This document provides an overview of Mahatma Gandhi's key teachings, beliefs, and virtues. It discusses Gandhi's views on Satya (truth), Brahmacharya (spiritual purity), Ahimsa (non-violence), simplicity, love, faith, hope, and equality. Gandhi derived many of his philosophies from Hinduism and Jainism, such as believing that truth was the highest principle and pursuing it through non-violent civil disobedience (satyagraha). The document examines how Gandhi applied these concepts to his political goals and personal lifestyle.
The document discusses Gandhi's teachings, beliefs, and virtues. It covers key concepts like Satya (truth), Brahmacharya (spiritual purity and celibacy), and Ahimsa (non-violence). Gandhi believed truth was the highest principle, and pursued it through non-violent civil disobedience campaigns. He felt celibacy and asceticism through Brahmacharya brought one closer to God and truth. Non-violence, or Ahimsa, was a core teaching that influenced Gandhi's rejection of violence in pursuing independence for India.
sociological-philosophical foundations in Public AdministrationJonathan Taladro
This document provides an overview of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and their implications for public administration. It describes the origins and key tenets of each religion. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions originating in India with beliefs in dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. Confucianism was influenced by the teachings of Confucius and emphasizes virtue, morality, and good governance. All three Eastern philosophies emphasize concepts like duty, ethics, and harmony that can influence approaches to public service and administration.
Ahimsa is a concept in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism that means non-violence or non-harming. It involves avoiding harm to all living creatures through one's actions and intentions. In Jainism, ahimsa is considered the highest religious duty and involves not harming any living thing, even small insects. Ahimsa influenced Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent resistance campaigns. While all three religions promote non-violence, Jainism takes it the furthest by prohibiting eating meat or plants and minimizing harm even to small creatures.
This document discusses Gandhi's philosophy and whether he can be considered a postmodern thinker. It examines Gandhi's views on topics like modernism, individualism, and religion to analyze whether he took premodern, modern, or postmodern stances. While Gandhi criticized aspects of modernism, the document argues he also shared some modernist views, like affirming individual moral responsibility and progressive linear views of history. Ultimately, the document aims to show Gandhi can be interpreted as a postmodern thinker who integrated past truths with a constructive critique of modernism.
Buddhist principles on social relationship.Nguyen Huong
This document discusses Buddhist principles on social relationships according to ancient Buddhist texts. It begins by providing context on the Buddha's vast teachings and how they were categorized. The Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence as fundamental teachings. His teachings focus on human matters and problems to help people find happiness in this life. Buddhism sees human beings as social and emphasizes wisdom and compassion as the main principles for social philosophy. It also explores the Buddhist perspectives on life, the world, and the nature of human existence as impermanent and unsatisfactory due to clinging and craving.
This document discusses Buddhist ethics and different theories of ethics. It provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhist ethics such as brahmacariya (noble conduct) and dhamma-vinaya (teaching and discipline). It also examines different theories of ethics like naturalism, non-naturalism, and emotivism. Specifically, it explores how these theories approach the concepts of "good" and "bad" and whether ethical values can be defined by nature, intuition, or emotion.
Jainism is an ancient Indian religion founded in the 6th century BC by Vardhamana Mahavira. It believes in a plurality of souls and that liberation can be obtained through nonviolence, truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possessiveness. Jainism emphasizes individualism and achieving enlightenment through ascetic practices and detachment from worldly pleasures to be free of karma and attain nirvana. It rejects the idea of a creator god and believes reality is complex, with many perspectives.
- Sanatana Dharma, also known as Hinduism, is an over 5,000 year old spiritual tradition that encompasses teachings like yoga, ayurveda, and vedic astrology.
- These disciplines are rooted in the Vedas and ancient rishi lineages, and constitute a comprehensive system dealing with spiritual and worldly matters.
- While the physical practices of yoga can be separated from Hinduism, truly benefiting from the deeper philosophical teachings requires an appreciation and acceptance of the spiritual traditions and principles they are based upon. Embracing the overarching Sanatana Dharma tradition provides the greatest advantage in practicing these disciplines.
The document discusses Gandhi's teachings, beliefs, and virtues. It covers key concepts like Satya (truth), Brahmacharya (spiritual purity and celibacy), and Ahimsa (non-violence). Gandhi believed truth was the highest principle, and pursued it through non-violent civil disobedience campaigns. He felt celibacy and asceticism through Brahmacharya brought one closer to God and truth. Non-violence, or Ahimsa, was a core teaching that influenced Gandhi's rejection of violence in pursuing independence for India.
sociological-philosophical foundations in Public AdministrationJonathan Taladro
This document provides an overview of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and their implications for public administration. It describes the origins and key tenets of each religion. Hinduism is one of the oldest religions originating in India with beliefs in dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. Confucianism was influenced by the teachings of Confucius and emphasizes virtue, morality, and good governance. All three Eastern philosophies emphasize concepts like duty, ethics, and harmony that can influence approaches to public service and administration.
Ahimsa is a concept in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism that means non-violence or non-harming. It involves avoiding harm to all living creatures through one's actions and intentions. In Jainism, ahimsa is considered the highest religious duty and involves not harming any living thing, even small insects. Ahimsa influenced Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent resistance campaigns. While all three religions promote non-violence, Jainism takes it the furthest by prohibiting eating meat or plants and minimizing harm even to small creatures.
This document discusses Gandhi's philosophy and whether he can be considered a postmodern thinker. It examines Gandhi's views on topics like modernism, individualism, and religion to analyze whether he took premodern, modern, or postmodern stances. While Gandhi criticized aspects of modernism, the document argues he also shared some modernist views, like affirming individual moral responsibility and progressive linear views of history. Ultimately, the document aims to show Gandhi can be interpreted as a postmodern thinker who integrated past truths with a constructive critique of modernism.
Buddhist principles on social relationship.Nguyen Huong
This document discusses Buddhist principles on social relationships according to ancient Buddhist texts. It begins by providing context on the Buddha's vast teachings and how they were categorized. The Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence as fundamental teachings. His teachings focus on human matters and problems to help people find happiness in this life. Buddhism sees human beings as social and emphasizes wisdom and compassion as the main principles for social philosophy. It also explores the Buddhist perspectives on life, the world, and the nature of human existence as impermanent and unsatisfactory due to clinging and craving.
This document discusses Buddhist ethics and different theories of ethics. It provides an overview of key concepts in Buddhist ethics such as brahmacariya (noble conduct) and dhamma-vinaya (teaching and discipline). It also examines different theories of ethics like naturalism, non-naturalism, and emotivism. Specifically, it explores how these theories approach the concepts of "good" and "bad" and whether ethical values can be defined by nature, intuition, or emotion.
Jainism is an ancient Indian religion founded in the 6th century BC by Vardhamana Mahavira. It believes in a plurality of souls and that liberation can be obtained through nonviolence, truthfulness, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possessiveness. Jainism emphasizes individualism and achieving enlightenment through ascetic practices and detachment from worldly pleasures to be free of karma and attain nirvana. It rejects the idea of a creator god and believes reality is complex, with many perspectives.
- Sanatana Dharma, also known as Hinduism, is an over 5,000 year old spiritual tradition that encompasses teachings like yoga, ayurveda, and vedic astrology.
- These disciplines are rooted in the Vedas and ancient rishi lineages, and constitute a comprehensive system dealing with spiritual and worldly matters.
- While the physical practices of yoga can be separated from Hinduism, truly benefiting from the deeper philosophical teachings requires an appreciation and acceptance of the spiritual traditions and principles they are based upon. Embracing the overarching Sanatana Dharma tradition provides the greatest advantage in practicing these disciplines.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Hinduism, including its scriptures, concept of God, concept of the individual soul, and major doctrines. Some of the major ideas discussed are that Hindus believe the ultimate reality called Brahman can be both personal and impersonal, the individual soul or Atman is eternal, and concepts like karma and dharma are important principles. Hinduism also emphasizes unity among all religions and freedom of thought.
The document discusses the concept of ahimsa in Hinduism and its meaning and importance. It defines ahimsa as non-harm and cultivating compassion for all beings. It states that without non-violence, no living being can attain salvation. It provides examples of practicing ahimsa through kindness, meditation, following yamas and niyamas codes of conduct, various yoga practices, treating others with compassion, and considering vegetarianism.
Siddhartha Gautama was a Hindu prince who renounced his wealth and position to seek enlightenment. After seeing an aged man, sick man, dead man, and ascetic, he realized that suffering was universal. He studied under teachers but was unsatisfied until he meditated under a bodhi tree and attained enlightenment, becoming the Buddha. He then taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering through non-attachment in a world of impermanence. Buddhism spread widely after his death due to his teachings.
The three believed in nonviolence but faced different responses. ,Gandhi faced the British rule in India, King sought human rights for the black Americans and Lama for the Tibetan people with the Chinese.
This presentation include a brief about Buddhism, it's origin, it's spread. And then finally how The Eight Fold Path Connects with Management! :)
Do write your reviews :)
The document discusses several aspects of Indian psychology from ancient Indian thought. It describes theories from Indian scriptures on perception, motivation, cognition and consciousness. It discusses four motives that are similar to Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha. Buddhism identified six personality types. It also discusses the Triguna theory from Samkya, the four methods of yoga psychology, and key concepts of Buddhism like the four noble truths and achieving Nirvana through desirelessness.
Soul based ethics going beyond the sensesSorab Sadri
The document discusses two schools of thought on ethics - the soul-based view and the mind-based view. The soul-based view sees spirituality and harmony between soul, heart and mind as determining ethics, while the mind-based view sees willingness and ability to be ethical as key. It also discusses the differences in how each school views concepts like truth, free will, and man's purpose. The document suggests that given the Indian psyche, a soul-based approach to managerial ethics may be more appropriate and plausible than an objective, rational mind-based view. It calls for further research validating or refuting previous studies on behavioral patterns and how they may differ by status, gender, industry or profession in India.
An Introduction to Buddhism by willy ruin and sonephavanh liemphachanhWilfredo Ruin
This document provides an overview of Buddhism including its origins in India, key figures like Buddha, and its spread throughout Asia. It outlines the main teachings of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths about suffering and its cessation. The document discusses Buddhist practices, concepts of karma and rebirth, the two main sects of Buddhism, and how Buddhist ethics and morality are based on principles of non-harming and purifying the mind. Examples of how Buddhism approaches ethical dilemmas like punishment, euthanasia, and war are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Oriental psychology, which draws from ancient writings in Buddhism, Zen, Sufism, and Yoga. It discusses key concepts in each tradition, including the four noble truths and eight-fold path in Buddhism, the emphasis on sudden awakening over scripture in Zen, the search for metaphysical truths in Sufism, and the goal of unifying mind, body and spirit through meditation, breathing and thinking in Yoga psychology. The document also contrasts Western and Eastern approaches, noting Eastern traditions view the ideal or perfect as normal, while cultivation of subjective experience is the main concern.
Diversity of religious expression - hinduism* buddhism* jainismJanak Shah
The document discusses several key features of Eastern religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Some common features are the concepts of karma, samsara (cycle of rebirth), and moksha (liberation). Hinduism focuses on dharma (duties) and the caste system, and emphasizes paths of devotion, knowledge and action. Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering through enlightenment and nirvana. Jainism believes the soul can become liberated through right faith, knowledge and conduct like nonviolence.
An attempt to give a brief about the great ideology of Sikhism founded by Guru Nanak ji 500 years ago.
Ppt by Dr. Vijay Kumar, PhD Educational Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
This document provides an overview of key Buddhist concepts including the Four Noble Truths, Three Marks of Existence (dukkha, anitya, anatta), dependent origination, and the Eightfold Path. It discusses Buddhist views on topics like ethics, reincarnation, and nirvana. It also addresses modern challenges for Buddhism like population growth, technological advances, and expanding religions globally. The conclusion calls for Buddhism to adapt its teachings to current times while protecting core aspects of its philosophy.
the buddha, his teachings and buddhist economicsSuyog Prajapati
The Buddha was born Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal in 563 BCE. After seeing old age, sickness, and death outside the palace walls for the first time, he sought to understand suffering by studying under yoga masters and practicing extreme asceticism. He achieved enlightenment under a bodhi tree, realizing the Four Noble Truths and establishing the Middle Way. His teachings of non-self, dependent origination, and the Eightfold Path were passed down orally and through texts. Buddhism spread globally due to its scientific, experience-based philosophy and emphasis on mindfulness meditation. Buddhist Economics focuses on minimizing suffering through non-attachment, non-violence, and simple living with optimal consumption.
The world is perhaps at the point of the greatest crisis in all human history, and
there seem to be two attitudes we can assume. One is calmness, faith, and
conviction; the other would be despair. And despair is unthinkable. Let each, in
[their] own way, dedicate [their] time, service, hope, and spiritual conviction to
the common cause of liberty and justice for all. And let's work without tiring and
pray without ceasing.
This chapter discusses the difference between spirituality and religion. It argues that being religious does not necessarily make someone spiritual. It defines spirituality as being aware of and connected to the divine spirit within all living things. True spirituality is living in a way that does no harm to others. Religion is different from spirituality and one can be spiritual without following an organized religion. The key is developing awareness of the connection between all beings and living with compassion.
This document discusses the relationship between ethics and religion. It explores different perspectives on whether ethics requires religion or if they are separate concepts. Some key points made include:
- Ethics examines questions of how humans should behave and what is right/wrong, while religion provides meaning and belief in supernatural powers. Though related, they are not identical.
- Many religions see morality as derived from divine commands from God. However, ethics can also be explored through sacred texts and religious authorities without direct revelation.
- While religion may encourage ethical behavior through teachings and community, one does not need to be religious to live ethically. Secular philosophies also explore morality.
- Different views are presented with some arguing ethics depends
Value education on Gandhian guidelines at secondary level and its relevanceDr. Goutam Patra
1) The document discusses the relevance of value education based on Gandhian principles at the secondary school level. It outlines Gandhi's views on emphasizing inner spiritual values over outer values for the holistic development of students.
2) Several educationists are cited discussing the importance of Gandhian values like truth, non-violence, simplicity, and moral character building. Implementing value education based on these principles can help address the ongoing erosion of values in society.
3) The central government has recognized the importance of value education and designated the NCERT as the resource center. However, the current education system does not adequately focus on students' moral and spiritual development, which Gandhi believed was essential.
The main objective of this website is to offer a new way of thinking about such matters based on science and clear reasoning; a way of thinking that reveals meaning and purpose for our lives; a way that leads to natural personal fulfillment and happiness
Gandhi is considered one of the most influential world leaders who helped achieve independence for India. This document outlines 10 leadership lessons learned from Gandhi's principles and practices, including continuous learning, treating all people with equal respect, being an excellent listener, identifying barriers to change, maintaining integrity in one's means and ends, emphasizing self-awareness and discipline, balancing vision with efficient execution, emphasizing both one's path and results, adopting a holistic perspective, and maintaining an open mind.
Gandhi was influenced by several philosophies and religions including Hinduism, Jainism, and Christianity. He believed in satyagraha, or non-violent civil disobedience, and pursued truth and justice for all people through peaceful protests and fasting. Some of Gandhi's early campaigns included protesting unfair land taxes and wages through non-cooperation and strikes, which helped improve conditions for farmers and workers.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Hinduism, including its scriptures, concept of God, concept of the individual soul, and major doctrines. Some of the major ideas discussed are that Hindus believe the ultimate reality called Brahman can be both personal and impersonal, the individual soul or Atman is eternal, and concepts like karma and dharma are important principles. Hinduism also emphasizes unity among all religions and freedom of thought.
The document discusses the concept of ahimsa in Hinduism and its meaning and importance. It defines ahimsa as non-harm and cultivating compassion for all beings. It states that without non-violence, no living being can attain salvation. It provides examples of practicing ahimsa through kindness, meditation, following yamas and niyamas codes of conduct, various yoga practices, treating others with compassion, and considering vegetarianism.
Siddhartha Gautama was a Hindu prince who renounced his wealth and position to seek enlightenment. After seeing an aged man, sick man, dead man, and ascetic, he realized that suffering was universal. He studied under teachers but was unsatisfied until he meditated under a bodhi tree and attained enlightenment, becoming the Buddha. He then taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering through non-attachment in a world of impermanence. Buddhism spread widely after his death due to his teachings.
The three believed in nonviolence but faced different responses. ,Gandhi faced the British rule in India, King sought human rights for the black Americans and Lama for the Tibetan people with the Chinese.
This presentation include a brief about Buddhism, it's origin, it's spread. And then finally how The Eight Fold Path Connects with Management! :)
Do write your reviews :)
The document discusses several aspects of Indian psychology from ancient Indian thought. It describes theories from Indian scriptures on perception, motivation, cognition and consciousness. It discusses four motives that are similar to Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha. Buddhism identified six personality types. It also discusses the Triguna theory from Samkya, the four methods of yoga psychology, and key concepts of Buddhism like the four noble truths and achieving Nirvana through desirelessness.
Soul based ethics going beyond the sensesSorab Sadri
The document discusses two schools of thought on ethics - the soul-based view and the mind-based view. The soul-based view sees spirituality and harmony between soul, heart and mind as determining ethics, while the mind-based view sees willingness and ability to be ethical as key. It also discusses the differences in how each school views concepts like truth, free will, and man's purpose. The document suggests that given the Indian psyche, a soul-based approach to managerial ethics may be more appropriate and plausible than an objective, rational mind-based view. It calls for further research validating or refuting previous studies on behavioral patterns and how they may differ by status, gender, industry or profession in India.
An Introduction to Buddhism by willy ruin and sonephavanh liemphachanhWilfredo Ruin
This document provides an overview of Buddhism including its origins in India, key figures like Buddha, and its spread throughout Asia. It outlines the main teachings of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths about suffering and its cessation. The document discusses Buddhist practices, concepts of karma and rebirth, the two main sects of Buddhism, and how Buddhist ethics and morality are based on principles of non-harming and purifying the mind. Examples of how Buddhism approaches ethical dilemmas like punishment, euthanasia, and war are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Oriental psychology, which draws from ancient writings in Buddhism, Zen, Sufism, and Yoga. It discusses key concepts in each tradition, including the four noble truths and eight-fold path in Buddhism, the emphasis on sudden awakening over scripture in Zen, the search for metaphysical truths in Sufism, and the goal of unifying mind, body and spirit through meditation, breathing and thinking in Yoga psychology. The document also contrasts Western and Eastern approaches, noting Eastern traditions view the ideal or perfect as normal, while cultivation of subjective experience is the main concern.
Diversity of religious expression - hinduism* buddhism* jainismJanak Shah
The document discusses several key features of Eastern religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Some common features are the concepts of karma, samsara (cycle of rebirth), and moksha (liberation). Hinduism focuses on dharma (duties) and the caste system, and emphasizes paths of devotion, knowledge and action. Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering through enlightenment and nirvana. Jainism believes the soul can become liberated through right faith, knowledge and conduct like nonviolence.
An attempt to give a brief about the great ideology of Sikhism founded by Guru Nanak ji 500 years ago.
Ppt by Dr. Vijay Kumar, PhD Educational Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
This document provides an overview of key Buddhist concepts including the Four Noble Truths, Three Marks of Existence (dukkha, anitya, anatta), dependent origination, and the Eightfold Path. It discusses Buddhist views on topics like ethics, reincarnation, and nirvana. It also addresses modern challenges for Buddhism like population growth, technological advances, and expanding religions globally. The conclusion calls for Buddhism to adapt its teachings to current times while protecting core aspects of its philosophy.
the buddha, his teachings and buddhist economicsSuyog Prajapati
The Buddha was born Siddhartha Gautama in Nepal in 563 BCE. After seeing old age, sickness, and death outside the palace walls for the first time, he sought to understand suffering by studying under yoga masters and practicing extreme asceticism. He achieved enlightenment under a bodhi tree, realizing the Four Noble Truths and establishing the Middle Way. His teachings of non-self, dependent origination, and the Eightfold Path were passed down orally and through texts. Buddhism spread globally due to its scientific, experience-based philosophy and emphasis on mindfulness meditation. Buddhist Economics focuses on minimizing suffering through non-attachment, non-violence, and simple living with optimal consumption.
The world is perhaps at the point of the greatest crisis in all human history, and
there seem to be two attitudes we can assume. One is calmness, faith, and
conviction; the other would be despair. And despair is unthinkable. Let each, in
[their] own way, dedicate [their] time, service, hope, and spiritual conviction to
the common cause of liberty and justice for all. And let's work without tiring and
pray without ceasing.
This chapter discusses the difference between spirituality and religion. It argues that being religious does not necessarily make someone spiritual. It defines spirituality as being aware of and connected to the divine spirit within all living things. True spirituality is living in a way that does no harm to others. Religion is different from spirituality and one can be spiritual without following an organized religion. The key is developing awareness of the connection between all beings and living with compassion.
This document discusses the relationship between ethics and religion. It explores different perspectives on whether ethics requires religion or if they are separate concepts. Some key points made include:
- Ethics examines questions of how humans should behave and what is right/wrong, while religion provides meaning and belief in supernatural powers. Though related, they are not identical.
- Many religions see morality as derived from divine commands from God. However, ethics can also be explored through sacred texts and religious authorities without direct revelation.
- While religion may encourage ethical behavior through teachings and community, one does not need to be religious to live ethically. Secular philosophies also explore morality.
- Different views are presented with some arguing ethics depends
Value education on Gandhian guidelines at secondary level and its relevanceDr. Goutam Patra
1) The document discusses the relevance of value education based on Gandhian principles at the secondary school level. It outlines Gandhi's views on emphasizing inner spiritual values over outer values for the holistic development of students.
2) Several educationists are cited discussing the importance of Gandhian values like truth, non-violence, simplicity, and moral character building. Implementing value education based on these principles can help address the ongoing erosion of values in society.
3) The central government has recognized the importance of value education and designated the NCERT as the resource center. However, the current education system does not adequately focus on students' moral and spiritual development, which Gandhi believed was essential.
The main objective of this website is to offer a new way of thinking about such matters based on science and clear reasoning; a way of thinking that reveals meaning and purpose for our lives; a way that leads to natural personal fulfillment and happiness
Gandhi is considered one of the most influential world leaders who helped achieve independence for India. This document outlines 10 leadership lessons learned from Gandhi's principles and practices, including continuous learning, treating all people with equal respect, being an excellent listener, identifying barriers to change, maintaining integrity in one's means and ends, emphasizing self-awareness and discipline, balancing vision with efficient execution, emphasizing both one's path and results, adopting a holistic perspective, and maintaining an open mind.
Gandhi was influenced by several philosophies and religions including Hinduism, Jainism, and Christianity. He believed in satyagraha, or non-violent civil disobedience, and pursued truth and justice for all people through peaceful protests and fasting. Some of Gandhi's early campaigns included protesting unfair land taxes and wages through non-cooperation and strikes, which helped improve conditions for farmers and workers.
The document summarizes the key causes and movements that led to India's independence from British rule. [1] Indians faced lack of equal opportunities and were not allowed high positions in government or the military. [2] Major independence movements included the 1857 rebellion, formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, non-cooperation movements in the 1910s-1930s led by Gandhi, and the Quit India Movement in 1942. [3] Key figures in the struggle included Gandhi, Nehru, revolutionary nationalists like Bhagat Singh, as well as ordinary Indians who sacrificed for independence.
The document summarizes the rise of nationalism in India in the early 20th century. It discusses several key events:
1) World War I increased taxes and prices in India, hardening resentment against British rule. Satyagraha campaigns in the 1910s-1920s protested oppressive policies.
2) The Rowlatt Acts of 1919 gave authorities broad powers to repress political activities. Protests led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, further fueling nationalism.
3) The Non-Cooperation Movement of the 1920s involved boycotts of British goods and institutions. It ended after violent clashes in some areas. Simon Commission proposals were rejected, fueling the demand for full independence
The National Movement And Mahatma GandhiGirish Arabbi
The document provides details about Mahatma Gandhi and the national movement in India. It discusses Gandhi's life and methods of non-violence and non-cooperation. It describes the Non-Cooperation Movement launched in 1920 and the Civil Disobedience Movement starting in 1930 in protest of the Simon Commission. The movements faced repression from the British government but helped unite Indians and strengthen the independence movement.
Gandhi's teachings were influenced by Hindu and Jain beliefs and centered around key concepts like satya (truth), ahimsa (non-violence), brahmacharya (spiritual purity and celibacy), and simplicity. He believed strongly in satyagraha (non-violent resistance) and applied concepts like ahimsa and satya to his political protests against British rule in India. Gandhi saw truth as greater than any force and pursued it through non-violent civil disobedience. He advocated for equality, living a simple lifestyle, and applied principles of brahmacharya, ahimsa, and non-violence to all areas of his life and leadership of the
Gandhi's teachings were influenced by Hindu and Jain beliefs and centered around key concepts like satya (truth), ahimsa (non-violence), brahmacharya (spiritual purity and celibacy), and simplicity. For Gandhi, satya was the most important principle and meant pursuing subjective truth through non-violent civil disobedience campaigns. He believed in brahmacharya as a way to get closer to God and advocated practices like celibacy. Gandhi applied the Hindu-Jain concept of ahimsa to politics by pioneering the use of non-violent protests. He advocated for concepts like vegetarianism, non-possession, and reducing materialism.
Main principles of gandhiji (gandhism)
by this ppt u can get the knowledge about the main principles of gandhiji or about gandhism such as ahinsa, fasting etc...
Gandhi was deeply influenced by his Hindu upbringing but believed all religions originated from the same source and preached similar doctrines. He encountered Christianity later in life and was impressed by the teachings of nonviolence and self-sacrifice in the Sermon on the Mount. However, Gandhi still regarded Hinduism as the most tolerant and superior faith. He criticized unjust practices in Hinduism but believed no religion should seek converts. Overall, Gandhi's views integrated aspects of multiple faiths focused on ethics and truth rather than dogma.
Gandhi developed a political philosophy based on the principles of truth, non-violence, and purity. He advocated for a decentralized "true democracy" with self-sufficient small communities, equal rights and justice for all, economic equality, and non-violent protest against injustice. Gandhi criticized Western democracies and capitalism as exploitative, instead promoting self-rule through moral individual and societal development.
Gandhian ideology is based on principles of nonviolence, truth, and moral development. It was developed by Mahatma Gandhi based on influences from Indian culture and Western thinkers. The philosophy operates on spiritual, moral, political, economic, social, individual, and collective levels. Key aspects include truth, nonviolence, satyagraha (nonviolent resistance), sarvodaya (universal uplift), swaraj (self-rule), trusteeship, and swadeshi (self-sufficiency). Gandhi saw means and ends as inseparable, believing just means were needed to achieve just ends. His ideas remain relevant today in promoting nonviolence and truth over violence and greed.
Gandhi advocated for several principles including Swaraj (self-rule), Swadeshi (self-governance), Satya (truth), Satyagraha (non-violent civil disobedience), and Sarvodaya (upliftment of all). He believed Indians should reject modern Western concepts and reclaim their traditions, focusing on local self-governance, non-violence, and uplifting all people, especially the most disadvantaged. His principles of non-violence and civil disobedience through Satyagraha played a major role in India's independence movement.
Gandhi's method of nonviolence, or ahimsa, was effective in gaining India's independence from Britain. Through satyagraha, which included techniques like fasting, non-cooperation, and strikes, Gandhi aimed not to coerce opponents but to convert them through nonviolent means. He believed violence only created more problems, while nonviolence could build enduring change and recognize the shared humanity between all people. Gandhi showed nonviolence requires strength of soul, not weakness, and is the only means to realize truth and spiritual oneness. His methods may not have been quick, but created lasting results compared to violence.
Gandhiji's Concept of Religion and its Relevance in Present SocietyDr. Amarjeet Singh
1) Gandhi's concept of religion focused on elements like truth, non-violence, brotherhood and peace. For Gandhi, a spiritual society with these values at its core could emerge.
2) Gandhi saw all religions as different paths to the same goal of truth and morality. He believed religions should unite, not divide people.
3) Applying Gandhi's ideals of truth, non-violence, tolerance and love could help address issues in today's society like violence, hatred and lack of values. His philosophy provides guidance to build a just, peaceful world.
Satyagraha is a philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience developed by Gandhi. It is based on the concepts of truth, non-violence, and self-suffering. The goal is to achieve truth through non-violent means even in the face of violence or oppression. Truth is a relative concept defined as resolutions that fulfill human needs for freedom and integrity. Non-violent actions are used to test differing views of truth, and may lead to suffering being imposed on practitioners by opponents, to which practitioners refuse to retaliate and instead invite more suffering upon themselves.
The document provides an overview and comparison of three major world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It describes some of the core beliefs and practices of each religion, such as Hinduism's belief in karma and reincarnation, Buddhism's emphasis on the eightfold path and meditation to reach nirvana, and Christianity's focus on the ten commandments and belief in one God. It then compares the religions, noting both differences, like their views on gods and the afterlife, and similarities, such as regulating moral behavior and emphasizing justice.
The document summarizes three main spiritual philosophies: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It provides details on their origins, core beliefs, and differences. Hinduism originated in India and believes in reincarnation and achieving union with god through karma over multiple lives. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Guatama and teaches reaching nirvana through meditation and following the eightfold path. Christianity is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Bible, and believes in getting to heaven or hell in one life through accepting God and following the ten commandments.
This document provides an overview of the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in India in response to issues with the vedic religion at the time. It summarizes the key teachings and philosophies of both Buddhism founded by Gautama Buddha and Jainism founded by Mahavira. Buddhism emphasized escaping suffering through following the four noble truths and eightfold path while Jainism focused on non-violence, belief in the soul, karma/rebirth, and achieving salvation through strict adherence to ascetic practices and the five main vows. Both religions rejected the rigid Hindu caste system and promoted social equality.
This PPT is about ethics of mahatma Gandhi based on their bio grapy. And this slide is also contains all information about major Gandhian ethics and major principle of ethics . In this Presentation you can also seen some slogan by Gandhiji .
About The Author: Arun Gandhi is one of nine surviving grandchildren of Mahatma Gandhi. He currently lives in Rochester, New York, and is founder president of the Gandhi World-wide Education Institute, Wauconda, Illinois. See: www.gandhiforchildren.org and www.arungandhi.net
S.K. George was an Indian Christian theologian who supported Gandhi and India's independence movement. He saw Gandhi as interpreting Christian philosophy through nonviolence. George also advocated for interreligious cooperation to promote mutual understanding between faiths and eliminate conflicts. He felt this was important for building national unity in India and that Christians would fare better in a free India than under colonial rule. George recognized truth in all religions but also their limitations, so advocated respect between faiths to create religious harmony.
Gandhi’s views on Non-violence and Social Issues.pptxRajeshKumarJha27
Gandhi had a global impact with his views on non-violence and social reform. He believed that violence only breeds more hatred and that non-violence requires an absence of hatred and passive violence. Gandhi was also a proponent of women's rights, opposing practices like child marriage, purdah and supporting women's education. He fought against untouchability by publishing papers to raise awareness and giving untouchables the dignified name of "Harijans." Gandhi supported vocational education and moral education above all. He believed the wealthy had a duty as trustees of society to use their assets for the welfare of the masses.
Gandhi’s views on Non-violence and Social Issues.pptxRajeshKumarJha41
Gandhi had a global impact with his views on non-violence and social reform. He believed that violence only breeds more hatred and that non-violence requires an absence of hatred and passive violence. Gandhi was also a proponent of women's rights, opposing practices like child marriage, purdah and supporting women's education. He fought against untouchability by publishing papers to raise awareness and giving untouchables the dignified name of "Harijans." Gandhi supported vocational education and moral education above all. He believed the wealthy had a duty as trustees of society to use their assets for the welfare of the masses.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
2. Introduction
Gandhi consisted of an Indian political leader, who instigated and motivated
India’s independence from the British government. Nonetheless, he was not
renowned for his political status – for, with resilience, justice, defiance, he
protruded – as a spiritual leader of the Indian people. Gandhi’s beliefs are
generally derived form Hindu and Jain beliefs, prioritising truth as the ‘God’,
or the most significant principle of him (Gandhism). Gandhi’s teachings,
beliefs, and virtues encapsulate various aspects, with subsequent branches of
each aspect: Satyagraha, and Satya - The ardent pursuit of truth, and truth
itself; Ahimsa - the notion of non-violence and vegetarianism; Brahmacharya
– Spiritual and Practical Purity, and Asceticism; Equality etc. Gandhi’s beliefs
are generally derived from Hindu and Jain beliefs, prioritising truth as the
‘God’, or the most significant principle of him (Gandhism).
3. Introduction
Nonetheless, in order to truly interpret such an enigmatic, virtuous and
prominent spiritual figure, it is highly essential of one to conceive of his
beliefs, which shall be further elaborated in the subsequent pages,
preliminarily to any further discourse or conclusions established regarding
him.
6. Satya
Satya consists of a Sanskrit term illustrating the notion of truth and
‘goodness’, which, according to Hindu beliefs, consists of the sole
pathways to the Ultimate Truth – The Sat, or the transcendental
Absolute Truth in Christians’ perspective. The hypothetical and
philosophical symbolisation of Satya, and based on which
Gandhi employed the most to reiterate and reinforce the causes why
Satya is to be pursued and acknowledged, constitutes the notion that
Satya never alters, succumbs to distortions, be subject to moderations;
it is beyond distinctions of time, space, and person, evading the
dynamic states of the universe, and remaining a constant and
perpetual truth. In spite of the fact that Satya, at an indeed most
comparatively insignificant and minuscule scale, consists of the
benevolent deployment of the truth to assist others, the notion of
7. Satya
truth is not merely or solely a synonym or insinuation of fact or
correctness – for it comprises and encapsulates righteousness,
conscience, and true enlightenment of a superior level, which
nevertheless does not resemble the acknowledgement of a Supreme
Being’s omnipotence, but purity of the soul, and the conception of the
universal Absolute Truth – involving metaphysical matters in which
the existence of the universe is perused and examined philosophically.
Satya, in other relatively subtle contexts, also implies general religious
superiority, as indicated through Satya’s being conventionally
conceived by various Eastern religions – Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Jainism – as indispensable and prominent notions.
8. Gandhi’s Satya
‘The
Truth is far more powerful than any
weapon of mass destruction.’ – Gandhi
on Satya
9. Gandhi’s Satya
The principle of Satya, as conceived by Gandhi, consists of a notion that
transcends all levels and aspects of human comprehension. Gandhi did not
consider himself to be a pacifist, socialist or on any definable spectrum of
politics, yet only proclaimed that he adhered to the truth, or Satya, of life, a
trait of his derived from which were his perseverant and ardent Satyagrahas –
non-violent protests advocating Satya through Ahimsa. Nonetheless, Gandhi
does not perceive of truth as the absolute solution to metaphysical matters,
but truth that influences and involves one from one’s subjective perspective.
Gandhi demands and requires that his disciples do not necessarily abide by
his ‘truths’ by word, yet by spirit – should one genuinely and authentically
evaluates that violence is, under certain occasions, mandatory and inevitable,
it is truthful, and righteously corresponding to Satya to believe in it.
10. Gandhi’s Satya
Gandhi’s lifestyle constituted his constant experimentations with truth; he was
prepared to learn through trial and error, often conceding to have committed mistakes
and altering his behaviour accordingly. He would prioritise truth over political
independence— believing that Indians should not become murderers and commit the
very malevolence they were accusing the British of perpetrating in India. Gandhi’s
most prominent beliefs also encapsulated and comprised his pursuit of truth, which
actually consisted of the main core of his notions, Gandhi conceiving of his life as a
journey to discovering his subjective, arbitrary, yet ‘righteous’ truth. Satya consisted of
Gandhi’s teachings, and the ‘intent’ of his whole life - to examine and comprehend for
oneself, acknowledging the significance of others, and of truth, which, according to
Gandhi, connoted a force greater than any mechanisms or forces. Gandhi’s philosophy
encompassed ontology and its association with truth. For Gandhi, "to be" did not
mean to exist within the realm of time, as it has in the past with the Greek
philosophers – yet the ontological perception of Gandhi consisted of the existence
within the constituency of truth, within the realm of Satya, and under the protection
of ‘God’ – Truth, which, in congruence to the Hindu beliefs regarding Brahman’s
11. Gandhi’s Satya
omnipotence, omniscience, and supreme identity, and the Atmans,
resembling Brahma’s existence in all mortals, theoretically exists within every
mortal. With such perceptions and values regarding Satya, Gandhi pursued
this notion through his Satyagrahas, in which the conscientious and virtuous
Satya was assiduously followed and adhered to. Extending past the
conventional perception of passive resistance under Gandhi’s interpretation,
the Satyagrahas of Gandhi truly resembled their literal implications of
insistence on truth: With an initiative approach, Gandhi instigated a notion
that passive resistance differed from his Satyagraha – mass civil disobedience,
according to the allegedly valid beliefs that Satyagrahas adhere to the truth,
are solely deployed for benign intents, and do not, under all circumstances,
employ violence. One of the most prominent notions of Satyagraha consists
12. Gandhi’s Satya
of the notion that , in stead of coercing one’s opponent, one needs to co-
operate with the opponent to achieve a mutual compromise and the
preliminarily set goal. In addition, no violence or untruthful acts should be
perpetuated in the course of any Satyagraha, for the means shall
subsequently controvert the aims, defying the original intent of achieving
Ahimsa and Satya.
15. Brahmacharya
Brahmacharya consists of a conventional Hinduism spiritual
education occurring during the teenage years, literally implying a
period of time in which Brahma shall provide assistance to the student;
it is the period of time in which a student becomes inculcated in the
mystical doctrine. Under other non-Hindu circumstances,
Brahmacharya denotes a mode of life devoted to spiritual endeavour
in which sexual continence or even abstinence (celibacy) is highly
valued and ardently pursued. The general conception of Brahmacharya
consists of two sections: Brahma – the omnipotent creator constituting
a core part of the Hindu Godhead Trimurti; and Charya – The notion of
being adhered to.
17. Gandhi’s Brahmacharya
Gandhi conceived of the significance of Brahmacharya when he was 16; while
his father contracted a disease and deteriorated in health rapidly. Being very
dedicated to his parents, he attended to his father at all times during his
illness. Nonetheless, Gandhi was relieved and exempt from his
duty when his uncle came to replace Gandhi’s vigil over his father. Having
retired to his room, Gandhi imprudently and impetuously committed carnal
acts with his wife. Subsequently, a servant entered the room and reported to
Gandhi that his father had just died. Subjectively perceiving himself culpable,
and being substantially influenced by the incident, Gandhi became celibate
at the age of 36, while still married. This decision was deeply influenced by
the philosophy of Brahmacharya — spiritual and practical purity —
substantially associated with celibacy and asceticism, one of the five
significant beliefs constituting Jainism, a religion from which Gandhi had and
would acquire his insights and beliefs.
18. Gandhi’s Brahmacharya
Gandhi conceived of Brahmacharya as a means to near God,
transcendence realism, purity, realisation, and truth; he admitted to
having once possessed lustful urges with his childhood bride, Kasturba.
Inclined to control his originally impetuous love through restraining his
lustful love to solely pure love, Gandhi hence perceived of
Brahmacharya as his ‘monitoring of senses’. Gandhi even elaborated
his conceptions to implementing his Brahmacharya practices
through intentionally endeavouring to resist lust, by sleeping next to a
woman on the same bed while maintaining and restricting himself to
not conduct sexual intercourse with her.
21. Ahimsa
Ahimsa consists of the notion of conducting no impairment – hence avoiding
violence – to other mortals. It constitutes an important tenet and principle of
the religions that originated in ancient India – Hinduism, Jainism, and
Buddhism. Ahimsa is a doctrine of regulation that controverts the killing or
injuring of living beings. It is closely connected with the notion that all kinds
of violence entail negative karmic consequences, depending upon which shall
be one’s reincarnation form. The extent to which the principle of non-
violence can or should be applied to different life forms is controversial
between various authorities, movements and currents within the three
religions and has been a matter of debate for thousands of years. Ahimsa in
Jainism emphasises vegetarianism and forbids hunting and ritual sacrifice.
Jains equivocate even the smallest insects and other miniscule animals so as
to not jeopardise or injure their lives; they also make conceivable and
substantial efforts not to injure plants in everyday life as far as possible.
22. Ahimsa
In accordance to this policy, the consumption of certain types of food, whose
cultivations harm small insects and worms as well as agriculture itself, is to be
abstained from and not advocated. Ahimsa is generally based on Hinduism’s
conception and acknowledgment of but an insubstantial difference between
the Atmans of humans, and those of other forms of mortals.
23. Gandhi’s Ahimsa
‘What difference does it make to the dead,
the orphans, and the homeless, whether the
mad destruction is wrought under the name
of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty
and democracy?’ - Gandhi on Ahimsa
24. Gandhi’s Ahimsa
Elaborating on the conventional Hindu and Jain notion of Ahimsa, Gandhi
implemented ahimsa onto politics; he was the pioneer of employing non-violence in
political protests, conceiving that non-violence would rid me of one’s
obstreperousness, contempt, and belligerence, suppressing one’s anger. Gandhi
pursued the notion that the killing of mortals consisted of a highly unmoral and
malevolent act, hence his advocating of vegetarianism. Deploying Satyagrahas based
on notions of non-violence (Ahimsa), and non-resistance, Gandhi urged the orthodox
Hindu-Jain notion of ahimsa to another, comparatively political and substantial level.
Gandhi also pursued most resolutely the notion of vegetarianism, he himself not
consuming any meat at all, for he recognised the Jain belief of vegetarianism as a
foundation for his non-violence belief, and a most economically practical conception.
Nonetheless, Gandhi perceived and acknowledged that Ahimsa required an
abundance of audacity and resilience, and hence advocated a vicious yet intrepid
defense, in contrary to chivalrous cowardice.
27. Simplicity
Simplicity comprises two layers of definitions,
one of which consists of the pursuit of abstaining from
flamboyance, ostentation, costly goods; the other being the
notion of avoiding the mundane matters of life. In accordance
to Christian notions, the Supreme Being – the Deity
‘God’ – possess infinite simplicity, as a resemblance
of the exemption from the ‘inferior’ issues through
aloofness and transcendence. In spite of the philosophical
notions regarding the theoretical superiority of simplicity
(Occam’s Razor), simplicity in general constitutes the practice
of a plain and non-ornate lifestyle.
29. Gandhi’s Simplicity
In correspondence to the aforementioned, conventional, and general
perception of simplicity as being empty, pure, and aloof, and
constituting one of Jainism’s five prominent notions – Aparigraha – the
detachment from others. Gandhi also refuted that success was based
on exuberant pompousness, for he, as a political figure, possessed the
attire of the allegedly inferior ‘untouchables’, without his western
suits. He wore the clothes of the poorest inhabitants of the social
hierarchy in India, employing his home-spun cloth, while concurrently
encouraging others to spin their own clothes, plant, and avoid the exuberant
ostentation of westerners, and, hence, their clothes. Avoiding all
unnecessary expenditures and gifts, Gandhi endeavoured to reduce
himself to such divine and infinite simplicity that he was, according to
himself, trying to reduce himself to zero. Gandhi spent one day of each
week in silence, conceiving that abstaining from speaking brought him
33. Love, Faith, and Hope
Comprising a perpetually eminent core part of Christianity’ virtues,
and themselves being the three substantial theological virtues, love,
faith, and hope are also general virtues or beliefs advocated by various
religions, of which these three notions are valued and conceived as the
means to transcendence realism (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, or
Jainism), or salvation (Christianity). The notion of love comprises three
types – Eros love, Phileo love, and Agape love (i.e. Sacrificial
love); Faith consists of the love of God and the acknowledgment of his
omnipotence, while encompassing the realms of beliefs of intrepidity,
resilience, and defiance; and Hope comprises the acknowledgment of
fortune, and a genuinely sanguine demeanour.
34. Gandhi’s Love, Faith, and Hope
‘As Christian friends were endeavouring to
convert me, so were Muslim friends. Abdullah
Seth had kept on inducing me to study Islam,
and of course he had always something to say
regarding its beauty.’ – Gandhi on Faith
35. Gandhi’s Love, Faith, and Hope
Gandhi conceived of love and truth as the two most prominent sectors of his
beliefs, and, in general, of religions. Through the Christian Agape
love and Sacrificial love, Gandhi was inclined to save his fellows
through non-violent, yet, consequently, precarious means; should one
not possess agape love (charity), and sacrificial love, how could one, in
congruence to Gandhi, proclaim that one would be willing to sacrifice
one’s life in exchange for justice? In addition, Gandhi also advocated
the notion of faith, as he insisted on the significance of his
being an Hindu, and not actually converting to other religions,
notwithstanding his not conceding the transcendence, omniscience,
and the omnipotence of Brahman – the ultimate Hindu deity: In
contrary to allegedly ‘blindly’ pursuing Gods, Gandhi treated
religions as symbols of portmanteau collections of notions and beliefs, from
36. Gandhi’s Love, Faith, and Hope
which, and regardless of which religions, Gandhi
would select beliefs to practise upon – in accordance to
him, every different religion has its advantages and
drawbacks. He held no preference over religions, for he
recognised and loved all religions, hence promoting
universalism. In addition, Gandhi also evaluated the belief of
hope as highly significant and indispensable in his resistance
– for the hope for India’s independence was apparently
required to be substantial, so substantial that derived from
which was sufficient audacity and resilience to overthrow a
prominent empire.
39. Equality
The notion of Equality, or Egalitarianism consists
of the advocating of substantial notion of
Equality, encapsulating justice, fair treatment,
and the possession of equal rights.
41. Gandhi’s Equality
Gandhi perceived of equality as a means to reach simplicity
and agape love, through which purity could be attained.
Conceiving of the notion of untouchability as ludicrous as
unjust for all men were allegedly equal, Gandhi enunciated
the significance of acknowledging the equality of all
humans, regardless of races – Blacks or Whites, ethic groups,
nationalities – English or Indians, religious groups, social class
– Untouchables or Royals, for Gandhi was inclined to impart
the fact that all men were equal, according to the Satya and
the notion of Simplicity.
43. Swaraj
Swaraj consists theoretically of self-governance or
‘home-rule’, yet the word if generally employed as
Gandhi’s conception for Indian Independence from
foreign domination, emphasising on self-
governance – governance not by a hierarchical
government, but decentralised, anarchy-like self
governance through individuals, which juxtaposes
the British political structure.
45. Gandhi’s Swaraj
Gandhi was a philosophical anarchist, envisioning India to be a country without an
underlying government. While political systems were largely hierarchical, with each
layer of authority from the individual to the central government had increasing levels
of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society should be the exact
opposite, reiterating his notion of Equality through insinuating the significance of
acknowledging everyone as at a same level. In accordance to his belief, Gandhi
perceived that with each individual being under his own sovereignty, there would be
no need for universal laws. This would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict
mediation, as power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to
the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence. Rather than
a system where rights were enforced by a higher authority, people were self-governed
by mutual responsibilities, ruling themselves in small communities and without
hindering others.
47. Conclusion
Gandhi was an enigmatic spiritual leader of India. With a substantial
collection of prominent beliefs deriving from various religions, and yet
incorporating all of these notions with politics and humanitarianism,
Gandhi instigated, with love, faith, candour, intrepidity, and
justice, an inevitable, unstoppable, and homogenous force that:
Politically revolted against an eminent empire; practised satyagrahas
to pursue the truth; and to discover the meaning of life through
implementing love, aloofness, equality, and non-violence. Gandhi was
indeed an unfathomably and inscrutably influential yet benevolent
political figure of India, who freed millions from the callous oppression
of the British government, with no violence at all.