution:

DARWIN’S THEORIES COMPARISON
COMMON
DESCENT
GRADUALIS
M THEORY
EVOLUTION
AS SUCH
NATURAL
SELECTION
Jupiter is a gas
giant and the
biggest planet
in the Solar
System
Venus has a
beautiful name
and is the
second planet
from the Sun
Despite being
red, Mars is a
cold place full of
iron oxide dust
Earth is the
third planet from
the Sun and the
only one with
life
● Lists ● Lists ● Lists ● Lists
List the features of these theories:

WORKSHEET
1. Prehistoric humans are called
Choose the correct option for each sentence:
HOMINIDS
CAVEMEN LUCY
3. Who was the first hominid to use fire?
HOMO ERECTUS
HOMO SAPIENS WISE MAN
2. An animal that walks on two feet is called a
BIPED
MOPED TRIPED

TRUE OR FALSE
Write true or false on these statements:
1. Humans and their closest fossil relatives
are known as hominids.
X
2. Chimpanzees and humans have very
similar DNA.
3. All known hominids are direct ancestors of
modern humans.
4. Lucy was a hominid known as Homo
Sapiens Neanderthalensis.
5. Australopithecus Afarensis lived before
Homo Erectus.
T F

MATCHING EVOLUTION
HOMO HABILIS
HOMO SAPIENS
HOMO ERECTUS
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
NEANDERTHAL
WEAPONS
HUNTING
STONE TOOLS
FIRST PAINTINGS
LIVE IN GROUPS
Match the following statements:

FIND AND CIRCLE
T S H E R F H L F D
S A T U T T W D I A
S P R I M A T E R R
T I T P R A T S E W
W E F S S T N T T I
Z N O H O M I N I N
Find the following
words:
PRIMATE
HUMAN
HOMININ
SAPIEN
FIRE
DARWIN

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