The document discusses the music of South Asia and the Middle East. It begins by describing Indian classical music traditions of Carnatic and Hindustani music, which have developed over centuries. It then discusses the four major religions of India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism - and how religion has influenced Indian culture and music. The document proceeds to provide more details on Carnatic and Hindustani music styles, describing vocal music genres and concepts of raga and tala. It then briefly introduces Middle Eastern music, noting its modal characteristics and religious and secular contexts. Specific musical examples from Israel, Pakistan, and Sufi traditions are also mentioned.

1. Music of
South Asia and
Middle East

2. India is the largest country in South Asia where music is as vast
as its geographic location. The music of India reflects different
aspects of South Asian culture exhibited through musical
performances utilizing distinctive musical elements. Indian
music remains fundamental to the lives of its people. It serves
as a source of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression, and
entertainment.
India's classical music tradition includes Carnatic and Hindustani
music which have been developed over many centuries.

3. Religion is extremely important. India is known as the “Land
of spirituality and philosophy”, and it was the birthplace of
some religions that exist in the world.
Religion has been part of the country’s growing culture.
Four major World’s Religions are:
·Hinduism ·Buddhism ·Jainism ·Sikhism
Aside from four major religions, they also have Christianity.

4. 1. Carnatic Music
Music of Southern India
It is directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called “temple
music”
In contrast to northern styles, Carnatic music is more thoroughly
oriented to the voice

5. 2. Hindustani Music
Music of Northern India
It goes back to Vedic period around 1000 BC
Rigveda is considered to be the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit
text that exhibits the ancient Indian collection of hymns.

6. Vocal music of India is a way to express their deep devotion to their
gods and goddesses.
Example of Vocal Music:
·Gangal - known for rich romantic and poetic content.
·Lakshan geet - oriented towards musical education.
·Swarmalika - used for pedagogic purposes. Sargam is used instead
of words.
·Tamil Nad – speaks of the beauty of the land of the Tamils.
·Vijaya – example of farewell song.

7. ·Raga
– melodic pattern that can be ascending and descending in
scale where key notes and phrases bring out the entire
character. It uses seven tones.
INDIA
Sa - Ri -Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni
DO- Re-Mi- Fa -So-La - Ti

8. ·Tala
(which means “clasp”) is a cycle with a fixed number of beats
repeated over and over again. There are different talas and
each one has a different rhythmic mood. The different kinds
of talas are the following:
·Dadratala (6 beats) ·Keherwatala (8 beats)
·Ektala (12 beats) ·Chautala (12 beats)
·Jhumratala (14 beats) · Tintala (16 beats)

9. In general, the music of the Middle East is modal. Harmony is
not emphasized but rather includes salient features such as
melodic complexity and ornamentation, and rigorous rhythmic
development.
The Middle East music is commonly used during:
Communal worship in mosques, synagogues and churches
Mystic rituals like Sufi
Life passage events
Entertainment like belly dancing, folk dancing

10. Devotional
featured during Sabbath and other holy days
Hazzan is a musician who helps lead the congregation in a songful
prayer.
“Yom Kippur” is a special call to prayer and repentance sounded
on the High Holidays (Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement)

11. Secular
context lies outside the religious domain
played during life passage events
very rhythmic and have popular and romantic texts

12. “Zum Gali Gali” is a traditional song relating to the formation
of the State of Israel, Originating sometime around its
creation in 1948.
It has a fast tempo with a wide range melodic line. It is usually
sung with accompaniment and is a repetitive chant.

14. ·Israel uses the shofar or the silver trumpets to signal the
arrival of enemy in battle.

15. Riq is important in both folk and classical music forms of the
Arabs.

16. Ancient lyre

17. Pakistan is known for its unique vocals. The distinctive
Pakistani sound was formed with multiple influences not only
from various parts of South Asia but also from diverse
elements of other countries in Central Asia and the Middle
East.

18. Ghazal
It is an essential ingredient of worship as practiced by Sufis It is
used for the design, creation, and cultivation of techniques that
provoke emotion

19. Qawwali
It refers to a way of rendering or Singing Sufi verses
It is a vibrant musical tradition that stretches back more than 700
years.

20. Directions: Identify the words being described in each statement, write
your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____1.Aside from four major religions of India, they also have________.
_____2.In _______, their beliefs lay in reincarnation, various forms of yoga
to raise awareness, time as a revolving circle, karma, mantras, yantras,
and other forms of yoga to raise awareness.
_____3.Known for rich romantic and poetic content.
_____4.Oriented towards musical education.

21. Directions: Identify the words being described in each statement, write
your answer on the space provided before the number.
_____5.Used for pedagogic purposes.
_____6.Speaks of the beauty of the land of the Tamils.
_____7.Example of farewell song.
_____8.Melodic pattern that can be ascending and descending in scale
where key notes and phrases bring out the entire character.
_____9.Tala means _______
_____10._____is refined a rich tradition of classical European music.