International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This presentation is Nepal's current energy scenario which enables public to understand why Nepal is facing acute shortage of power and what are the suggestive measures for the future.
This presentation discusses about Electricity Laws and Regulations. It primarily focuses on India, but a reference to other countries is made at few places.
This Presentation Deals With The Present Scenerio Of Power Sector In India Dealing With Reforms And Policies In Indian Constitution For Power And the Concept Of National Grids And Its Working And Uses. This PPT Also Includes Some Of The Government Initiatives Related To The Development Of The Power Sector In India. Thank U.
This presentation gives a brief about the Indian Power sector. It covers evolution, growth, major players of Power sectors. Also, it focuses various acts, regulations and tariffs related to it. The important part is issues which are there in Power sector and we have made an attempt to provide recommendations for the same.
The Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo is Nigeria’s leading Energy Expo. NAEE features line-up of local and international speakers, delegates and exhibitors, who will gather to debate a new energy future for Africa's most populous nation
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
This presentation is Nepal's current energy scenario which enables public to understand why Nepal is facing acute shortage of power and what are the suggestive measures for the future.
This presentation discusses about Electricity Laws and Regulations. It primarily focuses on India, but a reference to other countries is made at few places.
This Presentation Deals With The Present Scenerio Of Power Sector In India Dealing With Reforms And Policies In Indian Constitution For Power And the Concept Of National Grids And Its Working And Uses. This PPT Also Includes Some Of The Government Initiatives Related To The Development Of The Power Sector In India. Thank U.
This presentation gives a brief about the Indian Power sector. It covers evolution, growth, major players of Power sectors. Also, it focuses various acts, regulations and tariffs related to it. The important part is issues which are there in Power sector and we have made an attempt to provide recommendations for the same.
The Nigeria Alternative Energy Expo is Nigeria’s leading Energy Expo. NAEE features line-up of local and international speakers, delegates and exhibitors, who will gather to debate a new energy future for Africa's most populous nation
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 0.5 KW SOLAR TREE FOR POWERING FARM SETTLEMENTSIAEME Publication
Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a
result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this
sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation
which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it
imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the
electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which
could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These
can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source.
In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative
supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating
electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge
controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical
power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area,
the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output
An Examination of the Impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Serv...IJAAS Team
The main objective of this study is to empirically examine the impact of Power Sector Reform on Manufacturing and Services Sector in Nigeria between 1999-2016. The study employed secondary annual time series data sourced from World Bank database (2016). The methodology adopted for the study was Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF); a test for long-run relationship using ARDL Bounds Testing approach with analysis of long-run and shortrun dynamics in the model. A striking revelation from the study is the inverse relationship that exists between manufacturing output and electricity consumption in Nigeria within the period referenced. This negative relationship is not unconnected with widespread allegation of misappropriation of budgeted funds for the Power Sector by successive administrations in Nigeria since 1999. It must be stated in clear terms that constant and consistent electricity generation, transmission and distribution is sine-qua-none for the growth of the national economy. Virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the supply of electricity to do business and so the lack of this vital ingredient of growth contributes in no small measure in stagnating economic growth and development. Efforts at reforming the power sector can only be fruitful when ALL stakeholders in the power sector including the political class put away their personal agendas and take the bull by the horn towards rescuing the nation from the looming danger of stagnant economic growth. Furthermore, there is the need for the Nigerian government to come up with new, better and alternative ways of improving energy generation and supply, as well as proper maintenance of electricity infrastructure in the country.
Performance investigation of electricial power supply to owerri for higher pr...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This research was carried out to investigate the performance of electrical power supply to Owerri, Imo State Capital. The Enugu Electrical Distribution Company (EEDC), Owerri was the case study and sample of 10 respondents representing each unit were used. Structured questionnaire and observations techniques were administered during this research. The data presentation tools were tables and charts. It was found out that the major hindrances to Customer satisfaction in Power supply were: inadequate megawatts of power availability, obsolete network and equipment that require upgrade, overload networks, poor funding, lack of routine maintenance culture, inadequately trained manpower, logistics (vehicle, personal and material problems), psychological and physiological problems. Although the privatization policy is believed to be a progressive step to these challenges. based on the aforementioned, it was therefore recommended that management’s proactiveness to manage faults and equipment upgrade, government and private sectors should actively involve positive and effective management, as well as smart metering to ensure consumers meet up with charges, Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) play major to ensure substandard materials and products are not delivered, form rural cooperative society to create awareness on how to use light and serve as interface between the company and community.
Keywords: Performance, Electric Power, Investigation, Supply, Productivity.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
As A Result Of The Successful Third Edition Of One Of Africa’s Biggest Energy Forum; Nigeria Alternative Energy Exhibition (NAEE 2013) The Access-To-Power Rural Electrification Implementation Road Map Has Been Launched by the Nigerian Ministry of Power
Nigeria recently deregulated its power sector to pave way for private sector investors. The government owned corporation, Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) that was responsible for all electricity supply was unbundled, partly privatised and there are many ongoing reforms to reposition the power sector. However, the authorities must get the policies right and seek the support of international partners to attract private investments into the sector. Opportunities in the energy sector are highlighted for private sector participants to consider and take decisions. The citizens (consumers) must support government by agreeing with the new policies for a successful transformation. All hands must be on deck for success to be achieved.
Electricity generation in Nigeria started in 1896 although it was not until 1929 that the first utility company, the Nigerian Electricity Supply Company was established.
In the 1950s and 1960s the Nigerian government created the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria to control all existing diesel/coal fired isolated power plants across the country and the Niger Dams Authority to develop hydroelectric power in Nigeria. These two entities were amalgamated into the National Electric Power Authority in 1972.
By the late 1990s it became clear that the publicly owned and operated electricity system was failing to meet Nigeria’s power needs. The National Electric Power Policy of 2001 set the go-forward framework for power reform in Nigeria, leading to the National Electric Power Policy and thus the NIPP.
The players in the Nigerian electricity market are often referred to as market participants. In order to carry on business as a market participant, it is imperative that such entity(ies) obtain the appropriate licence from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC).
Electricity Generation Licence.
Distribution Licence.
Transmission Licence.
System Operation Licence.
Trading Licence.
A generation licence authorises the licensee to construct, own, operate and maintain a generation station for purposes of generation and supply of electricity in accordance with the Electric Power Sector Reform Act, 2005. Subject to this Act, the holder ofa generation licence may sell power or ancillary services to any of the classes of persons specified in the licence. An electricity generation licence is needed for any power generation activity beyond 1MW.
A transmission licence authorises the licencee to carry on grid construction, operation, and maintenance of transmission system within Nigeria, or that connect Nigeria with a neighbouring jurisdiction limited to, the following activities as may be specified in the licence.
A trading license authorizes the licencee to engage in the purchasing, selling, and trading of electricity. The Commission (NERC) determines the terms and conditions of trading licences as may be appropriate in the circumstances.The Commission may also issue temporary bulk purchase and resale licence, giving the licensee, the ability to purchase electrical power and ancillary services from independent power producers and successor generation companies for the purpose of re-sale to one or more other licensees, or to an eligible customer. Example of a licensed trading entity in Nigeria is the NBET.
This is the Government administrative arm that deals with policy formulation and provides general direction to other agencies involved in the power sector.
The key function of the Ministry is to develop and facilitate the implementation of policies for the provision of adequate and reliable power supply in the country.
TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA, A...IAEME Publication
This research focus on a recent review of the techno economic study of coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria, its application, effects and suggestion in processing the coal and safeguard the atmosphere. Electricity crisis in Nigeria and power reform in the sector is analyzed to determine another source of electricity generation in the country. To recognize the fact that coal is one of the mostly available sources of energy than oil and natural gas. Furthermore, Coal production in different countries and environmental impacts enables us to forge ahead in generating electricity through coal processing. Finally, economic evaluation of the plant will boost coal fired power plant in south east Nigeria.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...
G0371051055
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 7ǁ July 2014 ǁ PP.51-55
www.ijesi.org 51 | Page
Erratic Power Supply In Nigeria: Causes And Solutions
A. C. Ohajianya1
, O. E. Abumere2
, I. O. Owate2
, E. Osarolube2
1
(Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria)
2
(Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
ABSTRACT : The erratic power supply in Nigeria is generally believed to be the bane of economic and
industrial development in the Country. In this work, factors responsible for this erratic power supply were
discussed. The factors include government’s inconsistent and misguided power reform policies; inefficiency in
power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption; and the incompetent work force of the energy
companies. Recommendations towards solving the erratic power supply problem were proffered. One of the
recommendations is the adoption of energy conservative policies such as policies to encourage shift from the
use of energy inefficient electric devices like incandescent bulbs, old model refrigerators, computers and
televisions, to the use of energy efficient LED bulbs, modern refrigerators, computers and televisions. Other
recommendations include the immediate discontinuation of default or estimated billing system adopted by the
power distribution companies; upgrading of power distribution and transmission equipment; and the immediate
engagement of competent and qualified work force by the electric power companies. It was categorically stated
that despite the general belief that the erratic power supply problem of Nigeria is as a result of the low power
generation capacity of the Country, the major cause of this problem is energy wastage by consumers occasioned
by the default or estimated billing system adopted by power distribution companies.
KEYWORDS: Erratic power, Nigeria, Energy, LED bulb, Default billing, Estimated billing
I. INTRODUCTION
It is a widely acknowledged fact that erratic power supply in Nigeria is the bane of economic and
industrial development in the country. With the abundant human and natural resources the country is blessed
with, it becomes paradoxical that after one hundred years of existence and fifty-four years of independence,
Nigeria is still not getting it right in terms of energy sufficiency. If the problem is only that the power is
insufficient, it would have been a much more bearable situation but the major problem is that the power supply
is erratic. Being erratic mean that the residents and companies requiring electricity cannot predict when this
electric power from the national grid will be available for their consumption. In most situations erratic power
supply can be equated to no power supply as the work the power is needed for, might have been done before the
supply is made available or the power is interrupted before what it is to be used for, is gotten ready. Erratic
power supply can also be equated to negative power in situations where the flip-flop nature of the supply causes
damage to the equipment being powered. To understand and resolve the pathetic power supply situation in the
country, it is pertinent we take a look at where we are coming from, where we are, and where we should be, then
analyze the situations and propose how to move from where we are to where we should be.
II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
According to Ubi et al (2012), between the time electricity was introduced to Nigeria and the time
Federal Government embarked on reform, three main periods are discernable. First, the period that predated the
establishment of the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) in 1950, which is characterized by isolated
generation facilities with low rates of electrification. In this period, electricity supply in Nigeria was confined to
a few urban areas and to mining centres. Some of the power plants constructed in this period include:
[1] The Ijora, Lagos power plant built in 1898 by the colonial government under the jurisdiction of the public
works department. Later, other plants were set up by native and municipal authorities.
[2] The 2MW hydroelectric power plant at Kurra falls near Jos, constructed in 1925 by a privately owned
company, the Nigeria Electricity Supply Company (NESCO).
[3] The Sapele power plant owned by the African Timber and Plywood Limited, which became operational
in 1930.
[4] And the Shell development Company of Nigeria power plant operated at Bonny and Delta areas from
1942.
The second phase is the period between the establishment of the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) in
1950 and the establishment of National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) in 1972.
2. Erratic Power Supply In Nigeria…
www.ijesi.org 52 | Page
The need for co-ordination and integration of the operating plants necessitated the establishment of
ECN through ordinance No.15 of 1950. The power and functions of the ECN were set out in sections 21, 29, 30
and 50 of the 1950 ordinance. A look at the provision of these sections reveals that ECN was charged with the
responsibilities of electric power generation, transmission, distribution and sales throughout Nigeria. In addition,
ECN was granted the power to acquire, hold and dispose-off lands for purpose of effective operation and
actualization of the objectives of regular power supply. At the completion of the Niger Dam Hydroelectric
project at Kanji in 1962, the Niger Dam Authority (NDA) was established leading to the existence of a parallel
electricity body. The NDA was mandated to oversee the development of hydro electric facilities in Nigeria. The
enabling Act charged NDA with the responsibility for constructing and maintaining dams and other projects on
the river Niger and elsewhere in Nigeria. Its functions also included generating electricity by means of water
power, improving navigation and promoting fisheries and irrigation.
The third phase is the period after the establishment of the National Electricity Power Authority
(NEPA). Owing to the then prevalent buck passing between ECN and NDA on intermittent power failure in
Nigeria, the Federal Government decided to merge the two organizations into one body. To achieve this, the
Federal Government appointed a Canadian firm of consultants to look into the technical details of the merger in
1971. The reports submitted by the consultants, induced the Federal Governments of Nigeria to establish the
National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) through the amalgamation of ECN and NDA. Decree No. 24 of 1972
gave the necessary legal backing. The decree mandated NEPA to maintain an efficient, co-ordinated and
economic system of electricity supply for all parts of the federation. NEPA thus became a government
monopoly, responsible for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity to end consumers. It
generated electricity from the following power stations:
a. Ijora Thermal Power Station established in 1956
b. Afam Thermal Power Station established in 1962
c. Delta Thermal Power Station established in 1966
d. Kanji Hydro Power Station established in 1968
e. Ogorode Thermal Power Station established in 1980
f. Jebba Hydro Power Station established in 1985
g. Lagos Thermal Power Station established in 1986
h. Shiroro Hydro Power Station established in 1989.
All the power stations, distribution stations and substations were specially interlinked by a transmission
network, the national grid. The whole output of electricity generated nationwide was collected in a pool at the
national control center, Osogbo. From there, the electricity generated was redistributed to all parts of the
federation. In order to obtain smooth transmission of the electricity generated at the different power stations,
NEPA put in place a total of 11,000Kilometers of transmission lines nationwide. In the same vein, extensive
distribution of transformers and other relevant facilities were installed to ensure an even distribution of
electricity to all customers across the federation. Despite all these efforts, the situation of power supply in the
country keeps worsening. This led the government to the current phase of reform which started with the
formation of PHCN. The Electric Power Sector Reform Bill, signed into law on March 11, 2005, enabled private
companies to participate in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. The signing into law of the bill
ushered the restructuring and the privatization of the electricity sector. The Act further provided for the
establishment of the Nigeria Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) to monitor and regulate the power
sector as it undergoes reform. The law also terminated the existence of the National Electricity power Authority
and in its place, established the power Holding Company of Nigeria, which was issued a temporary license
(www.thisdaylive.com).
In accordance with the EPSR Act, the federal government duly incorporated and constituted the board
of directors of PHCN as a public limited liability company mandated to take over all the assets and liabilities of
NEPA. The Act also provided for the unbundling of PHCN into new business units comprising six generation
companies, eleven distribution companies and one transmission company, which will be handed over to private
sectors through outright core investor sales and concessions. Under the Act, PHCN was required to remain in
existence for only eighteen months, following which its staff and other assets and liabilities were to be assigned
to the new business units created from its unbundling. This process is currently ongoing.
3. Erratic Power Supply In Nigeria…
www.ijesi.org 53 | Page
III. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ERRATIC POWER SUPPLY IN NIGERIA
The factors that affect the efficiency and stability of power supply in any developing country/region
can be classified as follows: government policy; economic factor; natural factor; society/community factor;
effective energy management; skilled personnel; efficient technology and security factor (Oricha and Olarinoye,
2012). These factors can be broken down to the following factors believed to be responsible for the erratic
power supply in Nigeria:
3.1 GOVERNMENT POLICY
Government‟s inconsistent energy policies have been a major contributor to the Nigerian energy crisis.
For instance, the government‟s policies for over fifty years now have been favoring monopoly in the power
generation, transmission, distribution and sales. From the establishment of ECN in 1950 to the setting up of
NEPA in 1972, the policy has been that of having an entity with full control of power generation and supply. If
after these years, government is now bringing up policies to unbundle the power sector of the economy, then it
is obvious that the earlier policies have not helped the system.
3.2 INEFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION AND
CONSUMPTION
From the point of power generation in Nigeria, there is over fifty percent power loss. For instance, a
study of Delta four power plants revealed a total average power generation of 30.5% out of the installed capacity
(Oyem, 2013). This means that a total of 69.5% of power that would have come out of these four power plants
and added to the national grid, is lost just at the point of generation. At the stage of transmission and
distribution, a reasonable amount of power is also lost due to transmission lines and equipment that are grossly
ill maintained or below capacity. According to the international Energy Agency report (2012), electric power
transmission and distribution losses in Nigeria stood at 17.22% in 2010, and the maximum figure between 1971
and 2010 occurred in year 1981 where the loss stood at 49.27%. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 give a plot of electric power
transmission and distribution losses in Nigeria from the year 1971 to 2010 in terms of total power loss and
percentage loss of the total power generated, respectively, as extracted from IEA report (2012).
At the point of consumption, majority of power consumers in Nigeria leave their electric devices „ON‟ even
when they are not needed, because of the default billing method adopted by the power distribution companies.
This results to great power loss to the system and also to the over loading of the transmission and distribution
equipment.
Fig. 3.1 Electric power transmission and distribution losses in Nigeria from the year 1971 to 2010
Electricpowertransmissionanddistributionlosses(kWh)
Year
4. Erratic Power Supply In Nigeria…
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Fig. 3.2 Electric power transmission and distribution losses in Nigeria from the year 1971 to 2010 in terms of
percentage loss of the total power generated
3.3 INCOMPETENT STAFF OF THE ENERGY COMPANIES
This is a general Nigerian problem where companies especially government firms, employ workers not
based on merit and competence but on favoritism and tribalism. Because of this, no government company in
Nigeria that requires workers with professional and technical competence has ever succeeded. NEPA and PHCN
had staff, majority of which were employed through the back door and therefore, the only thing they seemed to
know was how to climb electric poles and cut cables.
On November 5, 2013, Nigerians rejoiced as government handed over generation, transmission and distribution
of electricity to private companies. At least Nigerians believed that with the private ownership of these
companies, the companies would immediately hire competent staff that will work towards the growth and
betterment of the system. But six months after, Nigerians from all walks of life continue to grumble that power
supply has gone from bad to worse (Ukoko et al, 2014). These new companies still retain the old incompetent
staff of NEPA and PHCN for reasons best known to them.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS TO SOLVING NIGERIAN ERRATIC POWER SUPPLY
Having studied and analyzed the causes of erratic power supply in the Country, the following
recommendations to solving the Nigerian erratic power supply are hereby made:
4.1 ADOPTION OF ENERGY CONSERVATIVE POLICIES
Government should outlaw the use of electric gadgets and devices that waste electric energy and
encourage the use of models of these gadgets that save energy. For instance, a 10W LED electric bulb can give
the same illumination as a 100w incandescent bulb. This means 90% energy saving. Also a 120W modern
refrigerator can render the same service as a 600W older version of the fridge. Worldwide, nations are beginning
to face up to the challenge of sustainable energy by re-evaluating the way energy is generated and utilized so
that social, environmental and economic aims of sustainable development are supported. The benefits of energy
efficiency upon the environment are self-evident and the economic benefits of improving energy efficiency have
been well documented since the first oil crisis in early 1970‟s. Many forward-thinking industrial and
commercial concerns have already adopted energy efficiency as a key policy towards maximizing profits. Niger
republic which relies partly on Nigeria for its electric energy supply, were able to achieve some level of high
energy conservation and efficiency by the adoption of energy saving policy that mandated the consumers to shift
from the use of incandescent bulbs to fluorescent lamps (Ruma et al, 2011). Also, Ghana adopted a similar
policy whereby the government collaborated with product and sales companies, and asked residents to return
their energy inefficient refrigerators for modern energy efficient ones at a good discount. Nigeria can adopt a
similar policy and also outlaw the use of incandescent bulbs. The price of LED bulbs should be subsidized, as
high price of these bulbs has been a major factor responsible for low use of the bulbs in Nigeria. The
Electricpowertransmissionanddistributionlosses(%ofPG)
Year